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Aspects of ZN rank-2 gauge theory in (2+1) dimensions: Construction schemes, holonomies, and sublattice one-form symmetries

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Physical Review B 2023年第15期107卷 155151-155151页

作者： Yun-Tak Oh Salvatore D. Pace Jung Hoon Han Yizhi You Hyun-Yong Lee Division of Display and Semiconductor Physics Korea University Sejong 30019 Korea Department of Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Department of Physics Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Korea Department of Physics Northeastern University 360 Huntington Ave Boston Massachusetts 02115 USA Department of Applied Physics Graduate School Korea University Sejong 30019 Korea Interdisciplinary Program in EÂ·ICT-Culture-Sports Convergence Korea University Sejong 30019 Korea

Rank-2 toric code (R2TC), a prototypical archetype of the discrete rank-2 symmetric gauge theory, has properties that differ from those of the standard toric code. Specifically, it features a blending of UV and IR in its ground state, restricted mobility of its quasiparticles, and variations in the braiding statistics of its quasiparticles based on their position. In this paper, we investigate various aspects of ZN rank-2 gauge theory in (2+1)-dimensional spacetime. Firstly, we demonstrate that U(1) rank-2 gauge theory can arise from U(1)×U(1) rank-1 gauge theory after condensing the gauge charges in a specific way. This construction scheme of U(1) rank-2 gauge theory carries over to the ZN case simply by Higgsing U(1) to ZN, after which the resulting rank-2 gauge theory can be tuned to the R2TC. The holonomy operators of R2TC are readily identified using this scheme and are given clear physical interpretation as the pair creation/annihilation of various monopoles and dipoles. Explicit tensor network construction of the ground states of R2TC is given as two copies of the ground states of Kitaev's toric code that are “sewn together” according to the condensation scheme. In addition, through a similar anyon condensation protocol, we present a double semion version of rank-2 toric code whose flux excitations exhibit restricted mobility and semionic statistics. Finally, we identify the generalized discrete symmetries of the R2TC, which are much more complex than typical 1-form symmetries. They include conventional and unconventional 1-form symmetries, such as framed 1-form symmetries and what we call sublattice 1-form symmetries. Using these, we interpret the R2TC's unique properties (UV/IR mixing, position-dependent braiding, etc.) from the modern perspective of generalized spontaneous symmetry breaking and 't Hooft anomalies.

关键词： Quantum field theory Lattice gauge theory

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Developing poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(β-hydroxybutyrate)-based self-assembling prodrug for the management of cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury

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Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 2024年第1期25卷 2382084页

作者： Bui, Duc Tri Nagasaki, Yukio Degree Program of Pure and Applied Sciences Graduate School of Science and Technology University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Department of Materials Science Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Master’s School of Medical Sciences Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan University of Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan

Although β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), one of the endogenous body ketones, possesses high bioactivities, it is rapidly consumed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. In this study, we designed new self-assembling nanoparticles that sustainably released BHB to improve bioavailability and evaluated their efficacy in in vivo experiments using rodent animal models. Since poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) [poly(BHB)] is regarded as a polymeric prodrug that is hydrolyzed by endogenous enzymes and releases BHB in a sustained manner, our idea was to engineer hydrophobic poly(BHB) in one of the segments in the amphiphilic block copolymer, of which self-assembles in water to form nanoparticles of tens of nanometers in size (abbreviated as NanoBHB). Here, methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) was employed as the hydrophilic segment of the block copolymer to stabilize the nanoparticles in aqueous environments, thus enabling NanoBHBs to be administrable both orally and through injection. Experimental results showed that NanoBHB has low toxicity and releases free BHB for an extended period in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, NanoBHB exhibits superior nephroprotective effects in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury mouse models compared to low-molecular-weight (LMW) sodium BHB, suggesting the potential of NanoBHB as a sustainable release formulation to supply BHB for medicinal applications. © 2024 The Author(s). Published by National Institute for Materials Science in partnership with Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Nanoparticles

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Power Efficiency Enhancement of Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Due to the Favorable Horizontal Orientation of a Naphthyridine-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Luminophore

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ACS applied Electronic Materials 2023年第2期5卷 1013-1023页

作者： Keruckiene, Rasa Vijaikis, Eimantas Chen, Chia-Hsun Lin, Bo-Yen Huang, Jing-Xiang Chu, Chun-Chieh Dzeng, Yi-Chung Chen, Chi Lee, Jiun-Haw Chiu, Tien-Lung Macionis, Simas Keruckas, Jonas Butkute, Rita Grazulevicius, Juozas Vidas Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology Kaunas University of Technology K. Barsausko St. 59 KaunasLT-50254 Lithuania Materials Science and Engineering and Physics Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics and Department of Electrical Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan Department of Opto-Electronics Engineering National Dong Hwa University Hualien974301 Taiwan Research Center for Applied Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei11529 Taiwan Department of Electrical Engineering Yuan Ze University Chung-Li32003 Taiwan

