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Surface Roughness-Induced Changes in Important Physical Features of CoFeSm Thin Films on Glass Substrates during Annealing

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Materials 2023年第21期16卷 6989-6989页

作者： Fern, Chi-Lon Liu, Wen-Jen Chang, Yung-Huang Chiang, Chia-Chin Chen, Yuan-Tsung Lu, Pei-Xin Su, Xuan-Ming Lin, Shih-Hung Lin, Ko-Wei Department of Materials Science and Engineering National Chung Hsing University Taichung40227 Taiwan Department of Materials Science and Engineering I-Shou University Kaohsiung84001 Taiwan Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Yunlin Douliou64002 Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung80778 Taiwan Graduate School of Materials Science National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Yunlin Douliou64002 Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Yunlin Douliou64002 Taiwan

Co60Fe20Sm20 thin films were deposited onto glass substrates in a high vacuum setting. The films varied in thickness from 10 to 50 nm and underwent annealing processes at different temperatures: room temperature (RT), 100, 200, and 300 °C. Our analysis encompassed structural, magnetic, electrical, nanomechanical, adhesive, and optical properties in relation to film thickness and annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis did not reveal characteristic peaks in Co60Fe20Sm20 thin films due to insufficient growth-driving forces. Electrical measurements indicated reduced resistivity and sheet resistance with increasing film thickness and higher annealing temperatures, owing to hindered current-carrier transport resulting from the amorphous structure. Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis showed a decrease in surface roughness with increased thickness and annealing temperature. The low-frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac) values increased with film thickness and annealing temperature. Nanoindentation analysis demonstrated reduced film hardness and Young’s modulus with thicker films. Contact angle measurements suggested a hydrophilic film. Surface energy increased with greater film thickness, particularly in annealed films, indicating a decrease in contact angle contributing to this increase. Transmittance measurements have revealed intensified absorption and reduced transmittance with thicker films. In summary, the surface roughness of CoFeSm films at different annealing temperatures significantly influenced their magnetic, electrical, adhesive, and optical properties. A smoother surface reduced the pinning effect on the domain walls, enhancing the χac value. Additionally, diminished surface roughness led to a lower contact angle and higher surface energy. Additionally, smoother surfaces exhibited higher carrier conductivity, resulting in reduced electrical resistance. The optical transparency decreased due to the smoother surface of C

关键词： Thin films

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Thickness, Annealing, and Surface Roughness Effect on Magnetic and Significant Properties of Co40Fe40B10Dy10 Thin Films

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Materials 2023年第17期16卷 5995页

作者： Liu, Wen-Jen Chang, Yung-Huang Chiang, Chia-Chin Chen, Yuan-Tsung Wang, Yu-Zhi Wu, Chueh-Lin Lin, Shih-Hung Ou, Sin-Liang Department of Materials Science and Engineering I-Shou University Kaohsiung84001 Taiwan Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Douliou64002 Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung80778 Taiwan Graduate School of Materials Science National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Douliou64002 Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Douliou64002 Taiwan Bachelor Program for Design and Materials for Medical Equipment and Devices Da-Yeh University Changhua51591 Taiwan

In this study, Co40Fe40B10Dy10 thin films were deposited using a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering technique. The films were deposited on glass substrates with thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nm, and heat-treated in a vacuum annealing furnace at 100, 200, and 300 °C. Various instruments were used to examine and analyze the effects of roughness on the magnetic, adhesive, and mechanical properties. From the low frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac) results, the optimum resonance frequency is 50 Hz, and the maximum χac value tends to increase with the increase in the thicknesses and annealing temperatures. The maximum χac value is 0.18 at a film thickness of 50 nm and an annealing temperature of 300 °C. From the four-point probe, it is found that the resistivity and sheet resistance values decrease with the increase in film deposition thicknesses and higher annealing temperatures. From the magnetic force microscopy (MFM), the stripe-like magnetic domain distribution is more obvious with the increase in annealing temperature. According to the contact angle data, at the same annealing temperature, the contact angle decreases as the thickness increases due to changes in surface morphology. The maximal surface energy value at 300 °C is 34.71 mJ/mm2. The transmittance decreases with increasing film thickness, while the absorption intensity is inversely proportional to the transmittance, implying that the thickness effect suppresses the photon signal. Smoother roughness has less domain pinning, more carrier conductivity, and less light scattering, resulting in superior magnetic, electrical, adhesive, and optical performance. © 2023 by the authors.

