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Total Synthesis of Diverse Tetramic Acid Bearingcis-Decalin Natural Products

Angewandte Chemie 2023年第20期135卷

作者： Haoran Dong Dachao Hu Dr. Benke Hong Dr. Jin Wang Prof. Dr. Xiaoguang Lei Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education Department of Chemical Biology College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program School of Life Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China

We report herein the first total syntheses of four natural antibiotics, vermisporin, PF1052/AB4015-A, AB4015-L, AB4015-B, and one hydrogenated natural product derivative, AB4015-A2, that all feature a tetramic acid bearing cis -decalin ring. The construction of the functionalized cis -decalin ring was achieved by a diastereoselective intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction, which proceeded via a rare endo- boat transition state. Through an intramolecular neighboring-group-oriented strategy, the sterically hindered epoxy group in vermisporin, PF1052/AB4015-A and AB4015-L was installed efficiently. A one-pot aminolysis/Dieckmann condensation cascade using l -amino acid derivatives afforded the desired tetramic acid structure. The total synthesis led to the unambiguous verification of the absolute configuration of these natural products.

关键词： Cis-Decalin Epoxidation Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reaction Natural Products Total Synthesis

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Corrigendum to Cardiomyocyte differentiation of pluripotent stem cells with SB203580 analogues correlates with Wnt pathway CK1 inhibition independent of p38 MAPK signaling [J Mol Cell Cardiol 80 (2015) 56–70]

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Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2015年 85卷 294-294页

作者： Filip Laco Joo-Leng Low Jasmin Seow Tsung Liang Woo Qixing Zhong Jayasree Seayad Zhenfeng Liu Heming Wei Shaul Reuveny David A. Elliott Christina L.L. Chai Steve K.W. Oh Bioprocessing Technology Institute 20 Biopolis Way Centros #06-01 Singapore 138668 Singapore Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences 8 Biomedical Grove Neuros #07-01 Singapore 138665 Singapore Department of Pharmacy Faculty of Science National University of Singapore 18 Science Drive 4 Singapore 117543 Singapore National Heart Research Institute Singapore National Heart Centre Singapore Singapore Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore Singapore Murdoch Childrens Research Institute The Royal Children's Hospital Flemington Road Parkville Melbourne Australia

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Correction: An environmentally benign approach to achieving vectorial alignment and high microporosity in bacterial cellulose/chitosan scaffolds

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RSC Advances 2017年第27期7卷 16737-16737页

作者： Guohui Li Avinav G. Nandgaonkar Youssef Habibi Wendy E. Krause Qufu Wei Lucian A. Lucia Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles Ministry of Education Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue Wuxi 214122 Jiangsu Province P. R. China Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology College of Light Chemical & Environmental Engineering Qilu University of Technology Jinan P. R. China Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST) 5 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg Fiber and Polymer Science Program North Carolina State University 2401 Research Dr Campus Box 8301 Raleigh NC 27695-8301 USA

Correction for ‘An environmentally benign approach to achieving vectorial alignment and high microporosity in bacterial cellulose/chitosan scaffolds’ by Guohui Li et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 13678–13688.

Correction for ‘An environmentally benign approach to achieving vectorial alignment and high microporosity in bacterial cellulose/chitosan scaffolds’ by Guohui Li et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 13678–13688.

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Stimuli-responsive photonic actuators for integrated biomimetic and intelligent systems

Responsive Materials

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Responsive Materials 2023年第1期1卷

作者： Jingjing Gao Yuqi Tang Daniele Martella Jinbao Guo Diederik S. Wiersma Quan Li Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China Contribution: Writing - original draft (lead) Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Contribution: Writing - original draft (supporting) European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy Sesto Fiorentino Italy Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM) Turin Italy Contribution: Writing - original draft (supporting) Writing - review & editing (supporting) Contribution: Conceptualization (lead) Project administration (lead) Writing - review & editing (lead) Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino Italy Jinbao Guo Diederik S. Wiersma and Quan Li. Contribution: Writing - review & editing (lead) Materials Science Graduate Program Kent State University Kent Ohio USA Contribution: Conceptualization (equal) Project administration (equal) Resources (lead) Supervision (lead) Writing - review & editing (lead)

Photonic actuators, serving as an emerging kind of intelligent stimuli-responsive material, can exhibit the abilities to change their structural colors/fluorescence and shapes under specific external stimuli, which have demonstrated essential applications in the fields of intelligent soft robotics, sensors, bionics, information storage, anti-counterfeiting, and energy harvesting. In this review, we reported the state-of-the-art research progress of stimuli-responsive photonic actuators classified on the basis of the material type and focusing on the actuation mechanisms, design principles, and processing techniques. We also broadly summarized the relative applications of photonic actuators in bionics, intelligent robots, sensors, and so on. Finally, a vision for the challenges in the area and future promising directions of stimuli-responsive photonic actuators is presented.

