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IEEE Transactions on Radar Systems 2025年 3卷 44-56页

作者： Kahya, Sabri Mustafa Yavuz, Muhammet Sami Steinbach, Eckehard Technical University of Munich Media Technology School of Computation Information and Technology Department of Computer Engineering Munich80333 Germany

Detecting human presence indoors with millimeter-wave frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar faces challenges from both moving and stationary clutters. This work proposes a robust and real-time capable human presence and out-of-distribution (OOD) detection method using 60-GHz short-range FMCW radar. HOOD solves the human presence and OOD detection problems simultaneously in a single pipeline. Our solution relies on a reconstruction-based architecture and works with radar macro- and micro-range-Doppler images (RDIs). HOOD aims to accurately detect the presence of humans in the presence or absence of moving and stationary disturbers. Since HOOD is also an OOD detector, it aims to detect moving or stationary clutters as OOD in humans' absence and predicts the current scene's output as "no presence."HOOD performs well in diverse scenarios, demonstrating its effectiveness across different human activities and situations. On our dataset collected with a 60-GHz short-range FMCW radar with only one transmit (Tx) and three receive antennas, we achieved an average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 94.36%. Additionally, our extensive evaluations and experiments demonstrate that HOOD outperforms state-of-the-art (SOTA) OOD detection methods in terms of common OOD detection metrics. Importantly, HOOD also perfectly fits on Raspberry Pi 3B+ with a advanced RISC machines (ARM) Cortex-A53 CPU, which showcases its versatility across different hardware environments. Videos of our human presence detection experiments are available at: https://***/HOOD. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Deep neural networks

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Parkinson’s disease Severity Detection Based on Fused features with tuned Residual Deep Convolutional Neural Network

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第14期84卷 13111-13131页

作者： Vishwakarma, Gagan Nandanwar, Amit Kumar Thakur, Ghanshyam Singh Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology MP Bhopal India Computer Science & Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology MP Bhopal India Department of Computer Applications Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology MP Bhopal India

Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis involves the assessment of a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. To accurately diagnose PD, it is necessary to differentiate its symptoms from those of other conditions. During the diagnosis process, clinicians must consider gait abnormalities as one of the key symptoms. However, relying solely on clinical judgment for the diagnosis of PD may have limitations. In this work, we have proposed a Multikernel SVM (MK-SVM) based Parkinson's severity analysis method. Initially, an adaptive median filter is used to reduce the noise in the gait image. Then, to extract the features, we propose a dual-layer method that employs stacked autoencoders (SAEs) for local feature extraction and residual deep convolution neural networks (RDCNN) for global feature extraction. The hyper-parameters from the RDCNN are optimized using the Enhanced walrus optimization algorithm (EWO). In the final step, we use MK-SVM to classify PD according to severity. This model is evaluated using the GAIT-IT and GAIT-IST datasets. With the help of Python, we evaluated the proposed model in terms of precision, accuracy, recall, specificity, and F-scores, and the model achieved a maximum accuracy of 97.3%. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Feature extraction

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Cumulative histogram as a feature selection technique for anomaly detection

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第12期84卷 10095-10107页

作者： Nassar, Mostafa Salama, Rania A. Saleeb, Adel A. El-bahnasawy, Nirmeen A. Ahmed, Hossam Eldin H. Abd El-Samie, Fathi E. Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia University Menouf32952 Egypt Department of Information Technology Faculty of Computers and Information Suez University Suez Egypt Department of Information Technology College of Computer and Information Sciences Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Riyadh11671 Saudi Arabia

The enhancement of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) is required to ensure protection of network resources and services. This is a hot research topic, especially in the presence of advanced intrusions and attacks. This paper provides a comparison between Distributed Cumulative Histogram (DCH) as a Feature Selection (FS) technique, information Gain Ratio (IGR) FS and wrapper-based FS in terms of accuracy and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The utilization of DCH of the traffic instances in normal and attack cases allows us to compare the traffic charts. We can observe the difference between effective features and less effective ones. We verify the feasibility of using DCH as an FS technique in the field of anomaly detection with just six selected features giving more accurate results with most classifiers compared to the IGR and wrapper-based FS. We applied our experiments on the modern UNSW dataset with the WEKA simulation platform that contains a group of classification, feature reduction and selection techniques. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Anomaly detection

