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Assessing Trustworthy AI in Times of COVID-19: Deep Learning for Predicting a Multiregional Score Conveying the Degree of Lung Compromise in COVID-19 Patients

IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society

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IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society 2022年第4期3卷 272-289页

作者： Allahabadi, Himanshi Amann, Julia Balot, Isabelle Beretta, Andrea Binkley, Charles Bozenhard, Jonas Bruneault, Frederick Brusseau, James Candemir, Sema Cappellini, Luca Alessandro Chakraborty, Subrata Cherciu, Nicoleta Cociancig, Christina Coffee, Megan Ek, Irene Espinosa-Leal, Leonardo Farina, Davide Fieux-Castagnet, Genevieve Frauenfelder, Thomas Gallucci, Alessio Giuliani, Guya Golda, Adam Van Halem, Irmhild Hildt, Elisabeth Holm, Sune Kararigas, Georgios Krier, Sebastien A. Kuhne, Ulrich Lizzi, Francesca Madai, Vince I. Markus, Aniek F. Masis, Serg Mathez, Emilie Wiinblad Mureddu, Francesco Neri, Emanuele Osika, Walter Ozols, Matiss Panigutti, Cecilia Parent, Brendan Pratesi, Francesca Moreno-Sanchez, Pedro A. Sartor, Giovanni Savardi, Mattia Signoroni, Alberto Sormunen, Hanna-Maria Spezzatti, Andy Srivastava, Adarsh Stephansen, Annette F. Theng, Lau Bee Tithi, Jesmin Jahan Tuominen, Jarno Umbrello, Steven Vaccher, Filippo Vetter, Dennis Westerlund, Magnus Wurth, Renee Zicari, Roberto V. Ey Netherlands Enterprise Intelligence Department Amsterdam1083 HP Netherlands Eth Zurich Health Ethics and Policy Lab Department of Health Sciences and Technology Zürich8092 Switzerland Center for Diplomatic and Strategic Studies Postgraduate Studies in Diplomacy and International Relations Paris75015 France Pisa56124 Italy Hackensack Meridian Health Bioethics Center EdisonNJ08820 United States University of Oxford Faculty of Philosophy OxfordOX2 6GG United Kingdom Collège André- Laurendeau Philosophie Department MontrealQCH8N 2J4 Canada Université du Québec À Montréal École des Médias MontrealQCH2L 2C4 Canada Pace University Philosophy Department New YorkNY10038 United States The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Department of Radiology ColumbusOH43210 United States Humanitas Research Hospital Department of Radiology Milan20089 Italy Humanitas University Department of Biomedical Sciences Milan20089 Italy University of New England Faculty of Science Agriculture Business and Law ArmidaleNSW2351 Australia University of Technology Sydney Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology SydneyNSW2007 Australia Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna European Centre of Excellence on the Regulation of Robotics and Ai Pisa56127 Italy University of Bremen Group of Computer Architecture Bremen28359 Germany New York University Grossman School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department of Medicine New YorkNY10016 United States Digital Institute Ai Research Section Stockholm16731 Sweden Arcada University of Applied Sciences Department of Business Management and Analytics Helsinki00550 Finland University of Brescia Radiological Sciences and Public Health Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties Brescia25121 Italy Sncf Reseau Sa Ethique Groupe La Plaine93418 France Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology University Hospital Zurich Zürich8091 Switzerland Eindhoven University of Tech

This article's main contributions are twofold: 1) to demonstrate how to apply the general European Union's High-Level Expert Group's (EU HLEG) guidelines for trustworthy AI in practice for the domain of healthcare and 2) to investigate the research question of what does 'trustworthy AI' mean at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, we present the results of a post-hoc self-assessment to evaluate the trustworthiness of an AI system for predicting a multiregional score conveying the degree of lung compromise in COVID-19 patients, developed and verified by an interdisciplinary team with members from academia, public hospitals, and industry in time of pandemic. The AI system aims to help radiologists to estimate and communicate the severity of damage in a patient's lung from Chest X-rays. It has been experimentally deployed in the radiology department of the ASST Spedali Civili clinic in Brescia, Italy, since December 2020 during pandemic time. The methodology we have applied for our post-hoc assessment, called Z-Inspection®, uses sociotechnical scenarios to identify ethical, technical, and domain-specific issues in the use of the AI system in the context of the pandemic. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： COVID-19

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Supporting environmental modelling with Taverna workflows, web services and desktop grid technology 7

Supporting environmental modelling with Taverna workflows, w...