关键词： actuator fluorescence liquid crystal elastomer photonic crystal stimuli-responsive material

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A non-metal single atom nanozyme for cutting off the energy and reducing power of tumors

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Angewandte Chemie 2024年第16期136卷

作者： Junjie Cheng Li Li Duo Jin Yajie Zhang Wenxin Yu Jiaji Yu Jianhua Zou Yi Dai Yang Zhu Manman Liu Miya Zhang Yongfu Sun Yangzhong Liu Xiaoyuan Chen Department of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China Central Laboratory Department of Biobank Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210022 China Departments of Diagnostic Radiology Surgery Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 119074 Singapore Clinical Imaging Research Centre Centre for Translational Medicine Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 117599 Singapore Nanomedicine Translational Research Program NUS Center for Nanomedicine Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore 117597 Singapore Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR) 61 Biopolis Drive Proteos Singapore 138673 Singapore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Anhui Xinhua University Hefei 230088 China

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Contributory presentations/posters

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Journal of Biosciences 1999年第1期24卷 33-198页

作者： N. Manoj V. R. Srinivas A. Surolia M. Vijayan K. Suguna R. Ravishankar R. Schwarzenbacher K. Zeth Diederichs G. M. Kostner A. Gries P. Laggner R. Prassl Madhusudan Pearl Akamine Nguyen-huu Xuong Susan S. Taylor M. Bidva Sagar K. Saikrishnan S. Roy K. Purnapatre P. Handa U. Varshney B. K. Biswal N. Sukumar J. K. Mohana Rao A. Johnson Vasantha Pattabhi S. Sri Krishna Mira Sastri H. S. Savithri M. R. N. Murthy Bindu Pillai Kannan M. V. Hosur Mukesh Kumar Swati Patwardhan K. K. Kannan B. Padmanabhaa S. Sasaki-Sugio M. Nukaga T. Matsuzaki S. Karthikevan S. Sharma A. K. Sharma M. Paramasivam P. Kumar J. A. Khan S. Yadav A. Srinivasan T. P. Singh S. Gourinath Neelima Alam A. Srintvasan Vikas Chandra Punit Kaur Ch. Betzel S. Ghosh A. K. Bera S. Bhattacharya S. Chakraborty A. K. Pal B. P. Mukhopadhyay I. Dey U. Haldar Asok Baneriee Jozef Sevcik Adriana Solovicova K. Sekar M. Sundaralingam N. Genov Dong-cai Liang Tao Jiang Ji-ping Zhang Wen-rui Chang Wolfgang Jahnke Marcel Blommers S. C. Panchal R. V. Hosur Bindu Pillay Puniti Mathur S. Srivatsun Ratan Mani Joshi N. R. Jaganathan V. S. Chauhan H. S. Atreya S. C. Sahu K. V. R. Chary Girjesh Govil Elisabeth Adjadj Éric Quinjou Nadia Izadi-Pruneyre Yves Blouquit Joël Mispelter Bernadette Heyd Guilhem Lerat Philippe Milnard Michel Desmadreil Y. Lin B. D. Nageswara Rao Vidva Raghunathan Mei H. Chau Prashant Pesais Sudha Srivastava Evans Coutinho Anil Saran Leizl F. Sapico Jayson Gesme Herbert Lijima Raymond Paxton Thamarapu Srikrishnan C. R. Grace G. Nagenagowda A. M. Lynn Sudha M. Cowsik Sarata C. Sahu S. Chauhan A. Bhattacharya G. Govil Anil Kumar Maurizio Pellecchia Erik R. P. Zuiderweg Keiichi Kawano Tomoyasu Aizawa Naoki Fujitani Yoichi Hayakawa Atsushi Ohnishi Tadayasu Ohkubo Yasuhiro Kumaki Kunio Hikichi Katsutoshi Nitta V. Rani Parvathy R. M. Kini Takumi Koshiba Yoshihiro Kobashigawa Min Yao Makoto Demura Astushi Nakagawa Isao Tanaka Kunihiro Kuwajima Jens Linge Seán O. Donoghue Michael Nilges G. Chakshusmathi Girish S. Ratnaparkhi P. K. Madhu R. Varadarajan C. Tetreau Molecular Biophysics Unit Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Austrian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics and X-ray Structure Research Graz Austria Faculty of Biology University of Konstanz Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry University of Graz Austria Howard Huges Medical Institute Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California La Jolla USA Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla USA Molecular Biophysics Unit India Department of Microbiology &Cell Biology Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Macromolecular Structure Laboratory NCI - Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center ABL - Basic Research Program Frederick USA Department of Crystallography and Biophysics University of Madras Chennai Biochemistry Department Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India Condensed Matter Physics Division B.A.R.C. Trombay Mumbai Condensed Matter Physics Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Trombay Mumbai IMCB The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Yokohama Research Center Yokohama Japan Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chiba University Chiba Japan Department of Biophysics All India Institute of Medical Sciences New Delhi India Department of Biophysics All India Institute of Medical sciences New Delhi India Institüt Physiologische Chemie Hamburg Germany Biophysics Department Bose Institute Calcutta India Slovak Academy of Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology Bratislava Slovakia Indian Institute of Science Bioinformatics Centre Bangalore Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry Biological Macromolecular Structure Center USA Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Institute of Organic Chemistry Sofia Bulgaria Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics Beijing China Novartis Pharma AG Preclinical Research Basel Switzerland Department of Chemical Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai India Solid State Physics Div