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Elevating manufacturing excellence with multilevel optimization in smart factory cloud computing using hybrid model

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Cluster Computing 2025年第5期28卷 1-25页

作者： Vaidya, Saurabh Jethava, Gordhan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology FET Parul University Gujarat Vadodara391760 India Department of Information Technology Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology FET Parul University Gujarat Vadodara391760 India

The factory has adopted an extensive ecosystem of connected devices and IoT sensors, utilizing cloud computing for real-time decision-making. Secure cloud storage serves as the backbone, managing vast datasets and enabling centralized control. By leveraging advanced analytics and machine learning on the cloud, the factory has implemented predictive maintenance, minimizing downtime and optimizing production. The integration of Hybrid PSO-GA for machines and supply chain processes streamlines operations, allowing for remote monitoring and control to enhance operational agility. Cutting-edge advancements in New Generation information Technologies (New IT) are crucial in driving the evolution of smart manufacturing. The proliferation of Internet-connected devices in these environments generates substantial data throughout the product lifecycle. Adopting a cloud-based smart manufacturing strategy provides numerous services and applications for analysing massive datasets and fostering significant cooperation in manufacturing operations. However, challenges such as latency, bandwidth congestion, and network unavailability hinder its effectiveness for real-time applications requiring fast, low-latency performance. These issues are efficiently addressed by integrating cloud computing with edge computing, extending the cloud’s capabilities to the edge. This paper presents a hierarchical reference architecture for smart manufacturing, leveraging cloud computing. The proposed approach employs a hybrid PSO-GA scheduling function that combines Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) to optimize task start times and reduce latency. The optimal solution from this hybrid approach updates task start times, with subsequent scheduling performed using a selected algorithm. The proposed novel hybrid PSO-GA model integrates AI-driven optimization, IoT, and digital twins to enhance real-time decision-making and adapt to dynamic data streams in smart manufacturing. Its

关键词： Computation offloading

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UETT4K Anti-UAV: A Large Scale 4K Benchmark Dataset for Vision-based Drone Detection in High-Resolution Imagery

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 73553-73568页

作者： Awan, Mughees Sarwar Zaidi, Syed Azhar Ali Mir, Junaid Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Computer Sciences and Information Technology Kahuta Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electronics Engineering Taxila47080 Pakistan University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Taxila47080 Pakistan

In recent years, incidents involving unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have increased significantly, raising concerns over security and privacy, especially concerning civilian and military facilities. Vision-based approaches, especially those employing deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs), show great promise in addressing the need for an accurate and cost-effective UAV detection system. However, DCNNs rely heavily on extensive and well-labeled datasets, which are essential for achieving high accuracy and effectiveness. For drone detection tasks, a dataset of high-resolution images is especially valuable, as it provides more contextual information for DCNNs, enabling more accurate drone detection. This work presents a new drone detection dataset composed of 4K resolution images named University of engineering and technology Taxila 4K Anti-UAV (UETT4K Anti-UAV). The dataset is created by obtaining real-world videos of different types of drones in diverse environmental and challenging conditions. A custom dataset of 33601 images, manually annotated with hand-labeled bounding boxes, is created from these *** used our dataset to train, validate, and test eight state-of-the-art YOLOv6v3 algorithm models. The test results and qualitative analysis guide selecting the most suitable model for drone detection applications. The proposed extensive 4K dataset offers a valuable resource for effectively training deep learning models to detect drones across diverse conditions accurately. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Artificial intelligence-inspired comprehensive framework for desertification prediction

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International Journal of Cognitive Computing in engineering 2025年 6卷 462-476页

