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Spatial attention-based hybrid VGG-SVM and VGG-RF frameworks for improved cotton leaf disease detection

Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第14期37卷 8309-8329页

作者： Pandiyaraju, V. Anusha, B. Senthil Kumar, A.M. Jaspin, K. Venkatraman, Shravan Kannan, A. School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Marian Engineering College Trivandram Kerala Trivandrum India Department of Computer Science and Engineering St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India Department of Information Science and Technology College of Engineering Guindy Anna University Tamil Nadu Chennai India

The agriculture industry's production and food quality have been impacted by plant leaf diseases in recent years. Hence, it is vital to have a system that can automatically identify and diagnose diseases at an initial stage for enhancing the quality of agricultural output and also for stopping the overall plant extinction. Most state-of-the-art methods do not provide appropriate accuracy of identification when the similarity among different diseases is higher and the input leaf images have complex background. In this work, a transfer learning-based automated crop disease recognition system is proposed to handle this problem. The cotton leaf disease detection framework being proposed here includes two key stages: (1) the feature extraction stage, where the convolutional neural network (CNN) model from the visual geometry group (VGG-16) is employed to obtain the deep features from cotton leaf images with complex background. (2) Cotton leaf disease detection stage: Here, the extracted optimal features are input to the machine learning classifiers, namely random forest (RF) and nonlinear support vector machine (SVM), for the initial classification of the diseases. For providing an optimal cotton crop disease detection performance, Kaggle’s four-class cotton disease dataset with complex background is chosen in this work. For the final decision making and analysis, two hybrid models named spatial attention-based hybrid VGG-RF and hybrid VGG-SVM have been proposed in this work for enhancing the decision accuracy. These hybrid models offered an average accuracy of approximately 98.29% and 99.31%, respectively, which is higher than the accuracy provided by the related work. This proved that the proposed hybrid model, namely spatial attention-based VGG-SVM and VGG-RF models, with spatial attention outperformed the state-of-the-art classifiers. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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Sensitive information leakage analysis of database code by abstract interpretation

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International Journal of Security and Networks 2023年第2期18卷 91-105页

作者： Jana, Angshuman Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Guwahati India

An information system stores outside data in the backend database to process them efficiently and protects sensitive data from illegitimate flow or unauthorised users. However, most information systems are made in such a way that the sensitive information stored in a database may be leaked explicitly or implicitly during data processing along with the control structure of the program to the output channels. Therefore, sensitive data leakage is one of the crucial security threat. In this paper, the main objective is to detect the illegitimate flow of confidential information in an information system. We propose a framework to detect sensitive information leakage through the data-flow paths of an information system. In particular, to compute the precise set of data-flow paths, we use the non-relational abstract property of the interval domain and the relational abstract property of the polyhedra domain that enables the framework to produce efficient security analysis results. © 2023 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Formal methods

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HViTML: Hybrid vision transformer with machine learning-based classification model for glaucomatous eye

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-24页

作者： Singh, Piyush Bhushan Singh, Pawan Dev, Harsh Batra, Devanshu Chaurasia, Brijesh Kumar Department of Information Technology Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology Uttar Pradesh Kanpur India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Babu Banarasi Das University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology Uttar Pradesh Kanpur India