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Mechanically interlocked luminescent molecules

Responsive Materials

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Responsive Materials 2023年第2期1卷

作者： Shu Zhang Yi An Xu-Man Chen Ivan Aprahamian Quan Li Institute of Advanced Materials and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China Contribution: Validation (equal) Visualization (equal) Writing - original draft (lead) Contribution: Visualization (equal) Contribution: Validation (equal) Department of Chemistry 6128 Burke Laboratory Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA Contribution: Writing - review & editing (equal) Materials Science Graduate Program Kent State University Kent OH USA Ivan Aprahamian and Quan Li. Contribution: Funding acquisition (lead) Project administration (lead) Writing - review & editing (equal)

Research into mechanically interlocked luminescent molecules (MILMs), which is the overlapping of mechanically interlocked molecules and luminescent molecules, has intensified over the past few decades. These studies have tapped into and exploited the benefits of mechanically interlocked structures to achieve outstanding and stimulus-responsive optical characteristics, resulting in the synthesis of new types of luminescent systems and exploring their potential uses in different applications. This review describes the salient attributes of MILMs and showcases some of the latest advancements in this field of research.

关键词： luminescent molecules mechanically interlocked molecules organic chemistry supramolecular chemistry

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FungalTraits:a user-friendly traits database of fungi and fungus-like stramenopiles

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Fungal Diversity 2020年第6期105卷 I0001-I0016页

