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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE AREA UNDER LOSS MODULUS AND TAN-DELTA-TEMPERATURE CURVES - ACRYLIC POLYMERS AND THEIR SEQUENTIAL INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER science 1987年第1期34卷 409-422页

作者： CHANG, MCO THOMAS, DA SPERLING, LH Polymer Science and Engineering Program Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Research Center #32 Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennsylvania 18015

Areas under the linear tan δ–temperature (tA) and linear loss modulus–temperature (LA) curves of the polyacrylate and polymethacrylate homologous series and their interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were investigated. For poly(methyl acrylate), LA values are independent of crosslinking level through 25%, but tA decreases. With increasing side group length, on the other hand, tA remains nearly independent of side group length for both homologous series, having values near 50 and 65 (units of K) for the acrylate and methacrylate series, respectively. However, LA decreases steeply with increasing side group length. A phenomenological treatment of areas is presented in order to explain tA and LA behavior semiquantitatively. Both tA and LA exhibit areas characteristic of the structure of the particular polymers. The homopolymer LA areas are additive in determining the area under the corresponding curve for the IPN. This suggested a group contribution analysis for LA, where each moiety contributes specific values to the area.

关键词： INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS

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Amplification of enzymatic and microbial fuel cells using organic electrochemical transistors

Device

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Device 2025年

作者： Saxena, Ravindra Zhang, Xu Cai, Rong Suggs, Olivia Bruggeman, Chase Hickey, David P. Ajo-Franklin, Caroline M. Verduzco, Rafael Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University Houston 77005 TX United States Department of Biosciences Rice University Houston 77005 TX United States Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Michigan State University East Lansing 48824 MI United States Department of Bioengineering Rice University Houston 77005 TX United States Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Rice University Houston 77005 TX United States Rice Advanced Materials Institute Rice University Houston 77005 TX United States

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are thin-film devices operated in aqueous and biological environments for sensing chemicals and biomolecules. However, most sensor configurations involve introducing the target biomolecule directly in the OECT device. This has drawbacks because it may not be possible to have an electrolyte compatible with the target biomolecule or an environment optimal for the OECT. Here, we demonstrate a general and modular approach to building electrochemical sensors by coupling OECTs electronically with either an enzymatic fuel cell (EFC) or microbial fuel cell (MFC). We demonstrate that this modular approach can amplify currents by three orders of magnitude and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. We also show that the power generated by the fuel cell can help tune the sensor's response for different applications. This work demonstrates a simple and versatile approach for amplifying currents from MFCs and EFCs useful for the development of bioelectronic sensors. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： amplification biosensors DTI-3: Develop electro-active bacteria enzymatic fuel cells microbial fuel cells organic electrochemical transistors power

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Functionalization of graphene materials by heteroatom-doping for energy conversion and storage

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Progress in Natural science:Materials International 2018年第2期28卷 121-132页

作者： Chuangang Hu Dong Liu Ying Xiao Liming Dai Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4carbon) Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) BUCT-CWRU International Joint Laboratories College of Energy Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT) Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4carbon) Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University(CWRU)

Recent development in nanoscience and nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering to create new materials for energy generation and storage. Owing to their earth abundance, lowcost, structural tunability, large-surface area, and unique physicochemical properties, graphitic carbon materials have attracted a great deal of attention for energy-related applications. However, the pristine graphene materials without functionalization is intractable(insoluble and infusible), which has hindered their practical applications. Therefore, considerable research effort has been devoted to the development of functionalized graphene materials with desirable properties for specific applications, including energy conversion and storage. It was demonstrated that functionalized graphene materials with tunable work functions were useful as charge-extraction materials to effectively improve solar cell performance while those with high electrocatalytic activities could be used as metal-free catalysts in fuel cells, metal-air batteries, water splitting and integrated energy systems. This article provides a timely focused review on the development of heteroatom-doped graphene materials for low-cost, but efficient, energy generation and storage.

