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Applying system Thinking to Learn from Accident of Modern Automatic control systems

Chinese Journal of Electronics 2025年第2期23卷 409-414页

作者： Ru Niu Yuan Cao Xiaocheng Ge Tao Tang State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China School of Electronics and Information Engineering National Engineering Research Center of Rail Transportation Operation and Control System Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China Department of Computer Science University of York York UK

Modern societies increasingly rely on automatic control systems. These systems are hardly pure technical systems; instead they are complex socio-technical systems, which consist of technical elements and social components. It is necessary to have a systematic approach to analyze these systems because it is growing evidence that accidents from these systems usually have complex causal factors which form an interconnected network of events, rather than a simple cause-effect chain. We take railway Train control systems (TCS) as an example to demonstrate the importance of the socio-technical approach to analyze the system. The paper presents an investigation of recent high-speed railway accident by applying STAMP - one of the most notable socio-technical system analysis techniques, outlines improvements to the system which could avoid similar accidents in the future. We also provide our valuable feedback for the use of STAMP.

关键词： Sociotechnical systems Analytical models systematics Railway accidents Transportation Medical services Rail transportation systems thinking Research and development Accidents

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Resilient Cooperative control of Multiple DC Microgrids With Interconnection Networks Against Cyber Attacks

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical systems 2025年 3卷 116-126页

作者： Xiao, Feng Liu, Shiyu Wei, Bo Fang, Fang Qin, Jiahu North China Electric Power University State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources Beijing102206 China North China Electric Power University School of Control and Computer Engineering Beijing102206 China North China Electric Power University New Energy Generation National Engineering Research Center Beijing102206 China University of Science and Technology of China Department of Automation Hefei230027 China

The two control objectives of voltage regulation and precise current sharing are conflicting in multi-bus DC microgrids. In this paper, a distributed control strategy is proposed, and it can achieve accurate current sharing and regulate the voltage of a critical node to the rated value. However, such a distributed control system is susceptible to potential cyber attacks that could deteriorate microgrids performances by corrupting communication links or actuators. To overcome these difficulties, we design the interconnected communication networks to establish a resilient cooperative system of multiple microgrids against unknown bounded injection attacks. The proposed resilient control strategy can achieve the control objectives of maintaining voltage regulation and current sharing within each microgrids under different operating conditions, and the interconnected system consisting of multiple microgrids cooperates to mitigate the adverse effect of cyber attacks. The dynamics and stability of the overall close-loop system of the DC microgrids are analyzed, in the present or absent of cyber attacks. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in two 4-bus DC microgrids. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Cyber attacks

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Electrical resistivity-temperature characteristics enhancement of insulating cross-linked polyethylene composites by incorporating positive temperature coefficient particles with different Curie temperatures

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High Voltage 2023年第1期8卷 1-11页

作者： Guimin Jiang Yuanxiang Zhou Chenyuan Teng Yunxiao Zhang Xin Huang Lei Xue Luming Zhou The Wind Solar Storage Division of State Key Laboratory of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipment Xinjiang UniversityUrumqiChina State Key Laboratory of Power System and Generation Equipment Department of Electrical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhouChina School of Electronics and Computer Science University of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK

Incorporating positive temperature coefficient(PTC)ceramic particles into polymers provides a prospective alternative solution for suppressing severe electric field distortions caused by negative temperature coefficient(NTC)of electrical resistivity within polymer insulation in high voltage direct current *** effect of the Curie temperature of PTC particles on the inhibition of the NTC effect of cross-linked polyethylene(XLPE)is investigated in this *** temperature coefficient particles with varied Curie temperatures are surface-modified and melt blending with *** modified particles are dispersed on averagely in the *** electrical resistivity,space charge behaviour,and direct current(DC)electrical breakdown strength of the samples are investigated at different temperatures,exploring the effect of the Curie temperature of PTC particles on suppressing the NTC effect of *** is demonstrated that the reduction in Curie temperature can further suppress the NTC effect of XLPE,enhance the DC strength at elevated temperatures,and inhibit the internal space charge *** reduction in the Curie temperatures means that the initiation of the PTC effect advances,exhibiting a higher potential barrier and inhibiting the NTC effect more *** work may give a reference for improving the temperature stability of DC properties for XLPE cable insulation.

关键词： coefficient resistivity insulation

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Language-Queried Target Sound Extraction Without Parallel Training Data

Language-Queried Target Sound Extraction Without Parallel Tr...

