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arXiv 2019年

作者： Verdon, Guillaume Broughton, Michael McClean, Jarrod R. Sung, Kevin J. Babbush, Ryan Jiang, Zhang Neven, Hartmut Mohseni, Masoud Google LLC VeniceCA90291 United States Department of Applied Mathematics University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L3G1 Canada Department of Computer Science University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L3G1 Canada Institute for Quantum Computing University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L3G1 Canada Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109 United States

Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) are a promising variational learning paradigm with applications to near-term quantum processors, however they still face some significant challenges. One such challenge is finding good parameter initialization heuristics that ensure rapid and consistent convergence to local minima of the parameterized quantum circuit landscape. In this work, we train classical neural networks to assist in the quantum learning process, also know as meta-learning, to rapidly find approximate optima in the parameter landscape for several classes of quantum variational algorithms. Specifically, we train classical recurrent neural networks to find approximately optimal parameters within a small number of queries of the cost function for the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) for MaxCut, QAOA for Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Ising model, and for a Variational Quantum Eigensolver for the Hubbard model. By initializing other optimizers at parameter values suggested by the classical neural network, we demonstrate a signifi-cant improvement in the total number of optimization iterations required to reach a given accuracy. We further demonstrate that the optimization strategies learned by the neural network generalize well across a range of problem instance sizes. This opens up the possibility of training on small, classically simulatable problem instances, in order to initialize larger, classically intractably simulatable problem instances on quantum devices, thereby significantly reducing the number of required quantum-classical optimization iterations. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Optimization

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Studying the Influence of Electroporation on HT29 Cell Line Interaction with Fibronectin and Collagen Protein Micro-Patterned Surface

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2020年第5期1529卷

作者： Hassan Buhari Mamman Muhammad Mahadi Abdul Jamil Tengku Nadzlin Tengku Ibrahim Mohd Helmy Abd Wahab Johan Mohamad Sharif Nur Adilah Abd Rahman Mansour Youseffi Farideh Javid Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Department of Computer Science School of Computing Universiti Teknologi Malaysia School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield UK Biomedical and Electronics Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering and Informatics University of Bradford UK

Micro-contact printing (MCP) is a scheme that allows a substrate or surface to be functionalized freely with extracellular matrix (ECM) protein such as fibronectin and collagen, in a well-defined manner. MCP can be used to regulate cell adhesion geometry on a substrate and in controlling wound healing process by facilitating directed cell migration. In this study, human colon cancer cell line, HT29 were grown on a micro-contact printed pattern of fibronectin and collagen protein with repeat gratings of 25μm, 50μm, and 100μm wide, for 48 hours. The cells alignments to the patterned substrates were then computed, where 0° means 100% alignment to the pattern. This was done with the purpose of finding those pattern that stimulated the best degree of cell alignment. Best alignment and elongation were obtained on 50μm of the two ECM proteins. The quantitative analysis of the results revealed that HT29 cells aligned most readily to the 50μm width pattern with a mean angle of alignment of 5.0° ± 1.3 and 16.1° ± 4.6, respectively, on fibronectin and collagen pattern surfaces. Contrarily, the cells aligned poorly on the 25μm width pattern of fibronectin, collagen and the control substrates with a mean angle of 33.4° ± 8.4, 36.2° ± 8.9 and 54.5° ± 6.0, respectively. Furthermore, the 50μm stamp pattern was used to investigate the influence of pulse electric field (PEF) on the HT29 alignment to the patterned substrate. The result revealed that there was significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the cell alignment between the electrically treated and the untreated cells. The alignment angles of the electrically treated cells were 4.0° ± 1.2 and 11.2° ± 3.5, respectively, on the 50μm pattern surface of fibronectin and collagen. Therefore, the result of the study revealed that micro-contact printing technique together with pulse electric field could offer a potentially fast method of controlling directed cell migration for wound healing application.

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Illinois Express Quantum Network (IEQNET): Metropolitan-scale experimental quantum networking over deployed optical fiber

arXiv

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Chung, Joaquin Kanter, Gregory Lauk, Nikolai Valivarthi, Raju Wu, Wenji Ceballos, Russell R. Peña, Cristián Sinclair, Neil Thomas, Jordan Xie, Si Kettimuthu, Rajkumar Kumar, Prem Spentzouris, Panagiotis Spiropulu, Maria Data Science and Learning Division Argonne National Laboratory 9700 S Cass Ave. LemontIL60439 United States University of Chicago Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering 924 E 57th St ChicagoIL60637 United States NuCrypt LLC 1840 Oak Ave EvanstonIL60201 United States Center for Photonic Communication and Computing Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road EvanstonIL60208-3118 United States Division of Physics Mathematics and Astronomy California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. PasadenaCA91125 United States California Institute of Technology 1200 E. California Blvd. PasadenaCA91125 United States Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Kirk Rd and Pine St BataviaIL60510 United States Department of Chemistry Physics and Engineering Studies Chicago State University 9501 S. King Dr. ChicagoIL60628 United States Pittsburgh Quantum Institute B4 Thaw Hall 4061 O'Hara Street PittsburghPA15260 United States John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Harvard University 29 Oxford St. CambridgeMA02138 United States 2205 Tech Drive Suite 1-160 EvanstonIL60208 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road EvanstonIL60208-3112 United States

The Illinois Express Quantum Network (IEQNET) is a program to realize metro-scale quantum networking over deployed optical fiber using currently available technology. IEQNET consists of multiple sites that are geographically dispersed in the Chicago metropolitan area. Each site has one or more quantum nodes (Q-nodes) representing the communication parties in a quantum network. Q-nodes generate or measure quantum signals such as entangled photons and communicate the results via standard, classical, means. The entangled photons in IEQNET nodes are generated at multiple wavelengths, and are selectively distributed to the desired users via optical switches. Here we describe the network architecture of IEQNET, including the Internet-inspired layered hierarchy that leverages software-defined-networking (SDN) technology to perform traditional wavelength routing and assignment between the Q-nodes. Specifically, SDN decouples the control and data planes, with the control plane being entirely classical. Issues associated with synchronization, calibration, network monitoring, and scheduling will be discussed. An important goal of IEQNET is demonstrating the extent to which the control plane can coexist with the data plane using the same fiber lines. This goal is furthered by the use of tunable narrow-band optical filtering at the receivers and, at least in some cases, a wide wavelength separation between the quantum and classical channels. We envision IEQNET to aid in developing robust and practical quantum networks by demonstrating metro-scale quantum communication tasks such as entanglement distribution and quantum-state teleportation. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Optical fibers

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Erratum to: Search for exclusive Higgs and Z boson decays to ϕγ and ργ with the ATLAS detector

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Journal of High Energy Physics 2023年第12期2023卷 1-21页

作者： Aaboud, M. Aad, G. Abbott, B. Abdinov, O. Abeloos, B. Abidi, S. H. AbouZeid, O. S. Abraham, N. L. Abramowicz, H. Abreu, H. Abreu, R. Abulaiti, Y. Acharya, B. S. Adachi, S. Adamczyk, L. Adelman, J. Adersberger, M. Adye, T. Affolder, A. A. Afik, Y. Agatonovic-Jovin, T. Agheorghiesei, C. Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A. Ahlen, S. P. Ahmadov, F. Aielli, G. Akatsuka, S. Akerstedt, H. Åkesson, T. P. A. Akilli, E. Akimov, A. V. Alberghi, G. L. Albert, J. Albicocco, P. Alconada Verzini, M. J. Alderweireldt, S. C. Aleksa, M. Aleksandrov, I. N. Alexa, C. Alexander, G. Alexopoulos, T. Alhroob, M. Ali, B. Aliev, M. Alimonti, G. Alison, J. Alkire, S. P. Allbrooke, B. M. M. Allen, B. W. Allport, P. P. Aloisio, A. Alonso, A. Alonso, F. Alpigiani, C. Alshehri, A. A. Alstaty, M. I. Alvarez Gonzalez, B. Álvarez Piqueras, D. Alviggi, M. G. Amadio, B. T. Amaral Coutinho, Y. Amelung, C. Amidei, D. Amor Dos Santos, S. P. Amoroso, S. Amundsen, G. Anastopoulos, C. Ancu, L. S. Andari, N. Andeen, T. Anders, C. F. Anders, J. K. Anderson, K. J. Andreazza, A. Andrei, V. Angelidakis, S. Angelozzi, I. Angerami, A. Anisenkov, A. V. Anjos, N. Annovi, A. Antel, C. Antonelli, M. Antonov, A. Antrim, D. J. Anulli, F. Aoki, M. Aperio Bella, L. Arabidze, G. Arai, Y. Araque, J. P. Araujo Ferraz, V. Arce, A. T. H. Ardell, R. E. Arduh, F. A. Arguin, J-F. Argyropoulos, S. Arik, M. Armbruster, A. J. Armitage, L. J. Arnaez, O. Arnold, H. Arratia, M. Arslan, O. Artamonov, A. Artoni, G. Artz, S. Asai, S. Asbah, N. Ashkenazi, A. Asquith, L. Assamagan, K. Astalos, R. Atkinson, M. Atlay, N. B. Augsten, K. Avolio, G. Axen, B. Ayoub, M. K. Azuelos, G. Baas, A. E. Baca, M. J. Bachacou, H. Bachas, K. Backes, M. Bagnaia, P. Bahmani, M. Bahrasemani, H. Baines, J. T. Bajic, M. Baker, O. K. Bakker, P. J. Baldin, E. M. Balek, P. Balli, F. Balunas, W. K. Banas, E. Bandyopadhyay, A. Banerjee, Sw. Bannoura, A. A. E. Barak, L. Barberio, E. L. Barberis, D. Barbero, M. Barillari, T. Barisits, M.-S. Barkeloo, J. T. Barklow, T. Barlow, N. Barnes, S. L. Barnett, B. M. Barnett, R. M. Barno Faculté des Sciences Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM Oujda Morocco CPPM Aix-Marseille Université and CNRS/IN2P3 Marseille France Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Oklahoma Norman United States of America Institute of Physics Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences Baku Azerbaijan LAL Univ. Paris-Sud CNRS/IN2P3 Université Paris-Saclay Orsay France Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto Canada Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz United States of America Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Sussex Brighton United Kingdom Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel Department of Physics Technion: Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel Center for High Energy Physics University of Oregon Eugene United States of America Department of Physics Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden The Oskar Klein Centre Stockholm Sweden INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine Sezione di Trieste Udine Italy ICTP Trieste Italy Department of Physics King’s College London London United Kingdom International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan AGH University of Science and Technology Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science Krakow Poland Department of Physics Northern Illinois University DeKalb United States of America Fakultät für Physik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München München Germany Particle Physics Department Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot United Kingdom Institute of Physics University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia Department of Physics Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi Iasi Romania Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP Lisboa Portugal Departamento de Fisica Teorica y del Cosmos Universidad de Granada Granada Portugal Department of Physics Boston University Boston United States of America Joi

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Knowledge management diagnostics in software development organizations: A systematic literature review 18

Knowledge management diagnostics in software development org...

引用

17th Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality, SBQS 2018

作者： Maciel, Claudia P.C. de Souza, Érica Ferreira de Almeia Falbo, Ricardo Felizardo, Katia Romero Vijaykumar, Nandamudi L. Department of Computer Federal Technological University of Paraná – UTFPR Cornélio Procópio Brazil Depart. of Computer Science Federal University of Espírito Santo – UFES Vitória ES Brazil Lab. of Computing and Applied Mathematics National Institute for Space Research – INPE São José dos Campos SP Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9781450365659

Context: Managing knowledge is one of the main challenges for software development organizations. Thus, the principles of Knowledge Management (KM) are presented as determinant and effective factors for the software product quality. There are several approaches to applying KM in an organization. However, for a KM approaches to succeed, it is important to conduct a KM diagnostic in order to analyze the KM current state that already exists in the organization. Objective: The objective of this paper is to present the results of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) conducted to summarize existing research on KM diagnostic in software development organizations. Method: SLR was performed by searching four electronic databases. We also performed backward snowballing from reference lists of selected studies. Results: From the SLR, we identified 24 studies addressing investigated differents approaches related to KM diagnostics in software development organizations. Conclusion: Based on our results we conclude that in the software engineering context the KM diagnosis practice still does not seem consolidated. © 2018 Association for computing Machinery.

关键词： Knowledge management

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Persistence Bag-of-Words for Topological Data Analysis

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Zieliński, Bartosz Lipiński, Michal Juda, Mateusz Zeppelzauer, Matthias Dlotko, Pawel Institute of Computer Science and Computer Mathematics Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Jagiellonian University Media Computing Group Institute of Creative Media Technologies St. Pölten University of Applied Sciences Department of Mathematics Swansea Academy of Advanced Computing Swansea University

Persistent homology (PH) is a rigorous mathematical theory that provides a robust descriptor of data in the form of persistence diagrams (PDs). PDs exhibit, however, complex structure and are difficult to integrate in today’s machine learning workflows. This paper introduces persistence bag-of-words: a novel and stable vectorized representation of PDs that enables the seamless integration with machine learning. Comprehensive experiments show that the new representation achieves state-of-the-art performance and beyond in much less time than alternative approaches. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Machine learning

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A sparse semismooth Newton based proximal majorization-minimization algorithm for nonconvex square-root-loss regression problems

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Tang, Peipei Wang, Chengjing Sun, Defeng Toh, Kim-Chuan School of Computer and Computing Science Zhejiang University City College Hangzhou310015 China School of Mathematics Southwest Jiaotong University No. 999 Xian Road West Park High-tech Zone Chengdu611756 China Department of Applied Mathematics Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom Hong Kong Department of Mathematics National University of Singapore

In this paper, we consider high-dimensional nonconvex square-root-loss regression problems and introduce a proximal majorization-minimization (PMM) algorithm for these problems. Our key idea for making the proposed PMM to be efficient is to develop a sparse semismooth Newton method to solve the corresponding subproblems. By using the Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz property exhibited in the underlining problems, we prove that the PMM algorithm converges to a d-stationary point. We also analyze the oracle property of the initial subproblem used in our algorithm. Extensive numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed PMM algorithm. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Newton-Raphson method

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Building a quantum engineering undergraduate program

arXiv

引用

arXiv 2021年

作者： Asfaw, Abraham Blais, Alexandre Brown, Kenneth R. Candelaria, Jonathan Cantwell, Christopher Carr, Lincoln D. Combes, Joshua Debroy, Dripto M. Donohue, John M. Economou, Sophia E. Edwards, Emily Fox, Michael F.J. Girvin, Steven M. Ho, Alan Hurst, