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Observability in Microservices: An In-Depth Exploration of Frameworks, Challenges, and Deployment Paradigms

IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 72011-72039页

作者： Faseeha, Ummay Jamil Syed, Hassan Samad, Fahad Zehra, Sehar Ahmed, Hamza Department of Computer Science Karachi75030 Pakistan Jinnah University for Women Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Karachi74600 Pakistan Kuala Lumpur57000 Malaysia Department of Cyber Security Karachi75030 Pakistan

The widespread adoption of microservices-based architectures in native cloud systems has amplified the need for robust observability strategies to ensure system reliability and performance. Microservices, while enabling scalability and flexibility, introduce complexities such as distributed failure points, performance bottlenecks, and resource mismanagement. This paper provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art observability frameworks and tools designed for microservices architecture. It focuses on key aspects of observability at the system, service, and network levels, utilizing logs, traces, and metrics as core data sources. A thematic taxonomy is proposed, classifying the diverse approaches to monitoring microservices based on implementation paradigms, deployment platforms, and architecture patterns. The study compares existing solutions in terms of their capabilities, limitations, and effectiveness in addressing observability challenges in cloud, edge, and fog environments. Furthermore, open research issues are identified, and practical recommendations are provided to optimize observability in complex, distributed microservices ecosystems. This work aims to serve as a valuable resource for system architects, DevOps engineers, and researchers striving to enhance the reliability and performance of modern cloud-native systems. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Cloud platforms

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COVID-19 Prediction Model Empowered with Fused Computational Intelligence Technique

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IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing 2025年第1期14卷 109-117页

作者： Khan, Muhammad Adnan Naseer, Iftikhar Ali, Muhammad Nadeem Kim, Byung-Seo Department of Software Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Software Gachon University Seongnam13120 Korea Republic of Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology The Superior University Lahore54600 Pakistan Department of Software and Communications Engineering Hongik University Sejong Campus Korea Republic of

The novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) spread rapidly around the world and caused overwhelming effects on the health and economy of the world. It first appeared in Wuhan city of China and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Many researchers, as well as experts in clinical and artificial intelligence experts, are working together to control the rapid spread of COVID-19 with early detection. This study focused on intelligent prediction for coronavirus using computational intelligence approaches (IPC-FCIA) like convolutional neural networks, support vector machines, and fuzzy logic techniques. The proposed IPC-FCIA model is based on two sections namely the training section and the validation section. Features fusion and decision-level fusion are used in this study to enhance the performance of the recommended IPC-FCIA model. The proposed model predicts the early detection of COVID-19 in two types COVID-negative and COVID-positive. The benchmark results of the model show an accuracy of 97.66 % on decision-level fusion in the detection of COVID-19. The proposed model can be helpful for medical experts as well as COVID-19-affected patients. © 2025 Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea. All rights reserved.

关键词： COVID-19

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SQUMUTH squirrel search based algorithm for high order mutant generation in mutation testing

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Discover Computing 2025年第1期28卷 1-17页

作者： Mohanty, Subhasish Mishra, Jyotirmaya Mohapatra, Sudhir Kumar Bejo, Seifu Detso Deferisha, Aliazar Deneke Computer Science and Engineering GIET University Odisha Gunupur India Faculty of Engineering and Technology Sri Sri University Cuttack India Department of Software Engineering CCI Wolkite University Wolkite Ethiopia Faculty of Computing and Software Engineering Arba Minch University Arba Minch Ethiopia

In today's software testing community, quality assessment remains critical, with mutation testing standing as a cornerstone technique for evaluating the effectiveness of test cases. This method involves introducing faulty code, or mutants, into the program to assess the quality of the test suite and other testing methods. However, mutation testing faces challenges such as the generation of numerous mutants, the presence of equivalent mutants that are difficult to detect through testing, and the lack of realistic mutant creation. Literature reviews indicate significant efforts to address these issues through formal solutions and heuristic methods. Recent optimization-based methods are now recognized as cost-effective result in an optimized solution. Hence, to overcome these limitations, this study introduces SQUMUTH, a novel approach for high-order mutant generation based on the Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA). Inspired by the foraging behavior of squirrels, SSA offers a promising solution for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of mutation testing. Experimental evaluations on eight well-known Java benchmark programs demonstrate that SQUMUTH outperforms existing methods. Comparative analyses of mutation scores and the rates of realistic mutants consistently show its better performance across all subject programs compared to other state-of-the-art methods such as Social Group Optimization, Binary Genetic Algorithm, and random testing. The experimental results underscore its effectiveness in generating more realistic mutants. The experimental results indicated that the proposed approach has the potential to advance software testing by improving the cost-effectiveness of mutation analysis and the quality of software systems. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： First-order mutants Higher-order mutants Mutation score Mutation testing software testing Squirrel search algorithm