关键词： Thin films

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Effects of carbon dioxide concentration and swine wastewater on the cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E and bioethanol production from microalgae biomass

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Applied Energy 2024年 369卷

作者： Condor, Billriz E. de Luna, Mark Daniel G. Lacson, Carl Francis Z. Acebu, Paula Isabel G. Abarca, Ralf Ruffel M. Nagarajan, Dillirani Lee, Duu-Jong Chang, Jo-Shu Energy Engineering Program National Graduate School of Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines Quezon City1101 Philippines Department of Chemical Engineering University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City1101 Philippines Center of Excellence in Environmental Catalysis and Adsorption Thammasat University Pathum Thani12121 Thailand Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology Iligan City9200 Philippines College of Hydrosphere Science Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung City811532 Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Tang Hong Kong Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering Tunghai University 407 Taiwan Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy Tunghai University Taichung407 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering National Cheng Kung University Tainan701 Taiwan Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Yuan Ze University Chung-Li Taiwan

The study investigated the potential of wastewater-derived microalgae as a cost-effective feedstock for bioethanol production. The influence of CO2 loading, use of swine wastewater as a nutrient source, effect of micronutrients in the cultivation media, and scale-up of Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E was conducted. Results showed that 2% CO2, 25% swine wastewater, 500 mg/L sodium nitrate, 40 mg/L K2HPO4, 75 mg/L MgSO4, and 6 mg/L citric acid were optimal for maximal biomass production, nitrate removal, and carbohydrate accumulation in BG-11 medium. The maximum biomass and carbohydrate content obtained in this study were 35-fold and 60%, respectively. Scaling up to 5 L volume was challenging due to illumination, aeration, and mixing issues. The obtained carbohydrate-rich biomass was subjected to mild sulfuric acid hydrolysis and subsequently used for bioethanol fermentation. The hydrolysate was composed solely of glucose and galactose and was converted into bioethanol within 8 h by Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an ethanol yield of 0.22 ± 0.01 g ethanol per g biomass. Further exploration of effective lighting and mixing strategies are recommended to realize economically viable microalgal biofuels. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd

关键词： Biomass

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Investigation of Sm Addition on Microstructural and Optical Properties of CoFe Thin Films

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Materials 2023年第15期16卷 5380-5380页

作者： Liu, Wen-Jen Chang, Yung-Huang Chiang, Chia-Chin Lai, Jian-Xin Chen, Yuan-Tsung Chen, Hsiung-Liang Lin, Shih-Hung Department of Materials Science and Engineering I-Shou University Kaohsiung840 Taiwan Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Yunlin Douliou640301 Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology Kaohsiung City80778 Taiwan Graduate School of Materials Science National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Yunlin Douliou640301 Taiwan Department of Electronic Engineering National Yunlin University of Science and Technology 123 University Road Section 3 Yunlin Douliou640301 Taiwan

CoFe-based alloys and rare earth (RE) elements are among the most studied materials in applying magnetic devices to improve soft magnetic characteristics. A series of Co40Fe40Sm20 films are deposited on a glass substrate via the sputtering technique, followed by an annealing process to investigate their effect on microstructural and optical properties of Co40Fe40Sm20 films. In this study, the increase in the thickness of Co40Fe40Sm20 films and annealing temperatures resulted in a smoother surface morphology. The 40 nm Co40Fe40Sm20 films annealed 300 °C are expected to have good wear resistance and adhesive properties due to their high values of H/E ratio and surface energy. Optical transparency also increased due to the smoother surface of the Co40Fe40Sm20 films. © 2023 by the authors.

关键词： Iron alloys

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Theoretical Insights into Co2 Electroreduction on Single and Dual Heteroatom-Doped Diamonds

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Injongkol, Yuwanda Zhang, Rui-Qin Montoya, Alejandro Rungrotmongkol, Thanyada Jungsuttiwong, Siriporn Center of Excellence in Biocatalyst and Sustainable Biotechnology Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The University of Sydney SydneyNSW2006 Australia Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate School Chulalongkorn University Bangkok10330 Thailand Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Ubon Ratchathani University Ubon Ratchathani34190 Thailand

