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The 2024 Active Metamaterials Roadmap

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Pope, Simon A. Roth, Diane J. Bansal, Aakash Mousa, Mostafa Rezanejad, Ashkan Forte, Antonio E. Nash, Geoff.R. Singleton, Lawrence Langfeldt, Felix Cheer, Jordan Henthorn, Stephen Hooper, Ian R. Hendry, Euan Powell, Alex W. Souslov, Anton Plum, Eric Sun, Kai de Groot, C.H. Muskens, Otto L. Shields, Joe De Galarreta, Carlota Ruiz Wright, C. David Kocabas, Coskun Ergoktas, M. Said Xiao, Jianling Schulz, Sebastian A. Di Falco, Andrea Krasavin, Alexey V. Zayats, Anatoly V. Galiffi, Emanuele Department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering The University of Sheffield Amy Johnson Building Portobello Street SheffieldS1 3JD United Kingdom Department of Physics London Centre for Nanotechnology King’s College London Strand WC2R 2LS United Kingdom Wolfson School of Mechanical Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering Loughborough University United Kingdom Department of Engineering King’s College London LondonWC2R 2LS United Kingdom Natural Sciences University of Exeter Harrison Building North Park Road Exeter United Kingdom Institute of Sound & Vibration Research University of Southampton University Road Southampton United Kingdom Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom Centre for Metamaterial Research and Innovation University of Exeter Stoker Road ExeterEX4 4QL United Kingdom T.C.M. Group Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge CambridgeCB3 0HE United Kingdom Optoelectronics Research Centre Centre for Photonic Metamaterials University of Southampton Highfield SouthamptonSO17 1BJ United Kingdom School of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Barcelona08193 Spain Department of Materials National Graphene Institute University of Manchester United Kingdom Schoolof Physics and Astronomy University of St Andrews North Haugh Fife St. AndrewsKY16 9SS United Kingdom Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Photonics Initiative Advanced Science Research Centre City University of New York 85 St. Nicholas Terrace New YorkNY10027 United States

Active metamaterials are engineered structures that possess novel properties that can be changed after the point of manufacture. Their novel properties arise predominantly from their physical structure, as opposed to their chemical composition and can be changed through means such as direct energy addition into wave paths, or physically changing/morphing the structure in response to both a user or environmental input. Active metamaterials are currently of wide interest to the physics community and encompass a range of sub-domains in applied physics (e.g. photonic, microwave, acoustic, mechanical, etc.). They possess the potential to provide solutions that are more suitable to specific applications, or which allow novel properties to be produced which cannot be achieved with passive metamaterials, such as time-varying or gain enhancement effects. They have the potential to help solve some of the important current and future problems faced by the advancement of modern society, such as achieving net-zero, sustainability, healthcare and equality goals. Despite their huge potential, the added complexity of their design and operation, compared to passive metamaterials creates challenges to the advancement of the field, particularly beyond theoretical and lab -based experiments. This roadmap brings together experts in all types of active metamaterials and across a wide range of areas of applied physics. The objective is to provide an overview of the current state of the art and the associated current/future challenges, with the hope that the required advances identified create a roadmap for the future advancement and application of this field. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Microwave acoustics

Variability in the unregulated opioid market in the context of extreme rates of overdose

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Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2022年 235卷 109427-109427页

作者： Larnder, Ashley Saatchi, Armin Borden, Scott A. Moa, Belaid Gill, Chris G. Wallace, Bruce Hore, Dennis Department of Chemistry University of Victoria Victoria V8W 3V6 BC Canada Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL) Department of Chemistry Vancouver Island University Nanaimo V9R 5S5 BC Canada University Systems University of Victoria Victoria V8W 2Y2 BC Canada Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Victoria Victoria V8W 2Y2 BC Canada Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University Burnaby V5A 1S6 BC Canada Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences University of Washington Seattle 98195 WA United States Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research University of Victoria Victoria V8W 2Y2 BC Canada School of Social Work University of Victoria Victoria V8W 2Y2 BC Canada Department of Computer Science University of Victoria Victoria V8W 3P6 BC Canada

Background: Drug checking uses analytical chemistry technologies to report on the composition of drugs from the unregulated market to reduce substance use-related risks, while additionally allowing for monitoring and reporting of the supply. In the context of an overdose crisis linked to fentanyl, we used drug checking data to examine variability within the illicit opioid supply. Methods: In this time-series analysis, data was collected from a drug checking service in Victoria, Canada from November 2020 to July 2021. Drugs reported as opioids by participants of the service (N = 454) were analyzed to determine sample composition and paper spray mass spectroscopy was used to quantify low-concentration actives. Interquartile and statistical process control (SPC) analysis, namely standard deviation control charts, were used to examine the degree of variability among samples. Results: Fentanyl was found in 96% of samples reported to be opioids, with a median concentration of 9%. Concentrations varied significantly, with a standard deviation of 7% for fentanyl and where nearly 20% of data points fell outside the control limits. Over half of the samples contained an additional and unexpected active, most commonly etizolam (43% of samples). Etizolam also showed a large level of variability, uncorrelated to that of fentanyl. Conclusions: Based on our chemical quantification and SPC analysis, a high degree of variability was found in opioid samples from the unregulated market in both the drugs detected and the concentrations of those drugs. This demonstrated the opioid crisis to be less attributable to a bad batch of drugs but rather the general variability found in the unregulated market. © 2022 The Authors

关键词： Drug checking Etizolam Fentanyl Harm reduction Overdose Paper spray mass spectrometry

Hydrogen iodide (HI) neutral beam etching characteristics of InGaN and GaN for micro-LED fabrication

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Nanotechnology 2023年第36期34卷 365302-365302页

作者： Ohori, Daisuke Ishihara, Takahiro Wang, Xuelun Endo, Kazuhiko Hsieh, Tsou-Hwa Li, Yiming Natori, Nobuhiro Matsui, Kazuma Samukawa, Seiji Institute of Fluid Science Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai980-8577 Japan Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya464-8601 Japan Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability Nagoya University Furo-cho Chikusa-ku Nagoya464-8601 Japan Institute of Communications Engineering College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300093 Taiwan Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering College of Electrical and Computer Engineering National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300093 Taiwan Center for mmWave Smart Radar System and Technologies National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu300 Taiwan Advanced Institute for Materials Research Tohoku University 2-1-1 Katahira Aoba-ku Sendai980-8577 Japan Resonac Corporation 5-1 Ohgimachi Kawasaki-ku Kanagawa Kawasaki210-0867 Japan

We investigated the etching characteristics of hydrogen iodide (HI) neutral beam etching (NBE) of GaN and InGaN and compared with Cl2 NBE. We showed the advantages of HI NBE versus Cl2 NBE, namely: higher InGaN etch rate, better surface smoothness, and significantly reduced etching residues. Moreover, HI NBE was suppressed of yellow luminescence compared with Cl2 plasma. InCl x is a product of Cl2 NBE. It does not evaporate and remains on the surface as a residue, resulting in a low InGaN etching rate. We found that HI NBE has a higher reactivity with In resulting in InGaN etch rates up to 6.3 nm min−1, and low activation energy for InGaN of approximately 0.015 eV, and a thinner reaction layer than Cl2 NBE due to high volatility of In-I compounds. HI NBE resulted in smoother etching surface with a root mean square average (rms) of 2.9 nm of HI NBE than Cl2 NBE (rms: 4.3 nm) with controlled etching residue. Moreover, the defect generation was suppressed in HI NBE compared to Cl2 plasma, as indicated by lower yellow luminescence intensity increase after etching. Therefore, HI NBE is potentially useful for high throughput fabrication of μLEDs. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

关键词： Etching

Disentanglement of intrinsic and extrinsic side-jump scattering induced spin Hall effect in N-implanted Pt

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Shashank, Utkarsh Nakamura, Yoji Kusaba, Yu Tomoda, Takafumi Nongjai, Razia Kandasami, Asokan Medwal, Rohit Rawat, Rajdeep Singh Asada, Hironori Gupta, Surbhi Fukuma, Yasuhiro Department of Physics and Information Technology Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology 680-4 Kawazu Iizuka820-8502 Japan Materials Science Division Inter University Accelerator Centre Aruna Asaf Ali Marg New Delhi110067 India Uttarakhand Dehradun248007 India Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur208016 India Natural Sciences and Science Education National Institute of Education Nanyang Technological University 637616 Singapore Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation Yamaguchi University 2-16-1 Tokiwadai Ube755-8611 Japan Research Center for Neuromorphic AI hardware Kyushu Institute of Technology Kitakyushu808-0196 Japan