Four emitters based on the naphthyridine acceptor moiety and various donor units exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) were designed and synthesized. The emitters exhibited excellent TADF properties with a small ΔEST and a high photoluminescence quantum yield. A green TADF organic light-emitting diode based on 10-(4-(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)phenyl)-10H-phenothiazine exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.4% with Commission Internationale de L’éclairage coordinates of (0.368, 0.569) as well as a high current and power efficiency of 58.6 cd/A and 57.1 lm/W, respectively. The supreme power efficiency is a record-high value among the reported values of devices with naphthyridine-based emitters. This results from its high photoluminescence quantum yield, efficient TADF, and horizontal molecular orientation. The molecular orientations of the films of the host and the host doped with the naphthyridine emitter were explored by angle-dependent photoluminescence and grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). The orientation order parameters (ΘADPL) were found to be 0.37, 0.45, 0.62, and 0.74 for the naphthyridine dopants with dimethylacridan, carbazole, phenoxazine, and phenothiazine donor moieties, respectively. These results were also proven by GIWAXS measurement. The derivative of naphthyridine and phenothiazine was shown to be more flexible to align with the host and to show the favorable horizontal molecular orientation and crystalline domain size, benefiting the outcoupling efficiency and contributing to the device efficiency. © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.

关键词： Photoluminescence

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Trapped-Ion Quantum Simulation of Electron Transfer Models with Tunable Dissipation

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： So, Visal Suganthi, Midhuna Duraisamy Menon, Abhishek Zhu, Mingjian Zhuravel, Roman Pu, Han Wolynes, Peter G. Onuchic, José N. Pagano, Guido Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley-Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Chemistry Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Center for Theoretical Biological Physics Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States Department of Biosciences Rice University HoustonTX77005 United States

Electron transfer is at the heart of many fundamental physical, chemical, and biochemical processes essential for life. The exact simulation of these reactions is often hindered by the large number of degrees of freedom and by the essential role of quantum effects. Here, we experimentally simulate a paradigmatic model of molecular electron transfer using a multispecies trapped-ion crystal, where the donor-acceptor gap, the electronic and vibronic couplings, and the bath relaxation dynamics can all be controlled independently. By manipulating both the ground-state and optical qubits, we observe the real-time dynamics of the spin excitation, measuring the transfer rate in several regimes of adiabaticity and relaxation dynamics. Our results provide a testing ground for increasingly rich models of molecular excitation transfer processes that are relevant for molecular electronics and light-harvesting systems. © 2024, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Trapped ions

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Coating tetrahedral DNA framework with endosomolytic peptides for improved stability and cytosolic delivery

Advanced Sensor and Energy Materials

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Advanced Sensor and Energy Materials 2024年第2期3卷 1-5页

作者： Jinjun He Xiang Ji Zihui Xu Wei He Yan Zhao Lele Sun Lan Ma Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering Shenzhen Bay LaboratoryShenzhen 518132China Institute of Materiobiology Department of ChemistryCollege of ScienceShanghai UniversityShanghai 200444China Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute Tsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055 China Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China Division of Physical Biology Department CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and TechnologyShanghai Institute of Applied PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201800China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen 518055China

DNA nanostructures have emerged as promising carriers for drug ***,challenges such as low stability,poor cellular uptake efficiency,and vulnerability to lysosomal degradation still hinder their therapeutic *** this study,we demonstrate the coating of tetrahedral DNA frameworks(TDF)with the endosomolytic peptide L17E through electrostatic interactions to address these *** findings highlight that L17E coating substantially enhances the stability of TDFs and improves their uptake efficiency into RAW264.7 cells through endocytosis and ***,L17E coating enables efficient endosomal release of ***,we employed L17E-coated TDF to deliver osteogenic growth peptide and demonstrated its potential applications in inhibiting periodontitis both in vitro and in *** straightforward and cost-effective strategy holds promise for advancing the biomedical applications of DNA nanostructures.