We employed Periodic Density Functional Theory (DFT) to investigate the catalytic activity of single and double dopant of boron (B), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) anchored on diamond surfaces for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) by analyzing reaction energy profiles. Our findings show that the double-doped catalyst exhibits lower energy barriers in CO2RR compared to the single dopants. Specifically, when considering BB and NN configurations, there is a thermodynamic preference towards the formation of formic acid (HCOOH) with overpotentials of 0.40 and 0.09 V, respectively. The co-doped catalyst comprising B and N (BN) demonstrates a tendency towards the formation of HCOOH without requiring any applied overpotentials. Notably, BN outperforms other catalysts, occupying the top position on the volcano plot, indicating the lowest limiting potential (UL), remarkable thermal stability, and the ability to suppress the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This research provides valuable insights into the product differentiation in the electroreduction of CO2. © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Density functional theory

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Gumbel-Softmax Flow Matching with Straight-Through Guidance for Controllable Biological Sequence Generation

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Tang, Sophia Zhang, Yinuo Tong, Alexander Chatterjee, Pranam Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University United States Management and Technology Program University of Pennsylvania United States Center of Computational Biology Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore Mila Quebec AI Institute Canada Université de Montréal Canada Department of Computer Science Duke University United States Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Duke University United States

Flow matching in the continuous simplex has emerged as a promising strategy for DNA sequence design, but struggles to scale to higher simplex dimensions required for peptide and protein generation. We introduce Gumbel-Softmax Flow and Score Matching, a generative framework on the simplex based on a novel Gumbel-Softmax interpolant with a time-dependent temperature. Using this interpolant, we introduce Gumbel-Softmax Flow Matching by deriving a parameterized velocity field that transports from smooth categorical distributions to distributions concentrated at a single vertex of the simplex. We alternatively present Gumbel-Softmax Score Matching which learns to regress the gradient of the probability density. Our framework enables high-quality, diverse generation and scales efficiently to higher-dimensional simplices. To enable training-free guidance, we propose Straight-Through Guided Flows (STGFlow), a classifier-based guidance method that leverages straight-through estimators to steer the unconditional velocity field toward optimal vertices of the simplex. STGFlow enables efficient inference-time guidance using classifiers pre-trained on clean sequences, and can be used with any discrete flow method. Together, these components form a robust framework for controllable de novo sequence generation. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance in conditional DNA promoter design, sequence-only protein generation, and target-binding peptide design for rare disease treatment. © 2025, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： Velocity distribution

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The Fisher Geometry and Geodesics of the Multivariate Normals, without Differential Geometry

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Lawson, Brodie A.J. Burrage, Kevin Mengersen, Kerrie Santos, Rodrigo Weber dos Centre for Data Science Queensland University of Technology Australia School of Mathematical Sciences Queensland University of Technology Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture Australia Department of Computer Science University of Oxford United Kingdom Graduate Program in Computational Modeling Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Brazil

Choosing the Fisher information as the metric tensor for a Riemannian manifold provides a powerful yet fundamental way to understand statistical distribution families. Distances along this manifold become a compelling measure of statistical distance, and paths of shorter distance improve sampling techniques that leverage a sequence of distributions in their operation. Unfortunately, even for a distribution as generally tractable as the multivariate normal distribution, this information geometry proves unwieldy enough that closed-form solutions for shortest-distance paths or their lengths remain unavailable outside of limited special cases. In this review we present for general statisticians the most practical aspects of the Fisher geometry for this fundamental distribution family. Rather than a differential geometric treatment, we use an intuitive understanding of the covariance-induced curvature of this manifold to unify the special cases with known closed-form solution and review approximate solutions for the general case. We also use the multivariate normal information geometry to better understand the paths or distances commonly used in statistics (annealing, Wasserstein). Given the unavailability of a general solution, we also discuss the methods used for numerically obtaining geodesics in the space of multivariate normals, identifying remaining challenges and suggesting methodological *** Codes 62B11 (primary), 62-02, 62-08 (secondary) © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Geometry

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Generative AI-Driven Data Augmentation for Robust Virtual Metrology: GANs, VAEs, and Diffusion Models

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IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing 2025年

作者： Lin, Chin-Yi Tseng, Tzu-Liang Emon, Solayman Hossain Tsai, Tsung-Han Department of Industrial Manufacturing and Systems Engineering University of Texas at El Paso El PasoTX79968 United States Computational Science Program University of Texas at El Paso El PasoTX79968 United States Institute of Information and Decision Sciences National Taipei University of Business Taipei10051 Taiwan

