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Ultra-Dense Cell-Free Massive MIMO for 6G: Technical Overview and Open Questions

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Ngo, Hien Quoc Interdonato, Giovanni Larsson, Erik G. Caire, Giuseppe Andrews, Jeffrey G. Queen's University Belfast United Kingdom The Department of Electrical and Information Engineering University of Cassino and Southern Lazio Cassino Italy Linköping University Sweden The Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Technical University of Berlin Germany 6G@UT in the Wireless Networking and Communications Group Dept. of ECE The University of Texas Austin United States

Ultra-dense cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-MMIMO) has emerged as a promising technology expected to meet the future ubiquitous connectivity requirements and ever-growing data traffic demands in 6G. This article provides a contemporary overview of ultra-dense CF-MMIMO networks, and addresses important unresolved questions on their future deployment. We first present a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art research on CF-MMIMO and ultra-dense networks. Then, we discuss the key challenges of CF-MMIMO under ultra-dense scenarios such as low-complexity architecture and processing, low-complexity/scalable resource allocation, fronthaul limitation, massive access, synchronization, and channel acquisition. Finally, we answer key open questions, considering different design comparisons and discussing suitable methods dealing with the key challenges of ultra-dense CF-MMIMO. The discussion aims to provide a valuable roadmap for interesting future research directions in this area, facilitating the development of CF-MMIMO for 6G. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： MIMO systems

User-Centric Data Management in Decentralized Internet of Behaviors System

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Zhang, Shiqi Wu, Dapeng Wang, Honggang Wang, Ruyan School of Communications and Information Engineering Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications Chongqing400065 China Advanced Network and Intelligent Connection Technology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission of China China Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ubiquitous Sensing and Networking China Department of Graduate Computer Science and Engineering Katz School of Science and Health Yeshiva University in New York City United States

The Internet of Behaviors (IoB) is an emerging concept that utilizes devices to collect human behavior and provide intelligent services. Although some research has focused on human behavior analysis and data collection within IoB, the associated security and privacy challenges remain insufficiently explored. This paper analyzes the security and privacy risks at different stages of behavioral data generating, uploading, and using, while also considering the dynamic characteristics of user activity areas. Then, we propose a blockchain-based distributed IoB data storage and sharing framework, which is categorized into sensing, processing, and management layers based on these stages. To accommodate both identity authentication and behavioral privacy, zero-knowledge proofs are used in the sensing layer to separate the correlation between behavior and identity, which is further extended to a distributed architecture for cross-domain authentication. In the processing layer, an improved consensus protocol is proposed to enhance the decision-making efficiency of distributed IoB by analyzing the geographical and computational capability of the servers. In the management layer, user permission differences and the privacy of access targets are considered. Different types of behavior are modeled as corresponding relationships between keys, and fine-grained secure access is achieved through function secret sharing. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in multi-scenario IoB, with average consensus and authentication times reduced by 74% and 56%, respectively. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Differential privacy

On Cost Aware Cloudlet Placement for Mobile Edge Computing

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2019年第4期6卷 926-937页

作者： Qiang Fan Nirwan Ansari IEEE Advanced Networking Lab Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkUSA

As accessing computing resources from the remote cloud inherently incurs high end-to-end(E2E)delay for mobile users,cloudlets,which are deployed at the edge of a network,can potentially mitigate this *** some research works focus on allocating workloads among cloudlets,the cloudlet placement aiming to minimize the deployment cost(i.e.,consisting of both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay cost)has not been addressed effectively so *** locations and number of cloudlets have a crucial impact on both the cloudlet cost in the network and average E2E delay of ***,in this paper,we propose the Cost Aware cloudlet PlAcement in moBiLe Edge computing(CAPABLE)strategy,where both the cloudlet cost and average E2E delay are considered in the cloudlet *** solve this problem,a Lagrangian heuristic algorithm is developed to achieve the suboptimal *** cloudlets are placed in the network,we also design a workload allocation scheme to minimize the E2E delay between users and their cloudlets by considering the user *** performance of CAPABLE has been validated by extensive simulations.