The rapidly evolving utilization of spin Hall effect (SHE) arising from spin-orbit coupling in 5d transition metals and alloys have made giant strides in the development of designing low-power, robust and non-volatile magnetic memory. Recent studies, on incorporating non-metallic lighter elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur into 5d transition metals, have shown an enhancement in damping-like torque efficiency θDL due to the modified SHE, but the mechanism behind this enhancement is not clear. In this paper, we study θDL at different temperatures (100-293 K) to disentangle the intrinsic and extrinsic side-jump scattering induced spin Hall effect in N-implanted Pt. We observe a crossover of intrinsic to extrinsic side-jump mechanism as the implantation dose increases from 2×1016 ions/cm2 to 1×1017 ions/cm2. A sudden decrease in the intrinsic spin Hall conductivity is counterbalanced by the increase in the side-jump induced SHE efficiency. These results conclude that studying θDL as a function of implantation dose, and also as a function of temperature, is important to understand the physical mechanism contributing to SHE, which has so far been unexplored in incorporating non-metallic element in 5d transition metals. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Spin Hall effect

Simplification Strategies for the Qutrit ZX-Calculus

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Townsend-Teague, Alex Meichanetzidis, Konstantinos Department of Computer Science University of Oxford OxfordOX1 3QD United Kingdom Quantinuum 17 Beaumont St. OxfordOX1 2NA United Kingdom Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems Freie Universität Berlin Berlin14195 Germany

The ZX-calculus is a graphical language for suitably represented tensor networks, called ZX-diagrams. Calculations are performed by transforming ZX-diagrams with rewrite rules. The ZX-calculus has found applications in reasoning about quantum circuits, condensed matter systems, quantum algorithms, quantum error correcting codes, and counting problems. A key notion is the stabiliser fragment of the ZX-calculus, a subfamily of ZX-diagrams for which rewriting can be done efficiently in terms of derived simplifying rewrites. Recently, higher dimensional qudits - in particular, qutrits - have gained prominence within quantum computing research. The main contribution of this work is the derivation of efficient rewrite strategies for the stabiliser fragment of the qutrit ZX-calculus. Notably, this constitutes a first non-trivial step towards the simplification of qutrit quantum circuits. We then give further unexpected areas in which these rewrite strategies provide complexity-theoretic insight;namely, we reinterpret known results about evaluating the Jones polynomial, an important link invariant in knot theory, and counting graph colourings. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Calculations

Relative Timing Information and Orthology in Evolutionary Scenarios

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Schaller, David Hartmann, Tom Lafond, Manuel Wieseke, Nicolas Stadler, Peter F. Hellmuth, Marc Bioinformatics Group Department of Computer Science Interdisciplinary Center for Bioinformatics Universität Leipzig Härtelstraße 16–18 LeipzigD-04107 Germany Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences Inselstraße 22 LeipzigD-04103 Germany Department of Computer Science Université de Sherbrooke 2500 boul. de l’Université SherbrookeQCJ1K 2R1 Canada Halle-Jena-Leipzig Competence Center for Scalable Data Services and Solutions Dresden-Leipzig Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine Leipzig University Universität Leipzig Germany Institute for Theoretical Chemistry University of Vienna Währingerstrasse 17 WienA-1090 Austria Facultad de Ciencias Universidad National de Colombia Sede Bogotá Colombia Santa Fe Insitute 1399 Hyde Park Rd. Santa FeNM87501 United States Swarm Intelligence and Complex Systems Group Department of Computer Science Leipzig University Augustusplatz 10 LeipzigD-04109 Germany Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science Stockholm University StockholmSE - 106 91 Sweden