关键词： Tetrahedral DNA framework Endosomolytic peptides Stability Endosomal escape Efficient delivery

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Extraordinary transmission without resonance: Probing enhancements in acoustic transmission and energy density in hole arrays acting as a metasurface

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Physical Review B 2023年第14期108卷 144111-144111页

作者： E. Bok J. J. Park A. A. Maznev S. H. Lee O. B. Wright Division of Applied Physics Faculty of Engineering Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-8628 Japan Institute of Physics and Applied Physics Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Korea Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139 USA Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0808 Japan Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University Yamadaoka 2-1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan

Extraordinary transmission in wave physics, such as in optics or acoustics, is related to the theory of metamaterials in which resonances enhance wave transmission through apertures. Near-perfect acoustic transmission can, however, exist for subwavelength apertures in a thin wall without resonance, strongly contrasting to the situation in optics. We demonstrate this by experiments on airborne acoustic transmission through metal plates perforated with a variable number of circular holes at constant filling fraction α∼0.12 in a waveguide. Dissipative theory, including interactions between holes, shows that, at near-unity transmittance, the holes act as a low-inertance metasurface, which is verified by simulations. We also present a simple equation for the lossless, thin-wall case. Calculated enhancements in power transmission and acoustic energy density, which agree with the maximum measured values ∼7 and 27 for constant α, are close to the lossless values 1/α and 1/(2α2), respectively, and are also close to simulations, obtained at 1 kHz for one hundred 3.5 mm diameter holes in a 1 mm thick wall. Conditions for the maximum transmission enhancement in the general case are also obtained, demonstrating the counterintuitive result that the enhancement is optimal at ∼50% power transmission.

关键词： Acoustic measurements Acoustic metamaterials Acoustic modeling Acoustics Energy harvesting devices Mechanical & acoustical properties Nanophotonics Rheology

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Manipulating Ferroelectric Polarization and Spin Polarization of 2D CuInP2S6 Crystals for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

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Journal of the American Chemical Society 2024年第33期146卷 23278-23288页

作者： Chiang, Chun-Hao Lin, Cheng-Chieh Lin, Yin-Cheng Huang, Chih-Ying Lin, Cheng-Han Chen, Ying-Jun Ko, Ting-Rong Wu, Heng-Liang Tzeng, Wen-Yen Ho, Sheng-Zhu Chen, Yi-Chun Ho, Ching-Hwa Yang, Cheng-Jie Cyue, Zih-Wei Dong, Chung-Li Luo, Chih-Wei Chen, Chia-Chun Chen, Chun-Wei Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan Taipei10617 Taiwan Academia Sinica Taipei11529 Taiwan Department of Chemistry National Taiwan Normal University Taipei11677 Taiwan Center for Condensed Matter Sciences National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan National Taiwan University Taipei10617 Taiwan Department of Electrophysics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering National Formosa University Yunlin632 Taiwan Department of Physics National Cheng Kung University Tainan70101 Taiwan Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei106 Taiwan Department of Physics Tamkang University New Taipei City25137 Taiwan Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences Academia Sinica Taipei10617 Taiwan

Manipulating electronic polarizations such as ferroelectric or spin polarizations has recently emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions. This study demonstrates the control of electronic polarizations modulated by ferroelectric and magnetic approaches within a two-dimensional (2D) layered crystal of copper indium thiophosphate (CuInP2S6) to boost the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. We investigate the substantial influence of ferroelectric polarization on the photocatalytic CO2 reduction efficiency, utilizing the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition and polarization alignment through electrical poling. Additionally, we explore enhancing the CO2 reduction efficiency by harnessing spin electrons through the synergistic introduction of sulfur vacancies and applying a magnetic field. Several advanced characterization techniques, including piezoresponse force microscopy, ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy, are performed to unveil the underlying mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. These findings pave the way for manipulating electronic polarizations regulated through ferroelectric or magnetic modulations in 2D layered materials to advance the efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. © 2024 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.

关键词： Copper compounds

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Novel blue-pea flowers derived-carbon dots/iron oxide nanohybrid as sustainable "turn-off" fluorescent nanosensor for selective Fe3+ detection in food samples

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Spectrochimica Acta - Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2025年 339卷 126291页

作者： Nuntahirun, Pattaraporn Li, Chien-Hung Sirisit, Natee Shashikumar, Uday Tsai, Pei-Chien Manjappa, Kiran B. Huang, Genin Gary Paoprasert, Peerasak Ponnusamy, Vinoth Kumar Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Technology Thammasat University Pathum Thani12120 Thailand Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung City807 Taiwan Graduate Program for Biomedical and Materials Science and Department of Chemistry Tunghai University Taichung City Taiwan Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand Kaohsiung City807 Taiwan Kaohsiung City807 Taiwan

