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Privacy-preserving explainable AI: a survey

Science China(information Sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 23-56页

作者： Thanh Tam NGUYEN Thanh Trung HUYNH Zhao REN Thanh Toan NGUYEN Phi Le NGUYEN Hongzhi YIN Quoc Viet Hung NGUYEN School of Information and Communication Technology Griffith University School of Computer and Communication Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Bremen Faculty of Information Technology HUTECH University Department of Computer Science Hanoi University of Science and Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Queensland

As the adoption of explainable AI(XAI) continues to expand, the urgency to address its privacy implications intensifies. Despite a growing corpus of research in AI privacy and explainability, there is little attention on privacy-preserving model explanations. This article presents the first thorough survey about privacy attacks on model explanations and their countermeasures. Our contribution to this field comprises a thorough analysis of research papers with a connected taxonomy that facilitates the categorization of privacy attacks and countermeasures based on the targeted explanations. This work also includes an initial investigation into the causes of privacy leaks. Finally, we discuss unresolved issues and prospective research directions uncovered in our analysis. This survey aims to be a valuable resource for the research community and offers clear insights for those new to this domain. To support ongoing research, we have established an online resource repository, which will be continuously updated with new and relevant findings.

关键词： privacy-preserving explainable AI privacy attacks privacy defences PrivEx PPXAI

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Monitoring COVID-19 environment: a real-time facial mask detection using YOLO models

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Research on Biomedical engineering 2025年第1期41卷 1-18页

作者： Pandiyan, P. Thangaraj, Rajasekaran V, Balasubramanian V. K, Manavalasundaram S, Balakrishnan Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology Coimbatore India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Nandha Engineering College Erode India Department of Information Technology Velalar College of Engineering and Technology Erode India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology Chennai India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology Coimbatore India

Purpose: The rapid spread of COVID-19 has resulted in significant harm and impacted tens of millions of people globally. In order to prevent the transmission of the virus, individuals often wear masks as a protective measure for themselves and others. Coronavirus protection guidelines have been published by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to WHO standards, COVID-19 can be prevented by wearing a mask in public places and congested regions. In these places, it is very difficult to personally check to see if people are wearing face masks or not. Methods: The objective of this research work is to build a powerful, efficient, and real-time approach for detecting people not wearing masks. Three cutting-edge object identification models, namely YOLOv4, Tiny-YOLOv4, and YOLOv5, are employed in this study for the identification of masked faces. Result: The proposed YOLOv5 model is evaluated using real-time images captured using a smartphone or tablet. The test images include both single and multiple people with and without masks. The YOLOv5 model achieved recognition accuracy of 88.90% with an average detection speed of 0.0316 s per image, whereas the YOLOv4 and Tiny-YOLOv4 produced recognition accuracy of 82.24% and 74.80% with an average detection speed of 0.0530 s and 0.0541 s per image, respectively. Conclusion: The comparative performance suggests that the YOLOv5 model has a maximum recognition accuracy of 88.90% in face mask identification tasks compared to other models such as the YOLOv4 and Tiny-YOLOv4. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Brazilian Society of Biomedical engineering 2025.

关键词： COVID-19

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Decomposition-based hybrid methods employing statistical, machine learning, and deep learning models for crude oil price forecasting

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年 1-46页

作者： Purohit, Sourav Kumar Panigrahi, Sibarama Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology Burla India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha Rourkela769008 India