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Lightweight and Roubust Key Agreement for Securing IIoT-Driven Flexible Manufacturing Systems

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第11期12卷 17197-17209页

作者： Hammad, Muhammad Badshah, Akhtar Almeer, Mohammed A. Waqas, Muhammad Song, Houbing Chen, Sheng Han, Zhu GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Topi23640 Pakistan University of Malakand Department of Software Engineering Dir Lower18800 Pakistan University of Bahrain Computer Engineering Department College of Information Technology 32038 Bahrain University of Greenwich Faculty of Engineering and Science Centre for Sustainable Cybersecurity United Kingdom Edith Cowan University School of Engineering PerthWA6027 Australia Department of Information Systems BaltimoreMD United States University of Southampton School of Electronics and Computer Science SouthamptonSO17 1BJ United Kingdom University of Houston Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering HoustonTX77004 United States Kyung Hee University Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul446-701 Korea Republic of

The ever-evolving Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in a new era of intelligent manufacturing across multiple industries. However, the security and privacy of real-time data transmitted over the public channel of the industrial IoT (IIoT) remain formidable challenges. Existing lightweight protocols often omit one or more critical security features, such as anonymity and untraceability, and are susceptible to threats like desynchronization attacks. Additionally, they struggle to achieve an optimal balance between robust security and performance efficiency. To bridge these gaps, we introduce a new lightweight key agreement security scheme that guarantees secure access to the IIoT-enabled flexible manufacturing system (FMS). The strength of our scheme lies in its utilization of the authenticated encryption with associative data (AEAD) primitive, AEGIS, along with hash functions and physical unclonable functions, which secure the IIoT ecosystem. Additionally, our scheme offers flexibility in the form of the addition of new machines, password updates, and revocation in cases of theft or loss. A comprehensive security analysis demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed scheme in thwarting various attacks. The formal analysis, based on the Real-Or-Random (RoR) model, ensures session key indistinguishability, while the informal analysis highlights its resilience against known attacks. The comparative assessment demonstrate that the proposed scheme consistently outperforms the benchmark schemes across multiple dimensions, including security and functionality features, computational and communication overheads, and runtime efficiency. Specifically, the proposed scheme achieves peak performance enhancements of 77.55%, 44.73%, and 69.6% in computational overhead, runtime overhead, and communication overhead, respectively, underscoring its substantial performance advantages. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Flexible manufacturing systems

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OptiMobileX: Optimizing Deep Transfer Learning Model for Accurate Human Posture Recognition Using a Deep Feature Fusion Technique

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IEEE Sensors Journal 2025年第6期25卷 9759-9766页

作者： Ogundokun, Roseline Oluwaseun Damasevicius, Robertas Maskeliunas, Rytis Kaunas University of Technology Department of Software Engineering Kaunas44249 Lithuania Kaunas University of Technology Centre of Real Time Computer Systems Kaunas44249 Lithuania

Human posture recognition (HPR) has garnered growing interest given the possibility of its use in various applications, including healthcare and sports fitness. Interestingly, achieving accurate pose recognition on mobile devices with very little computing power is still tricky. The precise identification of human posture on mobile devices with constrained computational resources is of utmost importance to bring about significant advancements in healthcare, fitness, and technology engagement. By facilitating real-time monitoring and providing personalized solutions, this technology improves accessibility and well-being, revolutionizing our interaction with digital applications. In this work, we used the deep feature concatenation (DFC) mechanism to combine features extracted from input images using two modern pretrained DTL models, MobileNetV2 and Xception, which led to our proposed OptiMobileX: A deep transfer learning (DTL) model based on a DFC of the MobileNetV2 and Xception models for the overall improvement of the identification capability of this posture. The classification accuracy of 96.42% is achieved by the OptiMobileX model, demonstrating the superiority of the proposed model over MobileNetV2, Xception, AlexNet, and InceptionV3, which only manage to obtain 88.17%, 92.47%, 90.32%, and 73.48% accuracy, respectively. The OptiMobileX model exhibits notable capabilities but faces significant limitations. Inadequate details on detecting inappropriate postures and a lack of information on required computing resources hinder the study's comprehensiveness and practical implementation. The absence of insufficient discussion on dataset biases and a lack of information on the model's generalization capacity create obstacles, raising concerns about its fairness, applicability, and real-world utility. © 2001-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Deep learning

