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Chi-Square Target Encoding for Categorical Data Representation: A Real-World Sensor Data Case Study

SN computer science 2025年第3期6卷 1-22页

作者： Anitha, M. Savarimuthu, Nickolas Bhanu, S. Mary Saira Department of Computer Applications National Institute of Technology Trichy India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy India

Feature engineering is critical for improving machine learning performance (ML), especially when handling categorical data. Traditional encoding methods, such as one-hot and label encoding, often result in challenges like high dimensionality and loss of category significance. To address these limitations, this study introduces a novel Chi-Square Target Encoding (CSTE) approach, which transforms categorical variables into numerical representations by leveraging the chi-square statistic to evaluate the association between categories and the target variable, preserving information effectively. Unlike conventional techniques, CSTE uses Chi-square test values to generate target-based encoded representations, ensuring reliable transformation without information loss. Comprehensive empirical evaluations were conducted on various datasets for binary classification, showcasing CSTE’s superiority over methods like regularized target encoding, basic target encoding, and fuzzification. A case study on real-world sensor data further validated its efficiency and scalability for large-scale data-driven applications. The proposed CSTE method achieved an average increment rate of 3.9447%, surpassing one-hot and fuzzification (1.0430%) and regularized target encoding (1.8308%). Classification outcomes demonstrated F1-scores exceeding 0.90 and AUC values nearing 0.99 across diverse datasets, highlighting its robustness. Furthermore, the reduced dimensionality significantly enhanced inference time while maintaining high accuracy. The CSTE method offers a robust framework for categorical data transformation, addressing limitations of traditional encoding techniques. It improves the interpretability and efficiency of categorical data representation, boosting ML performance. This innovative approach is well-suited for applications across various domains involving categorical data. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Categorical data encoding Chi- Square statistics Data distribution preservation Feature engineering Machine learning Target encoding

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Efficient Squeezeformer Using Fastformer Attention for American Sign Language Fingerspelling Recognition

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Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 2025年 1-18页

作者： Karkidholi, Srijana Chebrolu, Srilatha Turaga, V. K. Hanuman Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh Tadepalligudem534101 India

This paper centers on leveraging Convolution-Augmented Transformer Models originally designed for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) in the realm of Sign Language—specifically, American Sign Language Fingerspelling Recognition (ASLFR). Established ASR models like Conformer and Squeezeformer have demonstrated efficacy in ASLFR. In this endeavor, we aim to explore alternative ASR models such as Zipformer and Branchformer;and assess their performance and potential advantages over Conformer and Squeezeformer. Our paper comes up with six improvised model setups, out of which an improvised Squeezeformer with an Additive Attention mechanism from Fastformer resulted in lesser training time (920 min vs 1280 min), lesser model parameters (9.16 M vs 9.74 M), and comparative Normalized Levenstein Distance inference score (0.661 vs 0.684) as compared to the baseline model: improvised Squeezeformer using LlaMA Attention considered. The above best model is followed by an improvised Squeezeformer with Fastformer Attention and Efficient Channel Attention incorporated in the Depthwise Separable Convolution, with a slight increase in its performance but with a trade-off with its model complexity. © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2025.

关键词： Speech analysis

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A High-Speed Compression and Secure Authentication Framework for Data Sharing Cloud-Enabled Big Data Environments

A High-Speed Compression and Secure Authentication Framework...

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2025 International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems for Collaborative Intelligence, ICMSCI 2025

作者： Abirami, I. Selvi, S. Lalitha, R. Julian, Anitha Rmk Engineering College Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chennai India Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chennai India Saveetha Engineering College Department of Computer Science and Engineering Chennai India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509828

With rapidly expanding cloud-enabled big data environments, there is an imperative need for efficient data-sharing mechanisms that are multidimensional and balance both speed and security. In this connection, high-speed compression and secure authentication come forth playing a very crucial role. The two significant challenges addressed in this framework are data compression for efficient storage and transmission and robust authentication for secure access and integrity of shared data. This way, the framework compresses data size significantly without losing its quality, leading to efficient, faster data transfers and reduced considerably storage costs on cloud infrastructures. At the same time, secure authentication mechanisms [1] such as cryptography techniques and multi-factor authentication ensure that only authorized users access sensitive data, thus protected from potential unauthorized access or cyber-attacks. Integration of both capabilities speed compression and secure authentication-functionalizes big data environments to their peak performance and security. This framework is highly suitable for high-scale data-oriented industries like healthcare, finance, and IoT, which necessitate high-speed, secure, and reliable data sharing. Ultimately, this approach improves scalability and security in cloud-enabled big data systems by enabling organizations to keep pace with growing needs for highly efficient and secure data sharing in a highly dynamic environment. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Data integrity

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Improving Emotion Recognition in Audio Signals: Leveraging Novel Features and Deep Learning for Improved Classification 3rd

Improving Emotion Recognition in Audio Signals: Leveraging N...