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2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP 2025

作者： Ma, Hao Peng, Zhiyuan Li, Xu Li, Yukai Shao, Mingjie Kong, Qiuqiang Liu, Ju School of Information Science and Engineering Shandong University Qingdao China Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University NC United States ARC Lab Tencent PCG China Key Laboratory of System and Control AMSS Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong

ISBN: (纸本)9798350368741

Language-queried target sound extraction (TSE) aims to extract specific sounds from mixtures based on language queries. Traditional fully-supervised training schemes require extensively annotated parallel audio-text data, which are labor-intensive. We introduce a parallel-data-free training scheme, requiring only unlabelled audio clips for TSE model training by utilizing the contrastive language-audio pre-trained model (CLAP). In a vanilla parallel-data-free training stage, target audio is encoded using the pre-trained CLAP audio encoder to form a condition embedding, while during testing, user language queries are encoded by CLAP text encoder as the condition embedding. This vanilla approach assumes perfect alignment between text and audio embeddings, which is unrealistic. Two major challenges arise from training-testing mismatch: the persistent modality gap between text and audio and the risk of overfitting due to the exposure of rich acoustic details in target audio embedding during training. To address this, we propose a retrieval-augmented strategy. Specifically, we create an embedding cache using audio captions generated by a large language model (LLM). During training, target audio embeddings retrieve text embeddings from this cache to use as condition embeddings, ensuring consistent modalities between training and testing and eliminating information leakage. Extensive experiment results show that our retrieval-augmented approach achieves consistent and notable performance improvements over existing state-of-the-art with better generalizability. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： contrastive language-audio pre-training retrieval-augmented strategy target sound extraction uni-modal training for multi-modal tasks

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On the Approximation of the Quotient of Two Gaussian Densities for Multiple-Model Smoothing 26

On the Approximation of the Quotient of Two Gaussian Densiti...

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26th International Conference on Information Fusion, FUSION 2023

作者： Liu, Yi Li, Xi Yang, Le Mihaylova, Lyudmila Xue, Yanbo University of Canterbury Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Christchurch New Zealand National University of Defense Technology State Key Lab of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information Systems Changsha China University of Sheffield Department of Automatic Control and System Engineering Sheffield United Kingdom Career Science Lab Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9798890344854

The quotient of two multivariate Gaussian densities can be written as an unnormalized Gaussian density, which has been applied in some recently developed multiple-model fixed-interval smoothing algorithms. However, this expression is invalid if instead of being positive definite, the covariance of the unnormalized Gaussian density is indefinite (i.e., it has both positive and negative eigenvalues) or undefined (i.e., computing it requires inverting a singular matrix). This paper considers approximating the quotient of two Gaussian densities in this case using two different approaches to mitigate the caused numerical problems. The first approach directly replaces the indefinite covariance of the unnormalized Gaussian density with a positive definite matrix nearest to it. The second approach computes the approximation through solving, using the natural gradient, an optimization problem with a Kullback-Leibler divergence-based cost function. This paper illustrates the application of the theoretical results by incorporating them into an existing smoothing method for jump Markov systems and utilizing the obtained smoothers to track a maneuvering target. © 2023 International Society of Information Fusion.

关键词： Cost functions

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A Recommendation system Based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm for Enclosed Spaces 6

A Recommendation System Based on Adaptive Genetic Algorithm ...

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6th International Symposium on Autonomous systems, ISAS 2023

作者： Guo, Meng Chen, Songhang Wang, Yaozong Fujian Normal University College of Computer and Cyber Security Fuzhou China Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Quanzhou China Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Identification and Control of Complex Dynamic System Department of Quanzhou Institute of Equipment Manufacturing Quanzhou China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350316155

Most of the management systems used in common enclosed spaces only have basic functions such as booking and payment, and do not have epidemic prevention and traceability functions. In the COVID-19 pandemic, enclosed scenes, without an epidemic prevention system, clearly increase the risk of cross-contamination of the population, making it a black box that will amplify the severity of the outbreak. In this paper, we develop an intelligent recommendation system designed to coordinate the operation of enclosed spaces and decentralize the new customers to a low-infection risk box. An adaptive genetic algorithm is proposed to achieve optimal allocation of personnel and boxes, which can avoid contact between customers during low peak hours and minimize cross-contact during peak hours. On the one hand, it guarantees the user experience, and on the other hand, it guarantees these enclosed spaces have a high decentralization of crowd density when an epidemic occurs. This greatly reduces the risk of exposure to infection and is of great significance in preventing the spread of the epidemic. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Recommender systems

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Optimal Strategies Trajectory with Multi-Local-Worlds Graph

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computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第4期75卷 2079-2099页

作者： Xiang Yu Chonghua Wang Xiaojing Zheng Chaoyu Zeng Brij BGupta School of Electronics and Information Engineering Taizhou UniversityTaizhouZhejiang318000China China Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team Beijing100040China School of Economics and Management Weifang University of Science and TechnologyShouguangShandong262700China National Computer System Engineering Research Institute of China Beijing102699China Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Asia UniversityTaiwanTaichung413China Research and Innovation Department Skyline University CollegeSharjahP.O.Box 1797United Arab Emirates Staffordshire University Stoke-on-TrentST42DEUK

This paper constructs a non-cooperative/cooperative stochasticdifferential game model to prove that the optimal strategies trajectory ofagents in a system with a topological configuration of a Multi-Local-Worldgraph would converge into a certain attractor if the system’s configuration isfixed. Due to the economics and management property, almost all systems aredivided into several independent Local-Worlds, and the interaction betweenagents in the system is more complex. The interaction between agents inthe same Local-World is defined as a stochastic differential cooperativegame;conversely, the interaction between agents in different Local-Worldsis defined as a stochastic differential non-cooperative game. We construct anon-cooperative/cooperative stochastic differential game model to describethe interaction between agents. The solutions of the cooperative and noncooperativegames are obtained by invoking corresponding theories, and thena nonlinear operator is constructed to couple these two solutions *** last, the optimal strategies trajectory of agents in the system is proven toconverge into a certain attractor, which means that strategies trajectory arecertainty as time tends to infinity or a large positive integer. It is concluded thatthe optimal strategy trajectory with a nonlinear operator of cooperative/noncooperativestochastic differential game between agents can make agentsin a certain Local-World coordinate and make the Local-World paymentmaximize, and can make the all Local-Worlds equilibrated;furthermore, theoptimal strategy of the coupled game can converge into a particular attractorthat decides the optimal property.