关键词： Cloudlet placement mobile cloud computing mobile edge computing

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GUEST EDITORIAL

China Communications 2023年第2期 3-6页

作者： Yuan Wu Xu Chen Feng Lyu Xianfu Chen Xumin Huang Jie Gao Yueyue Dai Tony Q.S.Quek Yan Zhang the State Key Laboratory of Internet of Things for Smart City University of Macau the Department of Computer and Information Science University of Macau Sun Yat-sen University Sun Yat-sen University Institute of Advanced Networking and Computing Systems Sun Yat-sen University National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory the School of Computer Science and Engineering Central South University the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland the School of Automation Guangdong University of Technology the School of Information Technology Carleton University Huazhong University of Science and Technology Singapore University of Technology and Design(SUTD) the IEEE Communications Society Technical Committee on Green Communications and Computing(TCGCC)

With the growing maturity of the advanced edge-cloud collaboration and integrated sensing-communication-computing systems, edge intelligence has been envisioned as one of the enabling technologies for ubiquitous and l...

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A deep-learning-based MAC for integrating channel access, rate adaptation and channel switch

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Xin, Jiantao Xu, Wei Cao, Bin Wang, Taotao Zhang, Shengli College of Electronic and Information Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen518060 China Computer Science Department New York University 251 Mercer Street New YorkNY10012 United States The State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing100876 China

With increasing density and heterogeneity in unlicensed wireless networks, traditional MAC protocols, such as carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) in Wi-Fi networks, are experiencing performance degradation. This is manifested in increased collisions and extended backoff times, leading to diminished spectrum efficiency and protocol coordination. Addressing these issues, this paper proposes a deep-learning-based MAC paradigm, dubbed DL-MAC, which leverages spectrum sensing data readily available from energy detection modules in wireless devices to achieve the MAC functionalities of channel access, rate adaptation and channel switch. First, we utilize DL-MAC to realize a joint design of channel access and rate adaptation. Subsequently, we integrate the capability of channel switch into DL-MAC, enhancing its functionality from single-channel to multi-channel operation. Specifically, the DL-MAC protocol incorporates a deep neural network (DNN) for channel selection and a recurrent neural network (RNN) for the joint design of channel access and rate adaptation. We conducted real-world data collection within the 2.4 GHz frequency band to validate the effectiveness of DL-MAC, and our experiments reveal that DL-MAC exhibits superior performance over traditional algorithms in both single and multi-channel environments and also outperforms single-function approaches in terms of overall performance. Additionally, the performance of DL-MAC remains robust, unaffected by channel switch overhead within the evaluated range. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Spectrum efficiency

Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm with Energy Efficient Cluster Head to Improve Performance Metrics on the IoT

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Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm with Energy Efficient Cluster ...

International Conference on Computing Methodologies and Communication (ICCMC)

作者： Jaya Dipti Lal T. Balachander T.S. Karthik Sandy Ariawan Pratap M S Mohit Tiwari Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Shri G S Institute of Technology and Science Indore Madhya Pradesh India Department of Networking and Communications SRM Institute of Science and Technology Kattankulathur Chennai Tamilnadu India Department of ECE Aditya College of Engineering and Technology Surampalem Andhra Pradesh India IAKN Tarutung North Sumatera School of CIT REVA University Bangalore India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bharati Vidyapeeth's College of Engineering Delhi India

In recent times, the internet of Things (IoT) is an alternative model that is quickly getting ground in the scenario of current wireless telecommunication. Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a significant part of IoT, and it is primarily accountable for reporting and acquiring information. As coverage area and lifetime of WSN directly define the performance of IoT, how to design a technique for conserving node energy and decreasing node death rate becomes crucial problem. Sensor network clustering is an efficient technique to overcome this problem. It splits nodes into clusters and chooses one to be cluster head (CH). The data communication and transmission within single cluster are accomplished by its CH. This study develops a hybrid evolutionary algorithm-based energy efficient cluster head selection (HEA-EECHS) technique in the IoT environment. The presented HEA-EECHS technique concentrates on the effectual choice of CHs in the IoT environment. To do so, the HEA-EECHS technique derives an improved artificial jellyfish search algorithm (IAJSA) by the incorporation of oppositional based learning (OBL) approach into the traditional AJSA. Along with that, the HEA-EECHS technique designs a fitness function incorporating four parameters namely energy, cluster node density, average neighboring distance, and average distance to BS. The experimental assessment of the HEA-EECHS technique is investigated under several IoT nodes and the final results gives the value of 500 WMNs, the HEA-EECHS method has attained decreased CMO of 0.0015. The simulation output highlighted the improvised efficacy of the HEA-EECHS technique.