Crude oil prices (COP) profoundly influence global economic stability, with fluctuations reverberating across various sectors. Accurate forecasting of COP is indispensable for governments, policymakers, and stakeholders to make well-informed decisions and effectively mitigate risks. The decomposition-based hybrid models have been showing promising COP forecasting accuracy than other time series forecasting methods. Despite this fact, no systematic study has been conducted to evaluate the true potential of different decomposition-based hybrid methods employing different forecasting models to forecast the COP. Therefore, a hybrid modeling framework is developed by combining efficient decomposition techniques, namely empirical mode decomposition (EMD), ensemble EMD (EEMD), complete EEMD with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), and variational mode decomposition (VMD) with seven statistical models, fourteen machine learning (ML) models, and six deep learning (DL) models. Further, a systematic study is conducted on the resulting decomposition-based hybrid models to find the best hybrid model for COP forecasting. Three distinct train-test data splits are employed to ensure a reliable evaluation of the models using four performance metrics. Extensive statistical analysis is conducted to identify the optimal combination of the decomposition technique and forecasting model for precise COP prediction. The results demonstrate that the proposed decomposition-based hybrid model employing VMD and Huber Regression is statistically the best method among all alternatives to forecast monthly COP. The proposed hybrid method VMD-Huber Regression improves the root mean square error (RMSE) by 21% than CEEMDAN-ARIMA, 58.31% than EEMD-Theta, 13.18% than EMD-Random Walk, and 49.44% than VMD-TBATS hybrid methods in 60–40 Train-Test split ratio. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Mean square error

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A Deep Learning and Powerful Computational Framework for Brain Cancer MRI Image Recognition

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Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 2024年第1期105卷 1-18页

作者： Kumar, Ankit Shukla, Santosh Kumar Prakash, Navin Yadav, Rakesh Kumar Department of Information Technology Babu Banarasi Das Institute of Technology and Management Lucknow India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Babu Banarasi Das Engineering College Lucknow India Department of Computer Science and Engineering MSOET Maharishi University of Information Technology Lucknow India

Brain tumors are one of the deadliest diseases and require quick and accurate methods of detection. Finding the optimum image for research goals is the first step in optimizing MRI images for pre- and post-processing. As a result, the mean grey-level approach was used to segment the MRI images using a threshold. In the second stage of statistical feature analysis, the picture features were extracted using the spatial gray-level dependency matrix using Hara lick's feature equations. As a consequence, the best features were picked and the tumor was placed in the appropriate location. In the third stage, an automated tool for classifying the photographs under assessment as having a tumor or not was created utilizing supervised learning and an artificially intelligent methodology. An efficient test of the network's performance yielded 97% of the desired results. © 2023, The Institution of Engineers (India).

关键词： Tumors

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Contemporary Approaches to Analyze Non-stationary Time-series: Some Solutions and Challenges

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Recent Advances in computer Science and Communications 2023年第2期16卷 61-80页

作者： Dixit, Ankit Jain, Shikha Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida India

Enhancement of technology yields more complex time-dependent outcomes for better understanding and analysis. These outcomes generate more complex, unstable, and high-dimensional data from non-stationary environments. Hence, more challenges are arising day by day to fulfill the increasing demand for future estimation. Thus, in this paper, an extensive study has been presented to comprehend the statistical complexity and randomness of Non-Stationary Time Series (NS-TS) data at the atomic level. This survey briefly explains the basic principles and terms related to Non-Stationary Time Series (NS-TS). After understanding the fundamentals of NS-TS, this survey categorized non-stationary time series into groups and subgroups based on a change in statistical behavior. It also provides a comprehensive discussion on contemporary approaches proposed by researchers in each category of non-stationarity. These algorithms include clustering, classification, and regression techniques to deal with different types of domains. Every category of non-stationarity consists of a separate table to draw some advantages and disadvantages of existing approaches. At the end of each non-stationarity type, a short discussion and critical analysis have been done. In the conclusion section, it is observed that this research sphere still has many open challenges that need to be addressed and demand more exploration. Furthermore, it discusses the possible solution of improvisation in future research. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.