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PDC-ViT: source camera identification using pixel difference convolution and vision transformer

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第9期37卷 6933-6949页

作者： Elharrouss, Omar Akbari, Younes Almadeed, Noor Al-Maadeed, Somaya Khelifi, Fouad Bouridane, Ahmed Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates Department of Computer Science and Engineering Qatar University Doha Qatar Northumbria University Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates

Source camera identification has emerged as a vital solution to unlock incidents involving critical cases like terrorism, violence, and other criminal activities. The ability to trace the origin of an image/video can aid law enforcement agencies in gathering evidence and constructing the timeline of events. Moreover, identifying the owner of a certain device narrows down the area of search in a criminal investigation where smartphone devices are involved. This paper proposes a new pixel-based method for source camera identification, integrating Pixel Difference Convolution (PDC) with a Vision Transformer network (ViT), and named PDC-ViT. While the PDC acts as the backbone for feature extraction by exploiting Angular PDC (APDC) and Radial PDC (RPDC). These techniques enhance the capability to capture subtle variations in pixel information, which are crucial for distinguishing between different source cameras. The second part of the methodology focuses on classification, which is based on a Vision Transformer network. Unlike traditional methods that utilize image patches directly for training the classification network, the proposed approach uniquely inputs PDC features into the Vision Transformer network. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the PDC-ViT approach, it has been assessed on five different datasets, which include various image contents and video scenes. The method has also been compared with state-of-the-art source camera identification methods. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed system in terms of accuracy and robustness when compared to its competitors. For example, our proposed PDC-ViT has achieved an accuracy of 94.30%, 84%, 94.22% and 92.29% using the Vision dataset, Daxing dataset, Socrates dataset and QUFVD dataset, respectively. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Convolution

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An Empirical Study on Small-Sized Datasets Based on Eubank’s Optimal Spacing Theorem

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SN computer Science 2025年第1期6卷 1-19页

作者： Abedu, Samuel Mensah, Solomon Boafo, Frederick Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering Concordia University Montreal Canada Department of Computer Science University of Ghana Accra Ghana Department of Computer Science Lancaster University Ghana Accra Ghana

Conventional machine learning methods for software effort estimation (SEE) have seen an increase in research interest. Conversely, there are few research that try to evaluate how well deep learning techniques work in SEE. This can be attributed to the relatively small sizes of SEE datasets. The goal of the study is to establish a threshold for small-sized datasets in SEE. Additionally, it looks into how well certain deep learning and traditional machine learning models perform on small-sized datasets. From the body of existing literature, plausible SEE datasets are extracted and ranked along with their attributes and number of project cases. The ranking of the project instances is discretized into three classes (small, medium, and large) using Eubank’s optimal spacing theory. Using the leave-one-out cross-validation, each small-sized dataset is used to train two deep learning models and five conventional machine learning models. Each model’s ability to make predictions is evaluated using its mean absolute error. Results show that, on small-scale datasets, deep learning models outperform traditional machine learning models in terms of prediction accuracy, which contradicts what is previously known. Regularisation techniques can be used in conjunction with deep learning to address SEE. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Deep learning Eubank’s optimal spacing theory Small-sized software effort estimation Traditional Machine learning

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Performance Analysis of Machine Learning Based On Optimized Feature Selection for Type II Diabetes Mellitus

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第8期84卷 4945-4964页

作者： Bhat, Salliah Shafi Ansari, Gufran Ahmad Ansari, Mohd Dilshad B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology Chennai48 India Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering University of Hail Hail55424 Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science & Engineering SRM University Delhi-NCR Harayana Sonepat131029 India