关键词： Wireless communication Measurement Wireless sensor networks Evolutionary computation Learning (artificial intelligence) Data aggregation Energy efficiency

Binary subspace chirps

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Pllaha, Tefjol Tirkkonen, Olav Calderbank, Robert Department of Communications and Networking Aalto University Finland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Duke University NC United States

We describe in details the interplay between binary symplectic geometry and quantum computation, with the ultimate goal of constructing highly structured codebooks. The Binary Chirps (BCs) are Complex Grassmannian Lines in N = 2m dimensions used in deterministic compressed sensing and random/unsourced multiple access in wireless networks. Their entries are fourth roots of unity and can be described in terms of second order Reed-Muller codes. The Binary Subspace Chirps (BSSCs) are a unique collection of BCs of ranks ranging from r = 0 to r = m, embedded in N dimensions according to an on-off pattern determined by a rank r binary subspace. This yields a codebook that is asymptotically 2.38 times larger than the codebook of BCs, has the same minimum chordal distance as the codebook of BCs, and the alphabet is minimally extended from {±1, ±i} to {±1, ±i, 0}. Equivalently, we show that BSSCs are stabilizer states, and we characterize them as columns of a well-controlled collection of Clifford matrices. By construction, the BSSCs inherit all the properties of BCs, which in turn makes them good candidates for a variety of applications. For applications in wireless communication, we use the rich algebraic structure of BSSCs to construct a low complexity decoding algorithm that is reliable against Gaussian noise. In simulations, BSSCs exhibit an error probability comparable or slightly lower than BCs, both for single-user and multi-user transmissions. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Computational complexity

Research on Automatic Path Planning of Wind Turbines Inspection Based on Combined UAV

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Research on Automatic Path Planning of Wind Turbines Inspect...

IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB)

作者： Zhaoying Li Junqi Wu Jian Xiong Bo Liu Department of Electronic Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Student Innovation Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China State key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications) School of Computer Science University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia

ISBN: (数字)9798350364262

ISBN: (纸本)9798350364279

Wind energy is a clean and widely deployed alternative to reduce human’s dependence on fossil fuels for power generation. Under this trend, more turbines and wind farms will be built all around the world. Inspecting the turbines of wind farms is a challenging task due to the difficult conditions, which puts workers at high risk who need to work at considerable heights. Increasing number of turbines also requires longer time which may bring huge cost. In this regard, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can play an important role in the automatic inspection of turbines. In this paper, we propose a method to inspect wind turbines based on combined UAV, which is able to plan the inspection path of the wind turbine and combine image processing technology to identify wind turbine defects, so as to make wind turbines inspection more efficient.

关键词： Wind energy Inspection Wind farms Autonomous aerial vehicles Path planning Wind turbines Synchronization

Intelligent Reflecting Vehicle Surface: A Novel IRS Paradigm for Moving Vehicular Networks

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Intelligent Reflecting Vehicle Surface: A Novel IRS Paradigm...

MILCOM, Military Communications Conference

作者： Wei Jiang Hans D. Schotten Intelligent Networking Research Group German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) Kaiserslautern Germany Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technische Universität (TU) Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern Germany

Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) has recently received much attention from the research community due to its potential to achieve high spectral and power efficiency cost-effectively. In addition to traditional cellular networks, the use of IRS in vehicular networks is also considered. Prior works on IRS-aided vehicle-to-everything communications focus on deploying reflection surfaces on the facades of buildings along the road for sidelink performance enhancement. This paper goes beyond the state of the art by presenting a novel paradigm coined Intelligent Reflecting Vehicle Surface (IRVS). It embeds a massive number of reflection elements on vehicles' surfaces to aid moving vehicular networks in military and emergency communications. We propose an alternative optimization method to optimize jointly active beamforming at the base station and passive reflection across multiple randomly-distributed vehicle surfaces. Performance evaluation in terms of sum spectral efficiency under continuous, discrete, and random phase shifts is conducted. Numerical results reveal that IRVS can substantially improve the capacity of a moving vehicular network.

关键词： Military communication Performance evaluation Base stations Time division multiple access Spectral efficiency Array signal processing Roads