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International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE)

作者： D. Kung Y. Lu N. Venugopalan P. Hsia Y. Toyoshima C. Chen J. Gao Computer Science Engineering Department University of Texas Arlington Arlington TX USA Fujitsu Network Communication Systems San Jose CA USA

Object state behavior implies that the effect of an operation on an object may depend on the states of the object and other objects. It may cause state changes to more than one object. Thus, the combined or composite effects of the object operations must be analyzed and tested. We show that certain object state behavior errors cannot be detected readily by conventional testing methods. We describe an object state test method consisting of an object state model, a reverse engineering tool, and a composite object state testing tool. The object state test model is an aggregation of hierarchical, concurrent, communicating state machines envisioned mainly for object state testing. The reverse engineering tool produces an object state model from any C++ program. The composite object state testing tool analyzes the object state behaviors and generates test cases for testing object state interactions. We show the detection of several composite object state behavior errors that exist in a well-known thermostat example.

关键词： Software testing System testing Software systems computer science Reliability engineering Object detection Reverse engineering Error correction Thermostats Safety

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Consistency checking between data and process diagrams based on formal methods

Consistency checking between data and process diagrams based...

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IEEE Annual International computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)

作者： Syouri Kouno Han-Myung Chang K. Araki Investment Management Systems Department Nomura Research Institute Limited Tokyo Japan Fukuoka Japan Department of Computer Science and Communication EngineeringGraduate School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan

One of the most important problems in software development using CASE tools is that it is impossible to verify semantical consistency between data and procedure descriptions expressed in structured diagrams. We introduce formal methods into the CASE tools in order to verify strictly the consistency between them. We present methods for verifying that the behavior of PAD (process action diagram) keeps the data constraints of the ERD (entity relationship diagram) using the Z notation. We may improve accuracy of specification by means of giving assurance of validity among different kinds or different abstract levels of diagrams, based on the formal descriptions in Z.

关键词： computer aided software engineering Design for disassembly Atherosclerosis Programming Formal specifications Data models Technology management Engineering management Information technology Cities and towns

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Proof Method for correctness of refinements of algebraic specification in abstract sequential machine style

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systems AND computerS IN JAPAN 1996年第5期27卷 25-38页

作者： Okano, K Higashino, T Taniguchi, K Member Faculty of Engineering Science Osaka University Toyonaka Japan 560 Teruo Hipshino received his B.E. M.E.and Ph.D. degrees in Information and Computer Sciences from Osaka University Osaka Japan in 1R9 1981 and 1984 respectively. He joined the Faculty of Osaka University in 1984. Since 1991 he has been an Associate Professor in the Department of Information and Computer Sciences at Osaka University. In 1990 he was a Visiting Researcher of Dept. I.R.O. at University of Montreal Canada. His current research interests include design and analysis of distributed systems specification and verification of communication protocols and formal approach of program design. He is a member of IEEE-CS ACM IEICE of Japan and IPS of Japan.

In this paper, new methods for providing the correctness of refinement among abstract sequential machine style programs are described. The programs are described in algebraic language ASL using some useful notions, i.e., the extended projection and the valid reachability condition for each transition function. These notions allow a designer to refine a given text (program or specification) to a concrete text more freely than the text that does not use such notions. These notions can also enhance the expressive power of the text. On the other hand, these advantages would have lost half their values, if useful methods to prove the correctness of refinement among the texts using them are not found. Thus new methods for proving the correctness of the texts are proposed, and they do not require much proof loads. First, the correctness of refinement among the ASL texts with the extended projection is defined. Second, a method is proposed for proving the correctness of refinement among such texts. Also proposed is a definition of the correctness of refinement among the texts with the valid reachability conditions and a method to prove their correctness. These methods do not require more proof loads than the usual methods for the texts that do not use such notions in the abstract sequential machine style. Therefore, these methods are useful.

关键词： abstract sequential machine ASL language proof algebraic specification

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A method for understanding intentions of indirect speech acts in natural language interfaces

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systems AND computerS IN JAPAN 1996年第1期27卷 77-91页

作者： Mima, H Aoe, J Fuketa, M Hayashi, Y Member Faculty of Engineering The University of Tokushima Tokushima Japan 770 Jun-ichi Aoe received his B.E. and M.E. degrees in Electronic Engineering from the University of Tokushima Tokushima Japan in 1974 and 1976 respectively and his Ph.D. degree in Communication Engineering from the University of Osaka Japan in 1980. Since 1976 he has been with the University of Tokushima. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Information Science and Intelligent Systems at the University of Tokushima. He is the author of about 50 scientific papers. His research interests include computer algorithms in software engineering and natural language processing. Dr. Aoe is editing Computer Algorithms Series of the IEEE Computer Society Press and author of two books: Computer Algorithms-Key Search Strategies in 1991 and String Pattern Matching Strategies in 1994. He received a Best Author Award from the Information Processing Society of Japan in 1993. He is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery the American Association for Artificial Intelligence the Association for Computational Linguistics and the Information Processing Society of Japan the Society for Software Science and Technology the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence and the Association for Natural Language Processing of Japan. Nonmember