Developing a novel fluorescence carbon-based sensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response is critical for detecting ferric ion (Fe3+) in beverages and food products. Overcoming this challenge is essential, as excess Fe3+ can cause cellular damage, raising health concerns. Herein, we designed a fluorescence nanosensor utilizing a hybrid iron oxide/carbon dots (HICs) nanocomposite, synthesized from blue pea (BPs) flowers and iron oxide nanoparticles through a hydrothermal treatment. More importantly, the HICs demonstrated high sensitivity and a rapid response to Fe3+, with a linear detection range spanning 0.06 to 100 µM and an impressively low limit of detection (LOD) of 13.61 nM. Moreover, the HICs exhibited remarkable selectivity toward Fe3+, remaining unaffected by various interferences, including common metal ions and small organic molecules. Upon Fe3+ addition, the fluorescence quenching of HICs occurs through a combination of static quenching and dynamic quenching mechanism and the inner filter effect. Additionally, the detection of Fe3+ in milk and herbal drinks was achieved using HICs, yielding satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 94.4 % to 103.7 %. Thus, the developed HICs serve as highly efficient "turn-off’" fluorescent nanosensors, exhibiting a rapid response, high sensitivity, and ultra-selectivity for Fe3+ detection, unaffected by matrix interference. These qualities make them promising candidates for advanced detection applications in food products, ensuring food safety. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.

关键词： Tea

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Applications of Floquet-Magnus and Fer Expansion Approaches during Cross Polarization Radiation in Solid State NMR

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Journal of Modern physics 2023年第7期14卷 1136-1156页

作者： Eugene Stephane Mananga Thibault Charpentier Program of Physics & Ph. D Program of Chemistry Graduate Center The City University of New York New York NY USA Department of Applied Physics New York University Brooklyn New York USA Department of Engineering Physics and Technology BCC The City University of New York Bronx New York USA CEA IRAMIS Service Interdisciplinaire sur les Systèmes Moléculaires et Matériaux LSDRM UMR CEA/CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette

This paper investigates the concept of Cross Polarization (CP) experiment in addition to revisiting the two potential expansion schemes recently developed in the field of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR): namely, the Floquet-Magnus expansion and the Fer expansion. We use the aforementioned expansion schemes for the calculation of effective Hamiltonians and propagators when the spin system undergoes Cross Polarization radiation. CP is the gateway experiment into SSNMR. An in-depth comprehension of the underlying mechanics of spin dynamics during the cross-polarization experiment is pivotal for further experimental developments and optimization of more complex solid-state NMR experiments. The main contribution of this work is a prospect related to spin physics;particularly regarding to generalization of the calculation. This work reports original yet interesting novel ideas and developments that include calculations performed on the CP experiment. In fact, the approach presented could play a major role in the interpretation of several fine NMR experiments in solids, which would in turn provide significant new insights in spin physics. The generality of the work points towards potential applications in problems related in solid-state NMR and theoretical developments of spectroscopy as well as interdisciplinary research areas as long as they include spin dynamics concepts.

关键词： Cross Polarization Solid-State NMR Floquet-Magnus Expansion Fer Expansion Spin Dynamics

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Quantum simulation of an extended Dicke model with a magnetic solid

Communications Materials

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Communications Materials 2024年第1期5卷 42页

作者： Marquez Peraca, Nicolas Li, Xinwei Moya, Jaime M. Hayashida, Kenji Kim, Dasom Ma, Xiaoxuan Neubauer, Kelly J. Fallas Padilla, Diego Huang, Chien-Lung Dai, Pengcheng Nevidomskyy, Andriy H. Pu, Han Morosan, Emilia Cao, Shixun Bamba, Motoaki Kono, Junichiro Department of Physics and Astronomy Rice University HoustonTX United States Department of Physics California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA United States Applied Physics Graduate Program Smalley–Curl Institute Rice University HoustonTX United States Division of Applied Physics Graduate School of Engineering Hokkaido University Hokkaido Japan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Rice University HoustonTX United States Department of Physics International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures and Materials Genome Institute Shanghai University Shanghai China Department of Physics and Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research and Technology National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan Department of Chemistry Rice University HoustonTX United States Department of Physics I Kyoto University Kyoto Japan The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research Kyoto University Kyoto Japan PRESTO Japan Science and Technology Agency Saitama Japan Department of Physics Yokohama National University Yokohama Japan Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering Rice University HoustonTX United States

The Dicke model describes the cooperative interaction of an ensemble of two-level atoms with a single-mode photonic field and exhibits a quantum phase transition as a function of light–matter coupling strength. Extending this model by incorporating short-range atom–atom interactions makes the problem intractable but is expected to produce new physical phenomena and phases. Here, we simulate such an extended Dicke model using a crystal of ErFeO3, where the role of atoms (photons) is played by Er3+ spins (Fe3+ magnons). Through terahertz spectroscopy and magnetocaloric effect measurements as a function of temperature and magnetic field, we demonstrated the existence of a novel atomically ordered phase in addition to the superradiant and normal phases that are expected from the standard Dicke model. Further, we elucidated the nature of the phase boundaries in the temperature–magnetic-field phase diagram, identifying both first-order and second-order phase transitions. These results lay the foundation for studying multiatomic quantum optics models using well-characterized many-body solid-state systems. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Atoms

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