关键词： Time series

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IQR-based approach for DDoS detection and mitigation in SDN

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Defence technology（防务技术） 2023年第7期25卷 76-87页

作者： Rochak Swami Mayank Dave Virender Ranga Department of Computer Engineering National Institute of TechnologyKurukshetraIndia Department of Information Technology Delhi Technological UniversityDelhiIndia

Software-defined networking(SDN) is a trending networking paradigm that focuses on decoupling of the control logic from the data plane. This decoupling brings programmability and flexibility for the network management by introducing centralized infrastructure. The complete control logic resides in the controller, and thus it becomes the intellectual and most important entity of the SDN infrastructure. With these advantages, SDN faces several security issues in various SDN layers that may prevent the growth and global adoption of this groundbreaking technology. Control plane exhaustion and switch buffer overflow are examples of such security issues. Distributed denial-of-service(DDoS) attacks are one of the most severe attacks that aim to exhaust the controller’s CPU to discontinue the whole functioning of the SDN network. Hence, it is necessary to design a quick as well as accurate detection scheme to detect the attack traffic at an early stage. In this paper, we present a defense solution to detect and mitigate spoofed flooding DDoS attacks. The proposed defense solution is implemented in the SDN controller. The detection method is based on the idea of an statistical measure — Interquartile Range(IQR). For the mitigation purpose, the existing SDN-in-built capabilities are utilized. In this work, the experiments are performed considering the spoofed SYN flooding attack. The proposed solution is evaluated using different performance parameters, i.e., detection time, detection accuracy, packet_in messages, and CPU utilization. The experimental results reveal that the proposed defense solution detects and mitigates the attack effectively in different attack scenarios.

关键词： SDN DdoS IQR Controller CPU utilization Packet_in

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A Novel CAPTCHA Recognition System Based on Refined Visual Attention

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第4期83卷 115-136页

作者： Zaid Derea Beiji Zou Xiaoyan Kui Monir Abdullah Alaa Thobhani Amr Abdussalam School of Computer Science and Engineering Central South UniversityChangsha410083China College of Computer Science and Information Technology Wasit UniversityWasit52001Iraq Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence College of Computing and Information TechnologyUniversity of BishaBisha67714Saudi Arabia Electronic Engineering and Information Science Department University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China

Improving website security to prevent malicious online activities is crucial,and CAPTCHA(Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell computers and Humans Apart)has emerged as a key strategy for distinguishing human users from automated ***-based CAPTCHAs,designed to be easily decipherable by humans yet challenging for machines,are a common form of this ***,advancements in deep learning have facilitated the creation of models adept at recognizing these text-based CAPTCHAs with surprising *** our comprehensive investigation into CAPTCHA recognition,we have tailored the renowned UpDown image captioning model specifically for this *** approach innovatively combines an encoder to extract both global and local features,significantly boosting the model’s capability to identify complex details within CAPTCHA *** the decoding phase,we have adopted a refined attention mechanism,integrating enhanced visual attention with dual layers of Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks to elevate CAPTCHA recognition *** rigorous testing across four varied datasets,including those from Weibo,BoC,Gregwar,and Captcha 0.3,demonstrates the versatility and effectiveness of our *** results not only highlight the efficiency of our approach but also offer profound insights into its applicability across different CAPTCHA types,contributing to a deeper understanding of CAPTCHA recognition technology.

关键词： Text-based CAPTCHA recognition refined visual attention web security computer vision

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Energy efficient quantum-informed ant colony optimization algorithms for industrial internet of things

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2024年第3期5卷 1077-1086页

作者： Jannu, Srikanth Dara, Suresh Thuppari, Chaitanya Vidyarthi, Ankit Ghosh, Debjani Tiwari, Prayag Muhammad, Ghulam Department of Computer Science and Engineering Vaagdevi Engineering College Singaram506005 India School of Technology Woxsen University HyderabadTS 502 345 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Information Technology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida201309 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bennett University Greater Noida201309 India School of Information Technology Halmstad University Halmstad301 18 Sweden Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer and Information Sciences King Saud University Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia