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a common chronic illness caused by variations in the secretion of insulin. T2DM will be treated early with the help of an early diagnosis reducing the risk of early death and controlling is course of illness. In this Paper Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA) for T2DM diagnosis are proposed. The major objective of this research is to assess use of MLA and its methods to forecast different illnesses at an initial stage. In this research, we examine most recent proposed strategies with some limitations and potential improvements for future work. The data is collected from Kaggle (University of California) *. Researchers highlight how important is to identify important features that enhance outcomes suggested by recent methods. Six MLA were used in this paper such as Logistic Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF) and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) were applied in Jupiter Notebook. Feature sets are selected using three feature selection methodologies such as information gain-based selection, correlation-based selection and sequential feature selection. On these feature subsets a variety of MLA are applied and optimal feature subset is chosen based on their performance. Finally a DT is suggested as the top model among the top six performances. The suggested method provides an improved performance label with an average accuracy of 96.10%. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Feature Selection

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Utility-Enhanced Personalized Privacy Preservation in Hierarchical Federated Learning

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IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 2025年第6期24卷 5264-5279页

作者： Chen, Jianan Jiang, Honglu Hu, Qin Purdue University Indianapolis Department of Computer Science IndianapolisIN46202 United States Miami University Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering OxfordOH45056 United States Georgia State University Department of Computer Science AtlantaGA30303 United States

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning framework that allows clients to jointly train a model by uploading parameter updates rather than sharing local data. FL deployed on a client-edge-cloud hierarchical architecture, named Hierarchical Federated Learning (HFL), can accelerate model training and accommodate more clients with reduced communication cost via edge aggregation. Unfortunately, HFL suffers from privacy risks since the submitted parameters from clients are vulnerable to privacy attacks. To address this issue, we propose a novel Differential Privacy (DP) definition tailored for HFL, i.e., Group Local Differential Privacy (GLDP). We design the Sampling-Randomizing-Shuffling (SRS) mechanism to implement GLDP in HFL, where the sampling process is employed to achieve a stronger level of privacy protection with less noise added. By combining the randomized response and the shuffling mechanism, our proposed SRS mechanism can achieve client-level personalization within ρk-GLDP for privacy preservation while balancing model performance and privacy protection in HFL. Privacy analysis and convergence analysis are conducted to provide theoretical performance guarantees. Experimental results based on real-world datasets verify the effectiveness of SRS. © 2002-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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A Social Distancing Framework Based on GPS and Bluetooth Empowered by Feature-based Machine Learning Algorithm

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IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing 2025年第1期14卷 118-127页

作者： Khan, Muhammad Adnan Rehman, Abdur Abbas, Sagheer Ali, Muhammad Nadeem Kim, Byung-Seo Department of Software Faculty of Artificial Intelligence & Software Gachon University Seongnam13120 Korea Republic of School of Computer Science National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore54000 Pakistan Department of Computer Science Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Al Khobar Saudi Arabia Department of Software and Communications Engineering Hongik University Sejong Campus Korea Republic of

The current COVID-19 epidemic is responsible for causing a catastrophe on a global scale due to its risky spread. The community’s insecurity is growing as a result of a lack of appropriate remedial measures and immunization against the disease. In this case, social distancing is thought to be an effective barrier against the spread of the contagion virus as the risk of virus transmission can be reduced by avoiding direct contact with people. Thus, the goal of this research is to develop and improve an AI (Artificial Intelligence) system architecture for social distance monitoring. The framework could also use the GPS (Global Positioning System) to recognize human separation through cell phones. The transition learning framework is also applied to improve the consistency of the existing system. In this manner, the detection system uses a pre-trained technique that takes a Bluetooth dataset and location-sharing dataset to link to an additional level. In an attempt to approximate social distancing breaches among people, we used Bluetooth technology along with GPS distance estimation and set a threshold. To predict if the distance value exceeds the required social distance standard, a violation threshold is calculated and then it sends an alarm to every individual who is not maintaining social distancing. In response, the individual who breaks the social distance limit is also monitored using a detection approach. © 2025 Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea. All rights reserved.

关键词： COVID-19

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