In an attempt to propose a robust method for understanding natural language (NL) interface commands, a scheme is proposed that infers intentions from an indirect speech-act that does not express users' real intentions explicitly. This method classifies the real intentions of the indirect speech-act into: 1) refusal;2) reversal;3) restriction;4) benefit;and 5) disability. Further, concepts are abstracted for operations, e.g., displaying, moving, and deleting information systems;and constructing the operation knowledge base. This knowledge based comprises operational concepts and the relationships between them. These relationships are assigned the foregoing classifications for intentions. In addition, we construct the knowledge base of objects for the target of operations, e.g., files, figures, strings. This knowledge base contains the relationships: a) antonym;b) exclusive;c) part-of, between the objects;and uses these relations to infer the transitions between the objects. An algorithm is the proposed to infer concepts for operations and concepts for target objects of operations that may represent the user's actual intentions. This proposal scheme was tested with requests on UNIX and a commercially available Japanese Word Processor. The system successfully inferred the intentions for approximately 80 percent of the user's indirect speech-act.

关键词： natural language interface indirect speech act inference of intention

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CORRECTNESS ISSUES FOR distributed RELATIONAL DATABASE DESIGN

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distributed AND PARALLEL DATABASES 1995年第4期3卷 361-380页

作者： SHARMA, NP EWALD, CA CRC for Distributed Systems Technology Department of Computer Science The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia

This paper examines correctness issues that arise in distributed database design. A distributed relational database design is traditionally considered to be valid if every global relation can be reconstructed from its fragments by join operations. In this paper, three successively less restrictive definitions of validity are presented, each providing progressively improved handling of incomplete information. Examining these forms, a hybrid reconstruction approach involving inner- and outer-joins is proposed and we briefly describe its application to query formulation. We also propose replacing the notion of global reconstructability with the less restrictive, yet intuitively natural notion of object reconstructability. Universal relations need not be constructed. The need for maintenance of constraints across sites of a distributed system is discussed, and the notion of a distributed referential constraint is proposed which fulfills this need.

关键词： distributed DATABASES DESIGN CORRECTNESS INCOMPLETE INFORMATION CONSTRAINT PRESERVATION QUERY CORRECTNESS

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EVALUATING MULTIPLE JOIN QUERIES IN A distributed DATABASE SYSTEM

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MATHEMATICAL AND computer MODELLING 1995年第7期21卷 83-98页

作者： REID, DJ Distributed Systems Technology Centre Department of Computer Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia

It is proposed that the execution of a set of join queries in a distributed environment should be considered cooperatively, rather than as a set of separate requests. With this understanding, a model of multiple query execution in the form of a linear integer program is offered. Several requests are issued to the distributed database management system, each specifying the collation of information comprised of a number of logically distinct data sets, or relations, and dispersed across the sites of a distributed system. Performing these tasks demands the usage of limited resources, so that efficient management commands the smallest additional imposition possible. Both processors and the data communication devices that interconnect them are exploited;an optimal strategy is defined to be one that minimizes a weighted sum of the costs of computation and those of information exchange incurred in resolving the group of queries. Previous models of join query evaluation would regard each individual query in isolation, to produce a sequence of independent execution strategies, one correspondingly for every request. By instead permitting multiple utilization of intermediate computations, any overlap between these queries can be exploited to further reduce the total demand placed on the system as a whole. Through investigations into the character of a number of interacting join computations, performed at a single site in isolation, an earlier single query model [1] can be extended to facilitate the cooperative execution of an entire group.