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3rd International Conference on Computing and Communication Networks, ICCCN 2023

作者： Chaudhary, Poonam Choudhary, Neeraj Department of Computer Science and Engineering The NorthCap University Gurugram India Department of Computer Science and Engineering University College of Engineering and Technology Bikaner India

ISBN: (纸本)9789819726707

Recently, there has been interest in classifying emotions using audio inputs and machine learning methods. Because a single statement might be delivered in a variety of emotional circumstances, textual data alone is insufficient for identifying the emotions, necessitating the adoption of novel feature extraction approaches. This paper aims to provide an improved framework which uses a detailed study on audio sound features like mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs), zero crossing rate (ZCR), spectral bandwidth and many other features for audio analysis and uses the same for predicting emotions. The paper also emphasises on various audio augmentation techniques to improve the generalising power of the model. With the above-mentioned improvements in the feature vector and a carefully selected deep neural network, state-of-the-art classification accuracy is achieved on the two state-of-the-art datasets Toronto emotional speech set (TESS) and the Ryerson Audio-Visual Database of Emotional Speech and Song (RAVDESS). The paper is concluded with the improved approach for emotion recognition using audio signals and leads to future scope of efficient speech recognition applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Emotion Recognition

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Hepatitis C Prediction Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning-Based Hybrid Approach with Biomarker and Clinical Data

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Biomedical Materials and Devices 2025年第1期3卷 558-575页

作者： Ripa, Rokiya Uddin, Khandaker Mohammad Mohi Alam, Mir Jafikul Rahman, Md. Mahbubur Department of Computer Science and Engineering Dhaka International University Dhaka 1205 Bangladesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southeast University Dhaka 1208 China Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bangladesh University of Business and Technology Dhaka 1216 Bangladesh

Chronic liver damage is believed to be mostly caused by the Hepatitis C virus (HCV). About 90% of hepatitis C infections progress to chronic hepatitis. Acute HCV infection is a condition that frequently progresses to liver cirrhosis and eventually liver cancer;therefore, understanding this stage of the virus is essential. Molecular and serological testing approaches are often expensive and difficult to perform for diagnosing HCV infection. Machine learning technology can be effectively employed to identify patterns or associations for diagnosing HCV infection. The study utilized machine learning techniques to develop classification models for hepatitis C illness, aiming to anticipate the virus responsible for the infection. Our research integrates various machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest, Cat Boost, Bagging Classifier, SGD Classifier, Gaussian NB, Bernoulli NB, Multinomial NB, Linear Discriminant Analysis, ANN, and MLP. Prior to training the models, preprocessing methods, including normalization, filtering, and SMOTE, were used to improve the dataset’s attributes. The classification accuracy scores show encouraging results, with ANN scoring 79.63%, MLP scoring 46.29%, Bernoulli NB scoring 79.62%, Cat Boost scoring 98.14%, and Random Forest scoring 99.53%. Among classification methods, random forest demonstrates the highest accuracy in diagnosing HCV infection. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Classification Deep learning Hepatitis C virus Machine learning Predictions

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A Lightweight Authentication Protocol for RFID-Assisted Supply Chain Management System

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第9期12卷 12845-12852页

作者： Tariq, Tayyaba Kuo, Wen-Chung Mahmood, Khalid Shamshad, Salman Das, Ashok Kumar Alenazi, Mohammed J. F. National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Graduate School of Engineering Science and Technology Yunlin Douliu64002 Taiwan National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering Douliu64002 Taiwan National Yunlin University of Science and Technology Graduate School of Intelligent Data Science Yunlin Douliu64002 Taiwan University of Lahore Department of Software Engineering Lahore54590 Pakistan International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad Center for Security Theory and Algorithmic Research Hyderabad500032 India Korea University College of Informatics Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul02841 Korea Republic of King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences Department of Computer Engineering Riyadh11451 Saudi Arabia

In the evolving landscape of supply chain management, the integration of radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology has marked a significant milestone. This development has led to the emergence of a new system in RFID-based supply chain management, which is intricately linked with the advances in the Internet of Things (IoT). RFID technology employs electromagnetic fields to identify and track tags on objects and revolutionizes the management and tracking of items in the supply chain. However, the public communication among RFID tags, RFID readers, and supply chain infrastructure predominantly escalates security and privacy challenges. Several authentication protocols have been proposed to overcome these challenges. However, the vulnerability of most proposed protocols to numerous security attacks renders them inefficient. Therefore, to address these crucial challenges, we devised an RFID-based authentication protocol for supply chain management systems. The incorporation of a physically unclonable function (PUF) into the protocol fortifies the system against physical tampering attacks. To validate the security and effectiveness of the devised protocol, both informal and formal security analysis are conducted. The formal security analysis is conducted using the widely used random oracle model. The informal security analysis reveals that the devised protocol provides enhanced and efficient security features. Furthermore, we perform a comparative analysis with related protocols, focusing on critical performance metrics like communication cost, computation cost, and overall security features. The results of the comparative analysis are promising, indicating a substantial 30.92% reduction in computational cost and a 23.98% reduction in communication cost in comparison to related protocols, thus highlighting the protocol’s superior performance and resource efficiency. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Authentication Protocol

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Energy Storage System Using Digital Twins with AI and IoT for Efficient Energy Management and Prolonged Battery Life in Electric Vehicles

Energy Storage System Using Digital Twins with AI and IoT fo...