关键词： Heteroatom-doping Functionalization,Carbon-based catalysts Metal-free electrocatalysis,Energy conversion and storage

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STRUCTURE PROPERTIES AND CROSS-LINKING REACTIONS OF POLY(ESTER ACETALS)

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MACROMOLECULES 1969年第2期2卷 129-&页

作者： LENZ, RW Polymer Science and Engineering Program Chemical Engineering Department University of Massachusetts Amherst Massachusetts 01002 United States

Diester and hydroxy ester monomers containing internal five-, six-, and seven-member acetal rings were prepared and converted into linear polyesters, copolyesters, and copolyamides. The polymers so obtained were characterized for glass temperature, crystallinity, melting point and ring structure. The poly(ester acetals) served as prepolymers for thermosetting polymers cross-linked by ring opening, acetal-interchange reactions with acid catalysts and catalyst-promoter combinations. The effects of acetal ring size, temperature, catalyst and promoter on rate and degree of cross-linking were evaluated. © 1969, American chemical Society. All rights reserved.

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Effects of pH on Gegenion complex Langmuir-Blodgett films

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THIN SOLID FILMS 1996年第0期284卷 561-563页

作者： Stroeve, P Hwa, MJ Center on Polymer Interfaces and Macromolecular Assemblies Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science University of California at Davis Davis CA 95616 USA

Gegenion complex, Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface, composed of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI(70000)) and arachidic acid, ranging between pH 2 and pH 12, were prepared and the effect of the pH on the forming of the complex monolayer was investigated. Gegenion complex, Langmuir-Blodgett film depositions of varying pH on ZnSe wafers and transmission IR of the samples allowed analysis of the composition of the Langmuir-Blodgett film. The surfactant and polymer adhere to one another by means of protonation and deprotonation of the charged head group of arachidic acid and amine groups of PEI(70000). By analyzing how the pH affects the interaction between the surfactant and the polymer, an optimum pH near 8 was determined, in which both the fatty salt and the polymer form the Gegenion complex, Langmuir layer at the air-water interface. For pH greater or less than 8, IR results of Gegenion complex, LB films show decreased adhesion of the polymer to the surfactant.

关键词： ionic interaction polyion complex Langmuir layer infrared spectroscopy

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Correction to: Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2024 (Photochemical & Photobiological sciences, (2025), 24, 3, (357-392), 10.1007/s43630-025-00687-x)

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Photochemical and Photobiological sciences 2025年第5期24卷 863-865页

作者： Neale, Patrick J. Hylander, Samuel Banaszak, Anastazia T. Häder, Donat-P. Rose, Kevin C. Vione, Davide Wängberg, Sten-Åke Jansen, Marcel A. K. Busquets, Rosa Andersen, Mads P. Sulbæk Madronich, Sasha Hanson, Mark L. Schikowski, Tamara Solomon, Keith R. Sulzberger, Barbara Wallington, Timothy J. Heikkilä, Anu M. Pandey, Krishna K. Andrady, Anthony L. Bruckman, Laura S. White, Christopher C. Zhu, Liping Bernhard, Germar H. Bais, Alkiviadis Aucamp, Pieter J. Chiodo, Gabriel Cordero, Raúl R. Petropavlovskikh, Irina Neale, Rachel E. Olsen, Catherine M. Hales, Simon Lal, Aparna Lingham, Gareth Rhodes, Lesley E. Young, Antony R. Robson, T. Matthew Robinson, Sharon A. Barnes, Paul W. Bornman, Janet F. Harper, Anna B. Lee, Hanna Calderón, Roy Mackenzie Ossola, Rachele Paul, Nigel D. Revell, Laura E. Wang, Qing-Wei Zepp, Richard G. Environmental Research Center Smithsonian Institution EdgewaterMD United States Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems Linnaeus University Kalmar Sweden Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Puerto Morelos Mexico Erlangen Germany Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute TroyNY United States Department of Chemistry University of Turin Turin Italy Department of Marine Sciences University of Gothenburg Gotheburg Sweden School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences Environmental Research Institute University College Cork Cork Ireland Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Kingston University London Kingston Upon Thames United Kingdom Civil Environmental & Geomatic Engineering University College London London United Kingdom Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California State University NorthridgeCA United States Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderCO United States USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program Colorado State University Fort. CollinsCO United States Department of Environment and Geography University of Manitoba WinnipegMB Canada Working Group Environmental Epidemiology IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine Düsseldorf Germany Department of Environment and Health School of Public Health University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph GuelphON Canada Retired From Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland Center for Sustainable Systems School for Environment and Sustainability University of Michigan Ann ArborMI United States Climate Research Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki Finland Indian Academy of Wood Science Bengaluru India Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University RaleighN

This work is not a product of the U.S. Government or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the author is not doing this work in any governmental capacity. This research was not performed or funded by EPA and was not subject to EPA’s quality system requirements. The views expressed in this journal article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views or the policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The original article has been corrected. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the European Photochemistry Association, European Society for Photobiology 2025.