Evolutionary scenarios describing the evolution of a family of genes within a collection of species comprise the mapping of the vertices of a gene tree T to vertices and edges of a species tree S. The relative timing of the last common ancestors of two extant genes (leaves of T) and the last common ancestors of the two species (leaves of S) in which they reside is indicative of horizontal gene transfers (HGT) and ancient duplications. Orthologous gene pairs, on the other hand, require that their last common ancestors coincides with a corresponding speciation event. The relative timing information of gene and species divergences is captured by three colored graphs that have the extant genes as vertices and the species in which the genes are found as vertex colors: the equal-divergence-time (EDT) graph, the later-divergence-time (LDT) graph and the prior-divergence-time (PDT) graph, which together form an edge partition of the complete graph. Here we give a complete characterization in terms of informative and forbidden triples that can be read off the three graphs and provide a polynomial time algorithm for constructing an evolutionary scenario that explains the graphs, provided such a scenario exists. While both LDT and PDT graphs are cographs, this is not true for the EDT graph in general. We show that every EDT graph is perfect. While the information about LDT and PDT graphs is necessary to recognize EDT graphs in polynomial-time for general scenarios, this extra information can be dropped in the HGT-free case. However, recognition of EDT graphs without knowledge of putative LDT and PDT graphs is NP-complete for general scenarios. In contrast, PDT graphs can be recognized in polynomial-time. We finally connect the EDT graph to the alternative definitions of orthology that have been proposed for scenarios with horizontal gene transfer. With one exception, the corresponding graphs are shown to be colored cographs. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Genes

Chemical identification and indexing in full-text articles: an overview of the NLM-Chem track at BioCreative VII

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Database 2023年第2023期2023卷 baad005-baad005页

作者： Leaman, Robert Islamaj, Rezarta Adams, Virginia Alliheedi, Mohammed A. Almeida, João Rafael Antunes, Rui Bevan, Robert Chang, Yung-Chun Erdengasileng, Arslan Hodgskiss, Matthew Ida, Ryuki Kim, Hyunjae Li, Keqiao Mercer, Robert E. Mertová, Lukrécia Mobasher, Ghadeer Shin, Hoo-Chang Sung, Mujeen Tsujimura, Tomoki Yeh, Wen-Chao Lu, Zhiyong National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda 20894 MD United States Nvidia 2788 San Tomas Expressway Santa Clara 95051 CA United States Department of Computer Science Al Baha University 4781 King Fahd Rd Al Aqiq 65779 Saudi Arabia Department of Electronics Telecommunications and Informatics (DETI) Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro (IEETA) University of Aveiro Campus Universitário de Santiago Aveiro 3810-193 Portugal Department of Information and Communications Technologies University of A Coruña Camiño Do Lagar de Castro A Coruña 15008 Spain Informatics Department Medicines Discovery Catapult Alderley Park Block 35 Mereside Macclesfield SK10 4ZF United Kingdom Graduate Institute of Data Science Taipei Medical University No. 172-1 Section 2 Keelung Rd Da’an District Taipei City 106 Taiwan Department of Statistics Florida State University 117 N. Woodward Ave Tallahassee 32306 FL United States Computational Intelligence Laboratory Toyota Technological Institute 2-12-1 Hisakata Tempaku-ku Nagoya Aichi 468-8511 Japan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 South Korea Department of Computer Science The University of Western Ontario Middlesex College Room 355 London N6A 5B7 ON Canada Scientific Databases and Visualization Group Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS GGmbH) Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35 Heidelberg 69118 Germany Institute of Computer Science Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 205 Heidelberg 69120 Germany Institute of Information Systems and Applications National Tsing Hua University No. 101 Section 2 Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013 Taiwan