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7th International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software, iEMSs 2014

作者： Horváth, Ferenc Ittzés, Péter Ittzés, Dóra Barcza, Zoltán Dobor, Laura Hidy, Dóra Marosi, Attila Hardisty, Alex Institute of Ecology and Botany Centre for Ecological Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Alkotmány u. 2-4. Vácrátót2163 Hungary Department of Meteorology Eötvös Loránd University Pázmány sétány 1/A Budapest1117 Hungary Institute of Botany and Ecophysiology Szent Istvan University Páter K. u.1. Gödöllo2100 Hungary Laboratory of Parallel and Distributed Systems Institute for Computer Science and Control Hungarian Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 63 Budapest1518 Hungary School of Computer Science and Informatics Cardiff University Queen's Buildings 5 The Parade Roath CardiffCF24 3AA United Kingdom

Ecosystem functioning, climate change, and multiple interactions among biogeochemical cycles, climate system, site conditions and land use options are leading-edge topics in recent environmental modelling. Terrestrial ecosystem models are widely used to support carbon sequestration and ecosystem studies under various ecological circumstances. Our team uses the Biome-BGC model (Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana), and develops an improved model version of it, called Biome-BGC MuSo. Both the original and the improved model estimate the ecosystem scale storage and fluxes of energy, carbon, nitrogen and water, controlled by various physical and biological processes on a daily time-scale. Web services were also developed and integrated with parallel processing desktop grid technology. Taverna workflow management system was used to build up and carry out elaborated workflows like seamless data flow to model simulation, Monte Carlo experiment, model sensitivity analysis, model-data fusion, estimation of ecosystem service indicators or extensive spatial modelling. Straightforward management of complex data analysis tasks, organized into appropriately documented, shared and reusable scientific workflows enables researchers to carry out detailed and scientifically challenging 'in silico' experiments and applications that could open new directions in ecosystem research and in a broader sense it supports progress in environmental modelling. The workflow approach built upon these web services allows even the most complicated computations to be initiated without the need of programming skills and deep understanding of model structure and initialization. The developments enable a wider array of scientists to perform ecosystem scale simulations, and to perform analyses not previously possible due to high complexity and computational demand.

关键词： Web services

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Multi-agent programming contest 2013: The teams and the design of their systems

Multi-agent programming contest 2013: The teams and the desi...

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1st International Workshop on Engineering Multi-Agent systems, EMAS 2013

作者： Ahlbrecht, Tobias Bender-Saebelkampf, Christian De Brito, Maiquel Christensen, Nicolai Christian Dix, Jürgen Franco, Mariana Ramos Heller, Hendrik Hess, Andreas Viktor Heßler, Axel Hübner, Jomi Fred Jensen, Andreas Schmidt Johnsen, Jannick Boese Köster, Michael Li, Chengqian Liu, Lu Morato, Marcelo Menezes Ørum, Philip Bratt Schlesinger, Federico Schmitz, Tiago Luiz Sichman, Jaime Simão De Souza, Kaio Siqueira Uez, Daniela Maria Villadsen, Jørgen Werner, Sebastian Woller, Øyvind Grønland Zatelli, Maicon Rafael Department of Informatics Clausthal University of Technology Julius-Albert-Str. 4 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany Dept. of Computer Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 China Algorithms Logic and Graphs Section Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Technical University of Denmark Matematiktorvet DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark Brazil Distributed Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Technische Universität Berlin Germany Department of Automation and Systems Engineering Federal University of Santa Catarina CP 476 88040-900 Florianópolis - SC Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9783642453427

Five teams participated in the Multi-Agent Programming Contest in 2013: All of them gained experience in 2012 already. In order to better understand which paradigms they used, which techniques they considered important and how much work they invested, the organisers of the contest compiled together a detailed list of questions (circa 50). This paper collects all answers to these questions as given by the teams. © 2013 Springer-Verlag.

关键词： Multi agent systems

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Fail∗: Towards a versatile fault-injection experiment framework

Fail∗: Towards a versatile fault-injection experiment frame...

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International Conference on Architecture of Computing systems (ARCS)

作者： Horst Schirmeier Martin Hoffmann Rüdiger Kapitza Daniel Lohmann Olaf Spinczyk Department of Computer Science 12 Technische Universität Dortmund Germany Department of Computer Science 4 Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nümberg Germany Institute of Operation Systems and Computer Networks Technical University of Braunschweig Germany

Many years of research on dependable, fault-tolerant software systems yielded many tool implementations for vulnerability analysis and experimental validation of resilience measures. We identify two disjoint classes of fault-injection (FI) experiment tools in the field, and argue that both are plagued by inherent deficiencies, such as insufficient target state access, little or no means to switch to another target system, and non-reusable experiment code. In this article, we present a novel design approach for a FI infrastructure that aims at combining the strengths of both classes. Our Fail* experiment framework provides carefully-chosen abstractions simplifying both the implementation of different simulator/hardware target backends and the reuse of experiment code, while retaining the ability for deep target-state access for specialized FI experiments. An exemplary report on first experiences with a prototype implementation based on existing x86 and ARM simulators demonstrates the tool's versatility.