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Advanced landfill leachate treatment: Sequential electrocoagulation and electrooxidation system for efficient remediation

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Journal of Water Process engineering 2025年 74卷

作者： Justen, Nicóli Borba, Fernando H. Mayer, Ildemar Seibert, Daiana Inticher, Jonas J. Ferreira Piazzi Fuhr, Ana C. Carissimi, Elvis Leichtweis, Jandira Postgraduate Program of Environment and Sustainable Technologies Federal University of Fronteira Sul Av. Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal 1580 RS Cerro Largo 97900-000 Brazil Postgraduate Program of Chemical Engineering West Paraná State University Rua da Faculdade 645 Jd. Santa Maria PR Toledo 85903-000 Brazil Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program Federal University of Pelotas 1 Gomes Carneiro St. RS Pelotas 96010-610 Brazil Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Federal University of Santa Maria Av. Roraima 1000 RS Santa Maria 97105-000 Brazil

The treatment of concentrated landfill leachate generated by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis processes represents a significant challenge. This concentrate is characterized by high concentrations of heavy metals, contaminants of emerging concern, dissolved salts, and organic compounds. In this study, a novel advanced treatment system integrating an Electrocoagulation Reactor with a subsequent electrooxidation process was proposed. Two anode/cathode arrangements were evaluated: electrocoagulation followed by electrooxidation with “boron-doped diamond” and steel electrodes, and electrocoagulation followed by electrooxidation with “boron-doped diamond” and aluminum electrodes, focusing on their effectiveness in degrading contaminants and improving the quality of the treated concentrated landfill leachate. In order to monitor the efficiency of the electrocoagulation process and integrated systems, the degradation of the physicochemical parameters of absorbance at 254 nm, total organic carbon, and turbidity were investigated. Within the best performance, acute toxicity indices (Artemia salina - LC50) were determined and possible degradation and/or formation of contaminants of emerging concern were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results indicated the mineralization of 73 % of total organic carbon and 25 % of total nitrogen, an increase in the biodegradability fraction (BOD5/COD) of the concentrated landfill leachate from 0.18 to 0.35, as well as a significant reduction in toxicity (LC50 of 54.4 %), demonstrated by Artemia salina bioassays. The reduction in toxic potential was also observed in the by-product analysis by GC–MS, which indicated the removal of emerging contaminants such as benzene, 2-(2-methoxy-1-propenyl)-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio) and phenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl-. These findings highlight that the integration of the electrocoagulation process with electrooxidation us

关键词： Concentrated landfill leachate Contaminants of emerging concern Electrocoagulation Electrooxidation

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3D Printed Biomimetic Composite for Treatment of Osteochondral Defects: A Preliminary Study in Porcine

SSRN

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SSRN 2025年

作者： Eckstein, Kevin N. Liu, Boyuan Schoonraad, Sarah A. Guastaldi, Fernando Pozzi Semeghini Uzcategui, Camila Muralidharan, Archish McLeod, Robert R. Randolph, Mark A. Bryant, Stephanie J. Ferguson, Viginia L. Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States Materials Science and Engineering Program University of Colorado at Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard School of Dental Medicine Harvard Medical School BostonMA02114 United States Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Surgery Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School BostonMA02114 United States Department of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Colorado at Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States BioFrontiers Institute University of Colorado at Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States