The BioCreative National Library of Medicine (NLM)-Chem track calls for a community effort to fine-tune automated recognition of chemical names in the biomedical literature. Chemicals are one of the most searched biomedical entities in PubMed, and - as highlighted during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic - their identification may significantly advance research in multiple biomedical subfields. While previous community challenges focused on identifying chemical names mentioned in titles and abstracts, the full text contains valuable additional detail. We, therefore, organized the BioCreative NLM-Chem track as a community effort to address automated chemical entity recognition in full-text articles. The track consisted of two tasks: (i) chemical identification and (ii) chemical indexing. The chemical identification task required predicting all chemicals mentioned in recently published full-text articles, both span [i.e. named entity recognition (NER)] and normalization (i.e. entity linking), using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The chemical indexing task required identifying which chemicals reflect topics for each article and should therefore appear in the listing of MeSH terms for the document in the MEDLINE article indexing. This manuscript summarizes the BioCreative NLM-Chem track and post-challenge experiments. We received a total of 85 submissions from 17 teams worldwide. The highest performance achieved for the chemical identification task was 0.8672 F-score (0.8759 precision and 0.8587 recall) for strict NER performance and 0.8136 F-score (0.8621 precision and 0.7702 recall) for strict normalization performance. The highest performance achieved for the chemical indexing task was 0.6073 F-score (0.7417 precision and 0.5141 recall). This community challenge demonstrated that (i) the current substantial achievements in deep learning technologies can be utilized to improve automated prediction accuracy further and (ii) the chemical indexing task is substanti

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Weak-winner phase synchronization: A curious case of weak interactions

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Physical Review Research 2021年第2期3卷 023144-023144页

作者： Anshul Choudhary Arindam Saha Samuel Krueger Christian Finke Epaminondas Rosa, Jr. Jan A. Freund Ulrike Feudel Theoretical Physics/Complex Systems ICBM Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 26129 Oldenburg Germany Nonlinear Artificial Intelligence Laboratory North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695 USA Department of Computer Science University of Sheffield Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom Department of Physics and School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal Illinois 61790 USA

We report the observation of a nontrivial emergent state in a chain of nonidentical, heterogeneously coupled oscillators where a set of weakly coupled oscillators becomes phase synchronized while the strongly coupled ones remain drifting. This intriguing “weak-winner” synchronization phenomenon can be explained by the interplay between nonisochronicity and the natural frequency of the oscillator, as coupling strength is varied. Furthermore, we present sufficient conditions under which the weak-winner phase synchronization can occur for limit cycles as well as chaotic oscillators. Employing a model system from ecology as well as a paradigmatic model from physics, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is a generic feature for a large class of coupled oscillator systems. The realization of this peculiar, yet quite generic weak-winner dynamics can have far-reaching consequences in a wide range of scientific disciplines that deal with the phenomenon of phase synchronization, including synchronization of networks. Our results also highlight the role of nonisochronicity (shear) as a fundamental feature of an oscillator in shaping emergent dynamical patterns in complex networks.

关键词： Synchronization Coupled oscillators Dynamical systems

Quantum computational supremacy via high-dimensional Gaussian Boson sampling

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Deshpande, Abhinav Mehta, Arthur Vincent, Trevor Quesada, Nicolás Hinsche, Marcel Ioannou, Marios Madsen, Lars Lavoie, Jonathan Qi, Haoyu Eisert, Jens Hangleiter, Dominik Fefferman, Bill Dhand, Ish Xanadu TorontoONM5G 2C8 Canada Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science Joint Quantum Institute Nist University of Maryland College ParkMD20742 United States Department of Mathematics University of Toronto TorontoONM5S 1A1 Canada Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems Freie Universität Berlin Berlin14195 Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Berlin14109 Germany Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Freie Universität Berlin Berlin14195 Germany Department of Computer Science The University of Chicago ChicagoIL60637 United States

Photonics is a promising platform for demonstrating quantum computational supremacy (QCS) by convincingly outperforming the most powerful classical supercomputers on a well-defined computational task. Despite this promise, existing photonics proposals and demonstrations face significant hurdles. Experimentally, current implementations of Gaussian boson sampling lack programmability or have prohibitive loss rates. Theoretically, there is a comparative lack of rigorous evidence for the classical hardness of GBS. In this work, we make significant progress in improving both the theoretical evidence and experimental prospects. On the theory side, we provide strong evidence for the hardness of Gaussian boson sampling, placing it on par with the strongest theoretical proposals for QCS. On the experimental side, we propose a new QCS architecture, high-dimensional Gaussian boson sampling, which is programmable and can be implemented with low loss rates using few optical components. We show that particular classical algorithms for simulating GBS are vastly outperformed by highdimensional Gaussian boson sampling experiments at modest system sizes. This work thus opens the path to demonstrating QCS with programmable photonic processors. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Bosons