关键词： distributed DATABASE SYSTEM INTEGER PROGRAM JOIN QUERY RELATIONAL DATABASE

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ACTIVE DYNAMIC STEREO VISION

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 1995年第9期17卷 868-879页

作者： GROSSO, E TISTARELLI, M Computer and Systems Science Integrated Laboratory for Advanced Department of Communication University of Genoa Genoa Italy

Visual navigation is a challenging issue in automated robot control, In many robot applications, like object manipulation in hazardous environments or autonomous locomotion, it is necessary to automatically detect and avoid obstacles while planning a safe trajectory, In this context the detection of corridors of free space along the robot trajectory is a very important capability which requires nontrivial visual processing. In most cases it is possible to take advantage of the active control of the cameras. In this paper we propose a cooperative schema in which motion and stereo vision are used to infer scene structure and determine free space areas. Binocular disparity, computed on several stereo images over time, is combined with optical flow from the same sequence to obtain a relative-depth map of the scene, Both the time-to-impact and depth scaled by the distance of the camera from the fixation point in space are considered as good, relative measurements which are based on the viewer, but centered on the environment. The need for calibrated parameters is considerably reduced by using an active control strategy. The cameras track a point in space independently of the robot motion and the full rotation of the head, which includes the unknown robot motion, is derived from binocular image data. The feasibility of the approach in real robotic applications is demonstrated by several experiments performed on real image data acquired from an autonomous vehicle and a prototype camera head.

关键词： ACTIVE VISION DYNAMIC VISION TIME-TO-IMPACT STEREO VISION MOTION ANALYSIS NAVIGATION

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EXECUTING JOIN QUERIES IN AN UNCERTAIN distributed ENVIRONMENT

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MATHEMATICAL AND computer MODELLING 1995年第3期22卷 9-23页

作者： REID, DJ Distributed Systems Technology Centre Department of Computer Science The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia

The uncertainty inherent in the distributed environment poses new challenges to the efficient utilization of system resources in managing database transactions. In response to this realization, the execution of a join query in a system with probabilistic resource and cost parameters is contemplated, leading to the development of stochastic programming models. Information in the form of relational tables and scattered amongst the sites of a distributed database system is to be collated and presented to the appropriate user, in response to an issued request. Performing this task demands the usage of limited resources;the ultimate goal is the determination of an execution strategy incurring minimal cost to the system. The actual state of any network component at the moment of its exploitation cannot be exactly ascertained in advance. Any interrogation of a distant element must be communicated by the network, and this involves a delay, as perceived by the questioner, during which the state of the system may change. Indeed, the time at which a task assigned to any particular component cannot itself be precisely predicted, even if the future state of the component could be known definitively. By considering the uncertain nature of the distributed environment, the earlier model of join query evaluation presented in [1] can be modified in different ways to account for system parameters known only in a stochastic sense. This new level of subjectivity is a revelation of the many different attitudes that may be taken towards the chance of infeasibility in the solution, for the major issue in dealing with uncertainty is the choice of an appropriate measure of risk.

关键词： distributed DATABASE SYSTEM INTEGER PROGRAMMING JOIN QUERY RELATIONAL DATABASE STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING

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Roo: A framework for real-time threads 3

Roo: A framework for real-time threads

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3rd Workshop on Parallel and distributed Real-Time systems, WPDRTS 1995

作者： Zimmermann, C. Cahill, V. Distributed Systems Group Department of Computer Science Trinity College I-Dublin-2 Ireland

ISBN: (纸本)0818670991

Traditional object-oriented real-time systems are often limited an that they provide only one approach to real-time object support. Taking the increasing demand for flexible and extensible object support environments into account, we discuss the design and implementation of a small object-oriented real-time executive based on a sub-framework which we call Roo. Roo is a component of the Tigger framework (our proposal for an extensible object support operating system) and is intended to support different object models providing soft real-time behaviour. Roo provides support for different mechanisms and policies for real-time thread management, scheduling and synchronization. In this it serves as a basis for other components of the Tigger framework. © 1995 IEEE.

关键词： Real time systems

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ACTIVE SPACE-VARIANT OBJECT RECOGNITION

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IMAGE AND VISION COMPUTING 1995年第3期13卷 215-226页

作者： TISTARELLI, M Department of Communication Computer and Systems Science Laboratory for Integrated Advanced Robotics (LIRA-Lab) University of Genoa Via Opera Pia 13 16145 Genoa Italy

The problem of object recognition is addressed. In the literature this task has been generally considered in a passive perspective, where everything is static and there is no definite relation between the object and its environment. In this paper, several aspects related to the application of active vision techniques to object recognition are discussed. The capability of the observer to move is very important to give a better description of the object during acquisition of the model database, and also for recognition. The recognition task can be simplified considerably by defining classes of expected objects based on contextual information. Moreover, a selective attentional mechanism allows us to reduce the amount of information needed to describe a database of objects. This is accomplished both at the task level, by performing planned fixations, and at the sensor level, by adopting a space-variant sampling of the image. The face recognition problem based on the face-space approach is considered to demonstrate the advantage of adopting an active retina in recognition tasks. By using an active space-variant retina, the size of the database is considerably reduced and, consequently, so too is the processing time for recognition.

关键词： OBJECT RECOGNITION ACTIVE VISION SPACE-VARIANT SENSING

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