关键词： Registers Hardware Prototypes computer architecture Circuit faults Software IEEE computer Society Press

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Escaping the bonds of the legacy: Step-wise migration to a type-safe language in safety-critical embedded systems

Escaping the bonds of the legacy: Step-wise migration to a t...

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IEEE International Symposium on Object, Component, Service-Oriented Real-Time distributed Computing

作者： Stilkerich, Michael Schedel, Jens Ulbrich, Peter Schroder-Preikschat, Wolfgang Lohmann, Daniel Department of Computer Science 4 - Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543680

Type-safe high-level languages such as Java have not yet found their way into the domain of deeply embedded systems, even though numerous attempts have been made to make these languages cost attractive. One major challenge that remains is the huge existing code base in many industries. Completely reengineering this code base is not viable for cost and time reasons. We present an approach that allows to isolatedly combine legacy software components and safe software components in an embedded system using the two most common communication idioms found in this domain. Our approach allows the developer to freely choose between hardware- and software-based isolation mechanisms. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by porting a non-trivial part of a real-world, hard real-time embedded avionics application. Our results show that the cost of this mixed-mode operation is on the same scale as the pure operation. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Embedded systems

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Escaping the Bonds of the Legacy: Step-Wise Migration to a Type-Safe Language in Safety-Critical Embedded systems

Escaping the Bonds of the Legacy: Step-Wise Migration to a T...

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International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time distributed Computing

作者： Michael Stilkerich Jens Schedel Peter Ulbrich Wolfgang Schröder-Preikschat Daniel Lohmann Department of Computer Science 4-Distributed Systems and Operation Systems Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg Germany Department of Computer Science 4- Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg

关键词： Java Runtime Embedded systems Engines Hardware Sensors

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The RTSC: Leveraging the migration from event-triggered to time-triggered systems

The RTSC: Leveraging the migration from event-triggered to t...

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13th IEEE International Symposium on Object, Component, and Service-Oriented Real-Time distributed Computing, ISORC 2010

作者： Scheler, Fabian Schröder-Preikschat, Wolfgang Department of Computer Science 4 - Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780769540375

In this paper we present a prototype of the RTSC - the Real-Time System Compiler. The RTSC is a compiler-based tool that leverages the migration from event-triggered to time-triggered real-time systems. For this purpose, it uses an abstraction called Atomic Basic Blocks (ABBs) which is used to capture all relevant dependencies of the event-triggered system in a so-called ABB-graph. This ABB-graph is transformed by the RTSC and finally mapped to a statically computed schedule that could be executed by standard time-triggered real-time operating systems. Moreover, we demonstrate the applicability of our approach and the operation of our prototype by transforming the event-triggered implementation of a real-world embedded system into a trime-triggered equivalent. © 2010 IEEE.

关键词： Real time systems

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The RTSC: Leveraging the Migration from Event-Triggered to Time-Triggered systems

The RTSC: Leveraging the Migration from Event-Triggered to T...

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International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time distributed Computing

作者： Fabian Scheler Wolfgang Schröder-Preikschat Department of Computer Science 4-Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg

关键词： Real time systems Prototypes Operating systems distributed computing computer science Processor scheduling Embedded system Automatic control Space shuttles Aerospace electronics

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Controlling physical objects with privacy using secure RFID system

Controlling physical objects with privacy using secure RFID ...

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New Technologies, Mobility and Security Conference and Workshops, NTMS 2008

作者： Samad, Fahad Makram, Sadeq Ali Department of Computer Science Communication and Distributed Systems Informatik 4 RWTH Aachen University Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9782953244304

Security and privacy threats in technological environment are great hindrances to use latest technologies for our benefits. Such threats also exist in RFID systems which are currently utilized to a great extent in ubiquitous communication. These systems can also work in combination with cellular networks to control user's physical objects in a secure way with sufficient privacy. This paper presents a secure system model which enables a user to control his possessions even sitting remotely from the objects' locations. The limitations of RFID tags are taken into account and it is shown that the system mitigates many threats keeping the privacy of the tags and the user intact. © 2008 ESRGroups.

关键词： Hash functions

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Dynamic weaving of components in a distributed environment 9

Dynamic weaving of components in a distributed environment

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9th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Middleware Conference, Middleware 2008

作者： Söldner, Guido Kapitza, Rüdiger Schober, Sven Department of Computer Science 4 Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg Germany Institute of Distributed Systems Ulm University Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583693

In ubiquitous computing, dynamic adaptation and the evolvability of software become increasingly important. This paper proposes AOCI, an aspect-oriented component infrastructure that combines the core ideas of aspect-oriented programming (AOP) and component based systems. Components are usually considered as black boxes that can be combined to form complex systems. In the context of our infrastructure, components export possible points of adaptation, which are tagged with ontological information. This information enables the use of AOP techniques without detailed knowledge about the component's internals, enabling distributed and dynamic adaptation. Copyright 2008 ACM.

关键词： Aspect oriented programming

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