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2025 International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems for Collaborative Intelligence, ICMSCI 2025

作者： Lakshmi, M. Sri Sarma, Vanam Ajay G. Pullaiah College of Engineering and Technology Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kurnool India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kurnool India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331509828

This research proposes an integrated framework of a digital twin, incorporating artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things to optimize energy management and prolong the lifespan of the battery in electric vehicles. Under typical operating conditions, the system exhibits predictive accuracy with mean absolute error relative to actual data equal to 0.042 and root mean square error equal to 0.055. These values reflect improvement in responsiveness of the system since latency has been reduced to 0.12 seconds with feedback response times established at 0.45 seconds. Moreover, it has increased by 15% in energy efficiency while promoting its longevity with a capacity fade rate measured at 0.0025% per cycle. Besides, the model shows strong anomaly detection capability - maintenance alert precision is found to be 95% while detection rate reaches76%. All these results point out the possibility that combining Digital Twin technology with AI and IoT may end up significantly boosting energy management systems for electric vehicles compared to more traditional approaches. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Artificial Intelligence (AI) Digital Twin technology Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery Management Energy Efficiency Optimization Internet of Things (IoT) Predictive Maintenance

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Enhancing EmoBot: An In-Depth Analysis of User Expectation and Satisfaction in an Emotion-Aware Chatbot 24

Enhancing EmoBot: An In-Depth Analysis of User Expectation a...

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11th International Conference on Networking, Systems and Security, NSysS 2024

作者： Mubassira, Taseen Hasan, Mehedi Noor, Jannatun Alim Al Islam, A.B.M. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology Dhaka Bangladesh Department of Computer Science and Engineering Brac University Dhaka Bangladesh

ISBN: (纸本)9798400711589

The research community has traditionally concentrated on emotion detection in emotion modeling, while emotion generation has garnered less focus. With the rise of artificial intelligence, numerous chatbots have been developed, but there remains a lack of standardized methods to evaluate them. In this study, we evaluate EmoBot, a state-of-the-art emotionally aware chatbot, through the lens of user expectations. By collecting and analyzing user feedback, we identify EmoBot’s strengths and weaknesses, providing a basis for future enhancements. We propose targeted improvements to enhance its user experience, especially in areas of underperformance, and offer a framework for assessing emotionally aware chatbots based on user expectations and experiences. © 2024 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Emotionally Aware ChatBot

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Security to text (S2T): multi-layered based security approaches for secret text content

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第15期84卷 15151-15171页

作者： Kashid, Shamal Awasthi, Lalit K. Berwal, Krishan Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand IN Srinagar India Faculty of Communication Engineering Military College of Telecommunication Engineering IN Mhow India

In the digital world, text data is produced in an unstructured manner across various communication channels. Extracting valuable information from such data with security is crucial and requires the development of techniques in text mining, information retrieval, and natural language processing (NLP). To solve this issue, we introduce two novel approaches: keyword extraction (KE) and a multi-layered secret sharing scheme (MLSS) to provide security to extracted keywords rather than overall text documents. The KE approach encompasses a sequence of text pre-processing procedures, including tokenization, stopword removal, stemming, and bag of words representation, followed by indexing. This methodology aims to efficiently extract keywords from text datasets. For this research work, we have proposed three datasets, including text messages, whatsapp messages, and electronic mail. MLSS enhances the security of extracted textual data by leveraging text pre-processing steps. This scheme ensures better confidentiality and the non-revealment of sensitive information. Additionally, we evaluate our KE model on our dataset as well as on standard datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed security to text (S2T) model, which outperform existing state-of-the-art approaches. The model obtains a 100% correlation between the reconstructed text and the original text. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Extraction

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Autonomous embodied navigation task generation from natural language dialogues

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science China(Information sciences) 2025年第5期68卷 119-132页

作者： Haifeng XU Yongchang LI Lumeng MA Chunwen LI Yanzhi DONG Xiaohu YUAN Huaping LIU Department of Automation Tsinghua University School of Physics and Electronic Information Yantai University School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Shanghai Institute of Technology Department of Computer Science and Technology Tsinghua University

Robots are increasingly being deployed in densely populated environments, such as homes, hotels, and office buildings, where they rely on explicit instructions from humans to perform tasks. However, complex tasks often require multiple instructions and prolonged monitoring, which can be time-consuming and demanding for users. Despite this, there is limited research on enabling robots to autonomously generate tasks based on real-life scenarios. Advanced intelligence necessitates robots to autonomously observe and analyze their environment and then generate tasks autonomously to fulfill human requirements without explicit commands. To address this gap, we propose the autonomous generation of navigation tasks using natural language dialogues. Specifically, a robot autonomously generates tasks by analyzing dialogues involving multiple persons in a real office environment to facilitate the completion of item transportation between various *** propose the leveraging of a large language model(LLM) through chain-of-thought prompting to generate a navigation sequence for a robot from dialogues. We also construct a benchmark dataset consisting of 625 multiperson dialogues using the generation capability of LLMs. Evaluation results and real-world experiments in an office building demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： proactive robot robot navigation service robot large language model

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