作者： Alsubai, Shtwai Mosleh, Mogeeb A.A. Al-Hadhrami, Suheer A. Bhatia, Munish College of Computer Engineering and Sciences Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University Alkharj Saudi Arabia Faculty of Engineering & Computing University of Science & Technology Aden Yemen Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology Taiz Univeristy Taiz Yemen Department of Computer Engineering College of Engineering Al Mukalla Hadhramout Yemen Department of Computer Applications National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra India

Desertification greatly affects land deterioration, farming efficiency, economic growth, and health, especially in Gulf nations. Climate change has worsened desertification, making developmental issues in the area even more difficult. This research presents an enhanced framework utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT) for ongoing monitoring, data gathering, and analysis to evaluate desertification patterns. The framework utilizes Bayesian Belief Networks (BBN) to categorize IoT data, while a low-latency processing method on edge computing platforms enables effective detection of desertification trends. The classified data is subsequently analyzed using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) optimized with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for forecasting decisions. Using cloud computing infrastructure, the ANN-GA model examines intricate data connections to forecast desertification risk elements. Moreover, the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model is employed to predict desertification over varied time intervals. Experimental simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested framework, attaining enhanced performance in essential metrics: Temporal Delay (103.68 s), Classification Efficacy—Sensitivity (96.44 %), Precision (95.56 %), Specificity (96.97 %), and F-Measure (96.69 %)—Predictive Efficiency—Accuracy (97.76 %) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) (1.95 %)—along with Reliability (93.73 %) and Stability (75 %). The results of classification effectiveness and prediction performance emphasize the framework's ability to detect high-risk zones and predict the severity of desertification. This innovative method improves the comprehension of desertification processes and encourages sustainable land management practices, reducing the socio-economic impacts of desertification and bolstering at-risk ecosystems. The results of the study hold considerable importance for enhancing regional efforts in combating desertification, ensuring food security, and formulatin

关键词： Life on land Climate action Desertification Internet of things Artificial neural network

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A Software Defect Prediction Method Using a Multivariate Heterogeneous Hybrid Deep Learning Algorithm

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 3251-3279页

作者： Qi Fei Haojun Hu Guisheng Yin Zhian Sun College of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China Information Technology Research Department Jiangsu Automation Research InstituteLianyungang222062China School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhen518055China

Software defect prediction plays a critical role in software development and quality assurance processes. Effective defect prediction enables testers to accurately prioritize testing efforts and enhance defect detection efficiency. Additionally, this technology provides developers with a means to quickly identify errors, thereby improving software robustness and overall quality. However, current research in software defect prediction often faces challenges, such as relying on a single data source or failing to adequately account for the characteristics of multiple coexisting data sources. This approach may overlook the differences and potential value of various data sources, affecting the accuracy and generalization performance of prediction results. To address this issue, this study proposes a multivariate heterogeneous hybrid deep learning algorithm for defect prediction (DP-MHHDL). Initially, Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), Code Dependency Network (CDN), and code static quality metrics are extracted from source code files and used as inputs to ensure data diversity. Subsequently, for the three types of heterogeneous data, the study employs a graph convolutional network optimization model based on adjacency and spatial topologies, a Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-BiLSTM) hybrid neural network model, and a TabNet model to extract data features. These features are then concatenated and processed through a fully connected neural network for defect prediction. Finally, the proposed framework is evaluated using ten promise defect repository projects, and performance is assessed with three metrics: F1, Area under the curve (AUC), and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing methods, offering a novel solution for software defect prediction.

关键词： Software defect prediction multiple heterogeneous data graph convolutional network models based on adjacency and spatial topologies CNN-BiLSTM TabNet

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Deep Learning-Driven Edge-Enabled Serverless Architectures for Animal Emotion Detection

Informatica (Slovenia)

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2025年第7期49卷 33-48页

作者： Benedict, Shajulin Subair, Rubiya Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Kottayam Kerala India Technical University Munich Garching Germany