作者： Sergei Põlme Kessy Abarenkov RHenrik Nilsson Björn D.Lindahl Karina Engelbrecht Clemmensen Havard Kauserud Nhu Nguyen Rasmus Kjøller Scott T.Bates Petr Baldrian Tobias Guldberg Frøslev Kristjan Adojaan Alfredo Vizzini Ave Suija Donald Pfister Hans-Otto Baral Helle Järv Hugo Madrid Jenni Nordén Jian-Kui Liu Julia Pawlowska Kadri Põldmaa Kadri Pärtel Kadri Runnel Karen Hansen Karl-Henrik Larsson Kevin David Hyde Marcelo Sandoval-Denis Matthew E.Smith Merje Toome-Heller Nalin N.Wijayawardene Nelson Menolli Jr Nicole K.Reynolds Rein Drenkhan Sajeewa S.N.Maharachchikumbura Tatiana B.Gibertoni Thomas Læssøe William Davis Yuri Tokarev Adriana Corrales Adriene Mayra Soares Ahto Agan Alexandre Reis Machado Andrés Argüelles-Moyao Andrew Detheridge Angelina de Meiras-Ottoni Annemieke Verbeken Arun Kumar Dutta Bao-Kai Cui C.K.Pradeep César Marín Daniel Stanton Daniyal Gohar Dhanushka N.Wanasinghe Eveli Otsing Farzad Aslani Gareth W.Griffith Thorsten H.Lumbsch Hans-Peter Grossart Hossein Masigol Ina Timling Inga Hiiesalu Jane Oja John Y.Kupagme József Geml Julieta Alvarez-Manjarrez Kai Ilves Kaire Loit Kalev Adamson Kazuhide Nara Kati Küngas Keilor Rojas-Jimenez Krišs Bitenieks Laszlo Irinyi LászlóGNagy Liina Soonvald Li-Wei Zhou Lysett Wagner M.Catherine Aime MaarjaÖpik María Isabel Mujica Martin Metsoja Martin Ryberg Martti Vasar Masao Murata Matthew PNelsen Michelle Cleary Milan C.Samarakoon Mingkwan Doilom Mohammad Bahram Niloufar Hagh-Doust Olesya Dulya Peter Johnston Petr Kohout Qian Chen Qing Tian Rajasree Nandi Rasekh Amiri Rekhani Hansika Perera Renata dos Santos Chikowski Renato L.Mendes-Alvarenga Roberto Garibay-Orijel Robin Gielen Rungtiwa Phookamsak Ruvishika S.Jayawardena Saleh Rahimlou Samantha C.Karunarathna Saowaluck Tibpromma Shawn P.Brown Siim-Kaarel Sepp Sunil Mundra Zhu-Hua Luo Tanay Bose Tanel Vahter Tarquin Netherway Teng Yang Tom May Torda Varga Wei Li Victor Rafael Matos Coimbra Virton Rodrigo Targino de Oliveira Vitor Xavier de Lima Vladimir S.Mikryukov Yongzhong Lu Yosuke Matsuda Yumiko Miyamoto Urm Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of Tartu14A Ravila50411 TartuEstonia Natural History Museum University of Tartu46 Vanemuise Str51003 TartuEstonia Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Box 46140530 GothenburgSweden Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden Department of Soil and Environment Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 701475007 UppsalaSweden Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural SciencesBox 702675007 UppsalaSweden Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology(EvoGene) Department of BiosciencesUniversity of OsloP.O.Box 1066BlindernNO-0316 OsloNorway University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 3190 Maile WaySt.John 102HonoluluHIUSA Department of Biology University of CopenhagenUniversitetsparken 152100 CopenhagenØDenmark Purdue University Northwest WestvilleIN 46391USA Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of SciencesVidenska 108314220 Praha 4Czech Republic GLOBE Institute University of CopenhagenØster Farimagsgade 5KH7.2.321353 CopenhagenDenmark Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Universitàdi TorinoViale Mattioli 2510125 TorinoItaly Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Farlow Library and Herbarium Harvard University22 Divinity AveCambridgeMA 02138USA Blaihofstr.42 72074 TübingenGermany SYNLAB Estonia Veerenni 53aTallinn 11313Estonia Escuela de Tecnología Médica Universidad Santo TomásLos Carreras 753OsornoChile Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática Universidad MayorCamino La Pirámide 5750HuechurabaSantiagoChile Norwegian Institute for Nature Research(NINA) Sognsveien 680855 OsloNorway School of Life Science and Technology University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 611731People’s Republic of China Evolutionary Biology Faculty of BiologyBiological and Chemical Research CentreUniversity of Warsawul.Zwirki i Wigury 10102-089 WarsawPoland Department of Botany Swedish Museum of

The cryptic lifestyle of most fungi necessitates molecular identification of the guild in environmental *** the past decades,rapid development and affordability of molecular tools have tremendously improved insights of the fungal diversity in all ecosystems and ***,in spite of the progress of molecular methods,knowledge about functional properties of the fungal taxa is vague and interpretation of environmental studies in an ecologically meaningful manner remains *** order to facilitate functional assignments and ecological interpretation of environmental studies we introduce a user friendly traits and character database FungalTraits operating at genus and species hypothesis *** the information from previous efforts such as FUNGuild and FunFun together with involvement of expert knowledge,we reannotated 10,210 and 151 fungal and Stramenopila genera,*** resulted in a stand-alone spreadsheet dataset covering 17 lifestyle related traits of fungal and Stramenopila genera,designed for rapid functional assignments of environmental *** order to assign the trait states to fungal species hypotheses,the scientific community of experts manually categorised and assigned available trait information to 697,413 fungal ITS *** the basis of those sequences we were able to summarise trait and host information into 92,623 fungal species hypotheses at 1%dissimilarity threshold.