Osteochondral defects in diarthrodial joints can occur as a result of trauma. When left untreated, the surrounding tissues experience abnormal mechanical loads that can cause further degeneration. Thus, treatment of osteochondral defects requires the ability to support physiological loads and prevent further degeneration of surrounding tissues. Additive manufacturing techniques, such as bio-ink printing, have been explored to structurally reinforce soft scaffolds;however, these methods struggle to accurately print complex designs with small feature sizes (e.g., on the order of ~100 micrometers). In this study, we present a composite osteochondral scaffold with regional stiffness gradients, optimized to mimic the mechanical properties of articular cartilage and limit high strains in the subchondral bone. This scaffold incorporates a load-bearing structure, with ≥ 180 μm diameter truss elements, that is 3D printed via projection micro-stereolithography with a biomimetic soft hydrogel. We hypothesized that incorporating a reinforcing structure with cartilage and bone regions possessing tissue-specific stiffnesses, compared to a soft gel alone, would reduce degradation of native cartilage tissue adjacent to osteochondral defects and promote multi-tissue integration in porcine knees after six weeks. Histological analysis and microcomputed tomography revealed site-specific changes in the surrounding tissue, notably in the adjacent cartilage. Mechanical evaluation of adjacent native tissue showed that scaffolds with the 3D printed composite structure resulted in 33% less surrounding cartilage degradation compared to gel-only treatments. Within the defect, the soft gel alone limited mineralization, while the composite supported mineralization but only in its stiffer region. These findings suggest that incorporating a 3D printed reinforcing osteochondral mimetic structure protects the adjacent cartilage, enhances tissue integration, and spatially supports mineralization. © 2

关键词： Bone

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Microstructure Evolution and Strain Softening of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

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Chinese Journal of Polymer science 2023年第12期41卷 1947-1957,I0010页

作者： Xuan-Yu Shi Shi-Hao Sun Li Yang Jun Zhong Xiao-Feng Yu Zheng Xu Min Zuo Yi-Hu Song Qiang Zheng Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and FunctionalizationDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310027China Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering Taiyuan 030001China

Incorporation of carbon black(CB)in natural rubber(NR)enhances the Mullins effect and Payne effect of their vulcanizates,but the strain softening mechanisms and the microstructure evolution in the vulcanizates have not been clearly concluded so *** investigate the Mullins effect and Payne effect of CB filled NR vulcanizates by using cyclic tensile tests at different temperatures and dynamic rheological measurements combined with simultaneous electric *** cyclic stretching,the normalized recovery hysteresis energy and accumulative softening energy for NR/CB vulcanizates with different loadings can be both superimposed on a master curve,indicating that the Mullins effect is mainly dominated by the rubber *** irreversible simultaneous resistance evolution also reveals that the structural evolution of nanoparticles(NPs)network is not directly related to the Mullins ***,the extension of linear viscoelastic region and the hysteresis of Payne effect for filled vulcanizates subjected to cyclic stretching indicate the destruction of CB aggregated structure and the interfacial layers between CB and rubber chains during cyclic *** investigation would be illuminating for the microstructure evolution and strain softening of rubber nanocomposites under harsh service conditions.

关键词： Mullins effect Payne effect Conductive connected network Nanocomposites

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RECENT ADVANCES IN INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS

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POLYMER engineering AND science 1985年第9期25卷 517-520页

作者： SPERLING, LH Polymer Science and Engineering Program Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Research Center #32 Lehigh University Bethlehem Pennyslvania 18015

AbstractInterpenetrating polymer networks (IPN\'s) can be defined as a combination of two polymers in network form, at least one of which was synthesized and/or crosslinked in the immediate presence of the other. Historically, the science of IPN\'s began with the papers of J. R. Millar in 1960 on homo‐IPN\'s made from polystyrene, but the first recorded publication is a patent by J. W. Aylsworth in 1914. This latter system was based on phenol‐formaldehyde for one network, and sulfur cured natural rubber for the other network. Early academic laboratories interested in IPN\'s include the Frisch team at Detroit and SUNY, who soon added their former student, Danny Klempner, and Yuri Lipatov\'s team at the Ukranian SSR Academy of sciences in the USSR, as well as the author\'s laboratory. More recent academic teams interested in IPN\'s include Douglas Hourston at the University of Lancaster, England; Robert Cohen at MIT; S. C. Kim at the Korea Advanced Institute of science and Technology, Seoul, Korea; G. Meyer and J. M. Widmaier in Strasbourg, France; and many others. Numerous industrial laboratories are interested, noting that about 90 U.S. patients have been granted, most of them in the past ten years. Systems of special interest include the new thermoplastic IPN\'s, which are really hybrid materials between polymer blends and IPN\'s, and the IPN‐based RIM (reaction injection molding) materials. Other materials include the sequential IPN\'s and the SIN\'s, which have both polymers simultaneously polymerized, and the latex IPN\'s, which often exhibit core‐shell characte

关键词： POLYMERS

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