One of themost prominent research areas in information technology is the Internet of Things (IoT) as its applications are widely used, such as structural monitoring, health care management systems, agriculture and battlefield management, and so on. Due to its self-organizing network and simple installation of the network, the researchers have been attracted to pursue research in the various fields of IoTs. However, a huge amount of work has been addressed on various problems confronted by IoT. The nodes densely deploy over critical environments and those are operated on tiny batteries. Moreover, the replacement of dead batteries in the nodes is almost impractical. Therefore, the problem of energy preservation and maximization of IoT networks has become the most prominent research area. However, numerous state-of-The-Art algorithms have addressed this issue. Thus, it has become necessary to gather the information and send it to the base station in an optimized method to maximize the network. Therefore, in this article, we propose a novel quantum-informed ant colony optimization (ACO) routing algorithm with the efficient encoding scheme of cluster head selection and derivation of information heuristic factors. The algorithm has been tested by simulation for various network scenarios. The simulation results of the proposed algorithm show its efficacy over a few existing evolutionary algorithms using various performance metrics, such as residual energy of the network, network lifetime, and the number of live IoT nodes. Impact Statement-Toward IoT-based applications, here we presented the Quantum-inspired ACO clustering algorithm for network lifetime. IoT nodes in the clustering phase choose theirCH through the distance between cluster member IoT nodes and the residual energy. Thus, CH selection reduces the energy consumption of member IoT nodes. Therefore, our significant contributions are summarized as follows. i. Developing Quantum-informed ACO clustered routing algor

关键词： Energy efficiency

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Cognitive Transformation in Personal IoT: Pioneering Intelligent Automation

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Cyber-Physical Systems 2025年第2期11卷 183-240页

作者： Gulzar, Bisma Ahmad Sofi, Shabir Sholla, Sahil Department of Information Technology National Institute of Technology Srinagar India Department of Computer Science Engineering Islamic University of Science & Technology Srinagar India

In recent years, IoT has transformed personal environments by integrating diverse smart devices. This paper presents an advanced IoT architecture that optimizes network infrastructure, focusing on the adoption of MQTT protocol and introducing Cognitive Smart Objects for managing personal IoT applications. These objects use Neural Networks to predict optimal actions based on user behavior patterns. A Continuous Learning mechanism enables real-time adaptation of the network to evolving user interactions. The study highlights the role of Cognitive Transformation in Personal IoT, driving intelligent automation and enhancing user experience. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： Internet of Things (IoT) Personal Internet of Things (PIoT) Social Internet of Things (SIoT) IoT architecture network infrastructure

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YOLOCSP-PEST for Crops Pest Localization and Classification

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 2373-2388页

作者： Farooq Ali Huma Qayyum Kashif Saleem Iftikhar Ahmad Muhammad Javed Iqbal Department of Software Engineering University of Engineering and TechnologyTaxila47050Pakistan Department of Computer Science&Engineering College of Applied Studies&Community ServiceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11362Saudi Arabia Department of Information Technology Faculty of Computing and Information TechnologyKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science University of Engineering and TechnologyTaxila47050Pakistan

Preservation of the crops depends on early and accurate detection of pests on crops as they cause several diseases decreasing crop production and quality. Several deep-learning techniques have been applied to overcome the issue of pest detection on crops. We have developed the YOLOCSP-PEST model for Pest localization and classification. With the Cross Stage Partial Network (CSPNET) backbone, the proposed model is a modified version of You Only Look Once Version 7 (YOLOv7) that is intended primarily for pest localization and classification. Our proposed model gives exceptionally good results under conditions that are very challenging for any other comparable models especially conditions where we have issues with the luminance and the orientation of the images. It helps farmers working out on their crops in distant areas to determine any infestation quickly and accurately on their crops which helps in the quality and quantity of the production yield. The model has been trained and tested on 2 datasets namely the IP102 data set and a local crop data set on both of which it has shown exceptional results. It gave us a mean average precision (mAP) of 88.40% along with a precision of 85.55% and a recall of 84.25% on the IP102 dataset meanwhile giving a mAP of 97.18% on the local data set along with a recall of 94.88% and a precision of 97.50%. These findings demonstrate that the proposed model is very effective in detecting real-life scenarios and can help in the production of crops improving the yield quality and quantity at the same time.

关键词： Deep learning classification of pests YOLOCSP-PEST pest detection

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