关键词： Fungal traits Trophic modes Function Guild Bioinformatics High-throughput sequencing Community ecology

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Hot-Carrier-Driven Photodetection: Room-Temperature High-Gain Long-Wavelength Photodetector via Optical–Electrical Controlling of Hot Carriers in Graphene (Advanced Optical Materials 24/2018)

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Advanced Optical Materials 2018年第24期6卷

作者： Changlong Liu Lin Wang Xiaoshuang Chen Antonio Politano Dacheng Wei Gang Chen Weiwei Tang Wei Lu Alessandro Tredicucci State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 500 Yu-Tian Road Shanghai 200083 China Zhejiang Lab Artificial Intelligence Town No. 1818 Wenyixi Road Hangzhou 311100 China Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Graphene Labs via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences University of L'Aquila via Vetoio 67100 L'Aquila AQ Italy State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers Department of Macromolecular Science Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Pisa Largo Pontecorvo 3 56127 Pisa Italy

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Mars: New insights and unresolved questions

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Changela, Hitesh G. Chatzitheodoridis, Elias Antunes, Andre Beaty, David Bouw, Kristian Bridges, John C. Capova, Klara Anna Cockell, Charles S. Conley, Catharine A. Dadachova, Ekaterina Dallas, Tiffany D. de Mey, Stefaan Dong, Chuanfei Ellery, Alex Ferus, Martin Foing, Bernard Fu, Xiaohui Fujita, Kazuhisa Lin, Yangtin Jheeta, Sohan Hicks, Leon J. Hu, Sen Kereszturi, Akos Krassakis, Alexandros Liu, Yang Oberst, Juergen Michalski, Joe Ranjith, P.M. Rinaldi, Teresa Rothery, David Stavrakakis, Hector A. Selbmann, Laura Sinha, Rishitosh K. Wang, Alian Williford, Ken Vaci, Zoltan Vago, Jorge L. Waltemathe, Michael Hallsworth, John E. Key Laboratory of Earth & Planetary Physics Institute of Geology & Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Earth & Planetary Science University of New Mexico New Mexico United States Department of Geological Sciences National Technical University of Athens School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering Athens Greece Network of Researchers on the Chemical Evolution of Life Leeds United Kingdom China Mars Program Office Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA United States Creative Division Notion Theory MiamiFL33131 United States Space Research Centre School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leicester LeicesterLE17RH United Kingdom Noordwijk Netherlands School of Physics and Astronomy University of Edinburgh James Clerk Maxwell Building Peter Guthrie Tait Road EdinburghEH9 3FD United Kingdom NASA Ames Research Center Mountain ViewCA94035 United States College of Pharmacy and Nutrition University of Saskatchewan Canada Institute for Global Food Security School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast 19 Chlorine Gardens BelfastBT9 5DL United Kingdom Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Princeton University United States Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Carleton University OttawaON Canada J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic Shandong Province China Tokyo Japan Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences Budapest Hungary Athens Greece National Space Science Centre NSSC Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China DLR Institute of Planetary Research Berlin Germany Hong Kong University Hong Kong Department of Biology and Biotechnology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy School of Physical Sciences The Open University Milton Keynes United Kingdom Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia Viterbo Italy Physical Research Lab

Mars exploration motivates the search for extraterrestrial life, the development of space technologies, and the design of human missions and habitations. Here, we seek new insights and pose unresolved questions relating to the natural history of Mars, habitability, robotic and human exploration, planetary protection, and the impacts on human society. Key observations and findings include: - high escape rates of early Mars' atmosphere, including loss of water, impact present-day habitability;- putative fossils on Mars will likely be ambiguous biomarkers for life;- microbial contamination resulting from human habitation is unavoidable;and - based on Mars' current planetary protection category, robotic payload(s) should characterize the local martian environment for any life-forms prior to human habitation. Some of the outstanding questions are: - which interpretation of the hemispheric dichotomy of the planet is correct;- to what degree did deep-penetrating faults transport subsurface liquids to Mars' surface;- in what abundance are carbonates formed by atmospheric processes;- what properties of martian meteorites could be used to constrain their source locations;- the origin(s) of organic macromolecules;- was/is Mars inhabited;- how can missions designed to uncover microbial activity in the subsurface eliminate potential false positives caused by microbial contaminants from Earth;- how can we ensure that humans and microbes form a stable and benign biosphere;and - should humans relate to putative extraterrestrial life from a biocentric viewpoint (preservation of all biology), or anthropocentric viewpoint of expanding habitation of space? Studies of Mars' evolution can shed light on the habitability of extrasolar planets. In addition, Mars exploration can drive future policy developments and confirm (or put into question) the feasibility and/or extent of human habitability of space. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Extrasolar planets

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