关键词： Multi-Local-world graph stochastic differential game optimal strategy attractor

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Wireless/wired integrated transmission for industrial cyber-physical systems: risk-sensitive co-design of 5G and TSN protocols

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2022年第1期65卷 56-71页

作者： Yajing ZHANG Qimin XU Xinping GUAN Cailian CHEN Mingyan LI Department of Automation Shanghai Jiao Tong University Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing Ministry of Education of China Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control and Management College of Computer Science Chongqing University

The growing popularity of intelligent manufacturing is driven by deterministic transmission demands of applications in industrial cyber-physical systems(ICPS). However, the ossified shortages of industrial wireless communication such as diverse quality of service(Qo S) and complex signaling processes incur a severe long tail of transmission delay distribution. As a solution, the 5 th generation(5 G) wireless communication technology provides ultra-reliable and low-latency communication(URLLC) for industry scenarios. Moreover, the newly proposed time-sensitive networking(TSN) standards guarantee the transmission determinacy by gate mechanism. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous time-sensitive network(HTSN) co-designed by 5 G and TSN. We first develop a predictive multi-priority wireless scheduling mechanism based on semi-persistent scheduling(SPS) to reduce signaling delay by reserving resources in *** we propose an adaptive data injection mechanism for TSN based on per-stream filtering and policing(PSFP), which dynamically adjusts the priority of data for queue injection in TSN. To further reduce the long tail of delay, we employ a risk-sensitive learning method to improve the worst-case delay. Simulations on a hot rolling production scenario demonstrate that the proposed mechanisms under HTSN achieve great performance in terms of integrated delay and resource utilization.

关键词： industrial cyber-physical systems (ICPS) 5G-TSN co-design wireless/wired integrated network risk-sensitive reinforcement learning deterministic communication

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Cooperative control Strategy for Virtual Inertia Based on Fuzzy control 8

Cooperative Control Strategy for Virtual Inertia Based on Fu...

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8th International Conference on control Science and systems Engineering, ICCSSE 2022

作者： Gao, Zhimin Cao, Yongji Zhang, Hengxu Qin, Hao Zhang, Xiaoning Li, Changgang Key Laboratory of Power System Intelligent Dispatch and Control of the Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan China Technical University of Denmark Department of Electrical Engineering Kgs. Lyngby Denmark School of Control and Computer Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665484138

The large-scale integration of renewable energies brings about low inertia characteristics to the power system, and the frequency security faces greater challenges. The existing inertia research lacks the synergy between different types of inertia sources and different control methods, and the inertia response capability of power system still can be improved. In this paper, with the aim of proposing a virtual inertia cooperative control strategy for the power system with high penetration of renewable energies, we analyze the virtual inertia mechanisms of wind power, PV units and energy storage system (ESS), and propose control methods for wind power and PV units to participate in inertia response. Considering the reason of limited inertia response capability of renewable energy units, the fuzzy control is used to make the ESS participate in inertia compensation to improve the frequency response capability. Finally, case study is carried out to verified the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Fuzzy control

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Quantitative Inertia Estimation Method for Wind Farm Based on AFF-RLS 8

Quantitative Inertia Estimation Method for Wind Farm Based o...

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8th International Conference on control Science and systems Engineering, ICCSSE 2022

作者： Qin, Hao Cao, Yongji Zhang, Hengxu Gao, Zhimin Zhang, Xiaoning Li, Changgang Key Laboratory of Power System Intelligent Dispatch and Control of the Ministry of Education Shandong University Jinan China Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Department of Electrical Engineering Lyngby Denmark School of Control and Computer Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing China

ISBN: (纸本)9781665484138

In order to guarantee the frequency security and stability of the power system with high proportional of wind generation, virtual inertia control techniques are gradually being promoted and applied. However, there is still a lack of methods and techniques to accurately estimate the equivalent virtual inertia of wind farms in real time, which makes it difficult to quantitatively evaluate the effect of virtual inertia control and to dynamically monitor the inertia level of power systems. Therefore, in this paper, an AR model with eXogenous input is applied to the time-varying characteristics of the virtual inertia of wind farm, and a recursive least squares identification algorithm based on a fuzzy control algorithm with an adaptive forgetting factor is proposed to estimate the virtual inertia of wind farms online. The proposed identification model and solution algorithm have superior tracking ability and good convergence. All that is required is to obtain perturbation data on the frequency and active power of the point of common coupling from the phasor measurement unit. A case study is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Least squares approximations

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