Advanced semiconductor manufacturing increasingly depends on Virtual Metrology (VM) for real-time quality monitoring, yet conventional data-driven models rarely capture the scarce or extreme process conditions critical for robust predictions. We propose a Multi-Stage Constrained Data Generative Augmentation (MSC-DGA) framework that integrates Variational Autoencoders (VAE), Normalizing Flows, and Constrained Diffusion to systematically expand coverage of seldom-seen regimes. By embedding strict engineering constraints during generation and applying a two-stage quality filter, MSCDGA ensures physically plausible synthetic samples. We further present theoretical proofs showing that multi-stage generation can approximate complex sensor distributions while enforcing domain validity, thereby improving coverage and preserving essential process physics. Empirically, we demonstrate the approach on real WBG SiC data, incorporating these curated samples into a Generative Foundation Model (GFA-VM) with few-shot finetuning and uncertainty-based active sampling, yielding significant accuracy gains for rarely observed conditions. Experiments confirm notable performance improvements over single-stage augmentation and naive oversampling. By rigorously balancing distribution realism with engineering feasibility, MSC-DGA offers a practical and theoretically grounded advancement for VM, enhancing adaptive control and product quality in next-generation power semiconductor manufacturing. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Computer control

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The connection between polymer collapse and the onset of jamming

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Grigas, Alex T. Fisher, Aliza Shattuck, Mark D. O’Hern, Corey S. Graduate Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Benjamin Levich Institute and Physics Department The City College of New York New YorkNY10031 United States Department of Physics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Department of Applied Physics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States

Previous studies have shown that the interiors of proteins are densely packed, reaching packing fractions that are as large as those found for static packings of individual amino-acid-shaped particles. How can the interiors of proteins take on such high packing fractions given that amino acids are connected by peptide bonds and many amino acids are hydrophobic with attractive interactions? We investigate this question by comparing the structural and mechanical properties of collapsed attractive disk-shaped bead-spring polymers to those of three reference systems: static packings of repulsive disks, of attractive disks, and of repulsive disk-shaped bead-spring polymers. We show that attractive systems quenched to temperatures below the glass transition T Tg and static packings of both repulsive disks and bead-spring polymers possess similar interior packing fractions. Previous studies have shown that static packings of repulsive disks are isostatic at jamming onset, i.e. the number of contacts Nc matches the number of degrees of freedom, which strongly influences their mechanical properties. We find that repulsive polymers are hypostatic at jamming onset, but effectively isostatic when including quartic modes. While attractive disk and polymer packings are hyperstatic, we identify a definition for interparticle contacts for which they can also be considered as effectively isostatic. As a result, we show that the mechanical properties (e.g. scaling of the potential energy with excess contact number and low-frequency contribution to the density of vibrational modes) of weakly attractive disk and polymer packings are similar to those of isostatic repulsive disk and polymer packings. Our results demonstrate that static packings generated via attractive collapse or compression of repulsive particles possess similar structural and mechanical properties. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Amino acids

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Improvement of Spatial Ambiguity in Multi-Channel Speech Separation Using Channel Attention

Improvement of Spatial Ambiguity in Multi-Channel Speech Sep...

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2021 Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference, APSIPA ASC 2021

作者： Hong, Qian-Bei Wu, Chung-Hsien Nguyen, Thanh Binh Wang, Hsin-Min National Cheng Kung University and Academia Sinica Graduate Program of Multimedia Systems and Intelligent Computing Tainan Taiwan National Cheng Kung University Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Tainan Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9789881476890

Multi-channel speech separation has been successfully applied in a complex real-world environment such as the far-field condition. The common solution to deal with the far-field condition is using a multi-channel signal captured by a structured microphone array and leveraging the inner difference between channels to enhance the speech separation performance. The spatial feature has been widely used in recent speech separation research. This feature appears to be insufficient when the location information becomes ambiguous. This is known as the spatial ambiguity problem. In order to deal with the spatial ambiguity problem, this study proposes an attention mechanism for the Temporal-Spatial Neural Filter (TSNF), in which the channel attention on merged features and the feature map of 1D convolution block in the temporal convolution network is proposed. The proposed method is evaluated on the multi-channel reverberant dataset which is built based on the WSJ0-2mix dataset. The dataset is simulated in the real-environment room by using the Room Impulse Response generator. In the experimental results, the proposed methods produced the SI -SNR improvement of about 1.2dB in close speakers' case, while a small decrease of 0.1dB in other cases. © 2021 APSIPA.

关键词： Convolution

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