Animal emotion detection, including elephant emotions, is highly possible, but what the traditional emotion detection approaches highlight is their blatant ignorance of adopting edge-enabled intelligence and serverless-based solutions, both of which are affordable. Treating the emotions of animals increases their productivity, especially among trained elephants when subjected to carrying logs or undertaking gargantuan tasks. However, existing infrastructures are inefficient in handling long-running animal emotion detection-related tasks. This article proposes a deep learning-driven edge-enabled serverless architecture after evaluating several existing animal emotion detection techniques. Additionally, we perform an exploratory study on the cost impact of incorporating serverless-enabled approaches to animal emotion detection architectures. We observed that the proposed edge-enabled serverless architectures saved over 13,000 dollars annually compared to traditional animal emotion detection approaches. In addition, the article provided a few research directions to develop novel edge-enabled serverless architectures that boost socio-economic situations while avoiding human-animal conflicts. © 2025 Slovene Society Informatika. All rights reserved.

关键词： Invertebrates

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A robust visual information hiding framework based on HVS pixel adaptive alpha blending (HPAAB) technique

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第14期84卷 13959-13982页

作者： Panda, Bishwabara Nayak, Manas Ranjan Mallick, Pradeep Kumar Basu, Abhishek School of Computer Engineering KIIT Deemed to be University Bhubaneswar India Department of ECE RCC Institute of Information Technology Kolkata India

The popularity of the Internet and digital consumer gadgets has fundamentally changed our society and daily lives by making digital data collection, transmission, and storage exceedingly easy and convenient. However, protecting these data and preventing unauthorized changes is an important task. This challenge has arisen in several domains, including copyright protection, content authentication, information concealment, and protected communications. Several academics have developed digital watermarking algorithms to solve this issue, aiming to implant hidden data (a watermark) in digital material to affix a mark on or seal the digital data content. The proposed approach builds a spatial domain image watermarking approach using entropy, a spectral residual pixel-based saliency map, and alpha blending. This method states that the value of entropy improves the concealing capacity. To increase imperceptibility, a spectral residual-based saliency map is used to discover less visible portions of the input images and progressively incorporate more information based on entropy data. Any modifications made other than those detectable regions will be less noticeable to viewers since they result from saliency, which decides which elements of an image are the most visible from a visual perspective. Lastly, utilizing the quality criteria, the mechanism's capability is analyzed for numerous existing frameworks. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Entropy

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Spatial attention-based hybrid VGG-SVM and VGG-RF frameworks for improved cotton leaf disease detection

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第14期37卷 8309-8329页

作者： Pandiyaraju, V. Anusha, B. Senthil Kumar, A.M. Jaspin, K. Venkatraman, Shravan Kannan, A. School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Marian Engineering College Trivandram Kerala Trivandrum India Department of Computer Science and Engineering St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India Department of Information Science and Technology College of Engineering Guindy Anna University Tamil Nadu Chennai India

The agriculture industry's production and food quality have been impacted by plant leaf diseases in recent years. Hence, it is vital to have a system that can automatically identify and diagnose diseases at an initial stage for enhancing the quality of agricultural output and also for stopping the overall plant extinction. Most state-of-the-art methods do not provide appropriate accuracy of identification when the similarity among different diseases is higher and the input leaf images have complex background. In this work, a transfer learning-based automated crop disease recognition system is proposed to handle this problem. The cotton leaf disease detection framework being proposed here includes two key stages: (1) the feature extraction stage, where the convolutional neural network (CNN) model from the visual geometry group (VGG-16) is employed to obtain the deep features from cotton leaf images with complex background. (2) Cotton leaf disease detection stage: Here, the extracted optimal features are input to the machine learning classifiers, namely random forest (RF) and nonlinear support vector machine (SVM), for the initial classification of the diseases. For providing an optimal cotton crop disease detection performance, Kaggle’s four-class cotton disease dataset with complex background is chosen in this work. For the final decision making and analysis, two hybrid models named spatial attention-based hybrid VGG-RF and hybrid VGG-SVM have been proposed in this work for enhancing the decision accuracy. These hybrid models offered an average accuracy of approximately 98.29% and 99.31%, respectively, which is higher than the accuracy provided by the related work. This proved that the proposed hybrid model, namely spatial attention-based VGG-SVM and VGG-RF models, with spatial attention outperformed the state-of-the-art classifiers. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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