Glaucoma is currently one of the most significant causes of permanent blindness. Fundus imaging is the most popular glaucoma screening method because of the compromises it has to make in terms of portability, size, and cost. In recent years, convolution neural networks (CNNs) have revolutionized computer vision. Convolution is a "local" CNN technique that is only applicable to a small region surrounding an image. Vision Transformers (ViT) use self-attention, which is a "global" activity since it collects information from the entire image. As a result, the ViT can successfully gather distant semantic relevance from an image. This study examined several optimizers, including Adamax, SGD, RMSprop, Adadelta, Adafactor, Nadam, and Adagrad. With 1750 Healthy and Glaucoma images in the IEEE fundus image dataset and 4800 healthy and glaucoma images in the LAG fundus image dataset, we trained and tested the ViT model on these datasets. Additionally, the datasets underwent image scaling, auto-rotation, and auto-contrast adjustment via adaptive equalization during preprocessing. The results demonstrated that preparing the provided dataset with various optimizers improved accuracy and other performance metrics. Additionally, according to the results, the Nadam Optimizer improved accuracy in the adaptive equalized preprocessing of the IEEE dataset by up to 97.8% and in the adaptive equalized preprocessing of the LAG dataset by up to 92%, both of which were followed by auto rotation and image resizing processes. In addition to integrating our vision transformer model with the shift tokenization model, we also combined ViT with a hybrid model that consisted of six different models, including SVM, Gaussian NB, Bernoulli NB, Decision Tree, KNN, and Random Forest, based on which optimizer was the most successful for each dataset. Empirical results show that the SVM Model worked well and improved accuracy by up to 93% with precision of up to 94% in the adaptive equalization preprocess

关键词： Decision trees

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Determination of the time location points and investigation of the body sensor network using RATDMA and PATDMA

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Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems 2024年第4期46卷 9043-9055页

作者： Mohammed Mustafa, M. Kalpana Devi, S. Althaf Ali, A. Gunavathie, M.A. Department of Information Technology Sri Krishna College of Engineering & Technology Coimbatore India Department of Computer Science and Engineering RV University Bengaluru India Andhra Pradesh India Department of Information Technology Panimalar Engineering College Chennai India

Wireless body sensor networks have gained significant importance across diverse fields, including environmental monitoring, healthcare, and sports. This research is concentrated on sports applications, specifically exploring the viability of a wireless body area network tailored for high-performing athletes. The paper is divided into three sections. First, the design of the node location that is used for real-time monitoring of a sportsperson in which the node position, such as the human thigh, foot, arm, wrist, and chest, was estimated and the best position was selected. Second, the accuracy of an application when related to the other schemes such as TDMA with ZigBee and RA-TDMA & PA-TDMA was done. The reliability using RA-TDMA performed well and showed approximately 98% reliability. Finally, the features of wireless communiqués that affect the presentation of the network for RA-TDMA were estimated, such as delay and jitter. These findings collectively contribute to advancing the understanding of optimizing wireless body sensor networks for sports applications, with notable achievements including the identification of the arm as the optimal sensor placement, achieving a 98% success rate, and surpassing alternative techniques in network performance parameters like packet delivery rate. © 2024 – IOS Press.

关键词： Location

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Abnormal event detection in surveillance videos through LSTM auto-encoding and local minima assistance

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Discover Internet of Things 2025年第1期5卷 1-25页

作者： Sengonul, Erkan Samet, Refik Abu Al-Haija, Qasem Alqahtani, Ali Alsemmeari, Rayan A. Alghamdi, Bandar Alturki, Badraddin Alsulami, Abdulaziz A. Department of Computer Engineering Ankara University Ankara06100 Turkey Department of Cybersecurity Faculty of Computer & Information Technology Jordan University of Science and Technology PO Box 3030 Irbid22110 Jordan Department of Networks & Communications Engineering College of Computer Science & Information Systems Najran University Najran61441 Saudi Arabia Department of Information Technology Faculty of Computing and Information Technology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia Department of Information Systems Faculty of Computing and Information Technology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia

Abnormal event detection in video surveillance is critical for security, traffic management, and industrial monitoring applications. This paper introduces an innovative methodology for anomaly detection in video data, encompassing three primary stages: preprocessing, feature learning, and anomaly detection. We employ background subtraction and noise reduction during preprocessing to refine the data. The feature-learning stage involves training an LSTM autoencoder to capture the essential features of normal video sequences. For anomaly detection, we map video data to a lower-dimensional space (latent code) and compare it against the distribution of codes from normal sequences. We determine regularity scores and identify local minima points exceeding a specified threshold while scrutinizing shadows between adjacent maxima to confirm and pinpoint anomalies. When tested on the CUHK Avenue and UMN datasets, our methodology demonstrated performance with AUCs of 93.8% and 94.1%, respectively, outperforming several baseline models. Our results show the high precision of our method that can detect anomalies, highlighting its potential advantages that it can achieve for enhancing systems of surveillance. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Noise abatement

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Offshore Software Maintenance Outsourcing Process Model Validation:A Case Study Approach

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computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第3期74卷 5035-5048页

作者： Atif Ikram Masita Abdul Jalil Amir Bin Ngah Adel Sulaiman Muhammad Akram Ahmad Salman Khan Faculty of Ocean Engineering Technology and Informatics University Malaysia TerengganuKuala TerengganuMalaysia Department of Computer Science&Information Technology Faculty of Information TechnologyThe University of LahoreLahore54000Pakistan Department of Computer Science College of Computer Science and Information SystemsNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia Department of Software Engineering Faculty of Information TechnologyThe University of LahoreLahore54000Pakistan

The successful execution and management of Offshore Software Maintenance Outsourcing(OSMO)can be very beneficial for OSMO vendors and the OSMO *** a lot of research on software outsourcing is going on,most of the existing literature on offshore outsourcing deals with the outsourcing of software development *** frameworks have been developed focusing on guiding software systemmanagers concerning offshore software ***,none of these studies delivered comprehensive guidelines for managing the whole process of *** is a considerable lack of research working on managing OSMO from a vendor’s ***,to find the best practices for managing an OSMO process,it is necessary to further investigate such complex and multifaceted phenomena from the vendor’s *** study validated the preliminary OSMO process model via a case study research *** results showed that the OSMO process model is applicable in an industrial setting with few *** industrial data collected during the case study enabled this paper to extend the preliminary OSMO process *** refined version of the OSMO processmodel has four major phases including(i)Project Assessment,(ii)SLA(iii)Execution,and(iv)Risk.

关键词： Offshore outsourcing process model model validation vendor challenges case study

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Security Threats to xApps Access Control and E2 Interface in O-RAN

IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society

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IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society 2024年 5卷 1197-1203页

作者： Hung, Cheng-Feng Chen, You-Run Tseng, Chi-Heng Cheng, Shin-Ming National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Taipei106335 Taiwan

Open Radio Access Networks (O-RANs) represent a novel wireless access network architecture that decomposes traditional RAN functions and makes them openly accessible. O-RANs enable real-time coordination, RAN performance optimization, and management through RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) and their related xApps. Due to the openness of O-RAN, developers have the flexibility to download various pre-developed xApps from the Internet for deployment. They can even develop their xApps to enhance the flexibility and innovation of the RAN. The current O-RAN official WG11 has defined numerous specifications for secure implementations. However, not only is accurately detecting malicious xApps a significant challenge, but the existing H-Release also does not fully adhere to the specifications in its implementation. This could potentially introduce security risks and threats. In this paper, we implement an experimental O-RAN H-Release environment and discover significant threats from the absence of specified access control permissions for xApps. Malicious attackers can illegally access APIs to utilize other services or launch attacks on legitimate xApps and E2 nodes through the E2 interface, potentially causing a complete RAN disruption. We used the identified vulnerabilities to design three attacks, providing detailed explanations and a comprehensive analysis of their impact on the system. Finally, we also submit the discovered threats to CVEs (CVE-2023-42358 and CVE-2023-41628), providing a reference for O-RAN officials to improve security in the future. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Real time systems

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A bilateral assessment of human activity recognition using grid search based nonlinear multi-task least squares twin support vector machine

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2024年第36期83卷 84121-84140页

作者： Thakur, Ujwala Prajapati, Amarjeet Vidyarthi, Ankit Department of Computer Science Engineering & amp Information Technology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida Sector-62 Uttar Pradesh Noida201309 India

The recognition of individual activity has proven its importance in many application areas. Even after the pandemic crisis worldwide, the remote monitoring of human actions and their activities has increased a lot. In such situations, the smart sensors are utilized to capture the details remotely, share, and process intelligently using the computer-assisted machine. This paper introduces the new variant of the machine learning classifier, named Grid Search Based Nonlinear Multi-task Least Squares Twin Support Vector Machine (GMLT-SVM), to recognize human actions using sensory data. The proposed approach uses the grid search for hyperparameter tuning with a Nonlinear kernel for Multi-task classification in a twin support vector machine. This not only increases the efficacy of the model but also reduces the computation time for finding the optimal values of the hyper-parameters. The proposed approach when experimented with the sensory data of Human Action Recognition (HAR) gives an accuracy of 96.8%. The comparative analysis of the proposed method with existing other ML classifiers gives an increase in the accuracy of 94.2±2.6%. The experimental results suggest that the gained results are statistically significant enough to recognize human actions with sensory data. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Learning systems

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A Software Defect Prediction Method Using a Multivariate Heterogeneous Hybrid Deep Learning Algorithm

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 3251-3279页

作者： Qi Fei Haojun Hu Guisheng Yin Zhian Sun College of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Engineering UniversityHarbin150001China Information Technology Research Department Jiangsu Automation Research InstituteLianyungang222062China School of Computer Science and Technology Harbin Institute of TechnologyShenzhen518055China

Software defect prediction plays a critical role in software development and quality assurance processes. Effective defect prediction enables testers to accurately prioritize testing efforts and enhance defect detection efficiency. Additionally, this technology provides developers with a means to quickly identify errors, thereby improving software robustness and overall quality. However, current research in software defect prediction often faces challenges, such as relying on a single data source or failing to adequately account for the characteristics of multiple coexisting data sources. This approach may overlook the differences and potential value of various data sources, affecting the accuracy and generalization performance of prediction results. To address this issue, this study proposes a multivariate heterogeneous hybrid deep learning algorithm for defect prediction (DP-MHHDL). Initially, Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), Code Dependency Network (CDN), and code static quality metrics are extracted from source code files and used as inputs to ensure data diversity. Subsequently, for the three types of heterogeneous data, the study employs a graph convolutional network optimization model based on adjacency and spatial topologies, a Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-BiLSTM) hybrid neural network model, and a TabNet model to extract data features. These features are then concatenated and processed through a fully connected neural network for defect prediction. Finally, the proposed framework is evaluated using ten promise defect repository projects, and performance is assessed with three metrics: F1, Area under the curve (AUC), and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC). The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing methods, offering a novel solution for software defect prediction.

关键词： Software defect prediction multiple heterogeneous data graph convolutional network models based on adjacency and spatial topologies CNN-BiLSTM TabNet

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FMeAR: FACS Driven Ensemble Model for Micro-Expression Action Unit Recognition

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SN computer science 2024年第5期5卷 598页

作者： Chauhan, Anjaly Jain, Shikha Department of Computer Science & amp Engineering and Information Technology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida India

Micro-expressions (MEs) are fleeting involuntary facial movements, which occur frequently when people attempt to conceal their emotions. Since human eyesight cannot detect fleeting and slight changes in facial expression, it is difficult to determine when spontaneous and low-intensity micro-expression occurs. The paper presents FMeAR which is a Facial action coding scheme (FACS) driven ensemble model for the micro-expression action unit recognition. Considering the simultaneous triggering of multiple facial AUs (action units), the problem is designed as a multiple-binary-class framework. First, each frame of the video is extracted and pre-processed thoroughly to eliminate any noise in the input. Then, features are extracted using an LBP descriptor from the pre-processed frames. To reduce the processing time, the size of the feature vector is reduced using PCA. Finally, reduced features are processed using a multiple ensemble model (comprising of Support Vector Machine, Linear Discriminant Analysis, and Decision Tree classifiers) to identify the micro-expressions action units. The presented model, FMeAR, outperforms several baseline frameworks and shows an accuracy of 95.3% for the CASME dataset, 95.9% for CASME-II, and 92.6% for MEVIEW. Intensive experiments demonstrated the effectiveness and generalization of FMeAR emphasizing its potential for various applications such as deception detection, depression detection, medical diagnosis, and many more. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Action units Ensemble-model FACS FMeAR Micro-expression

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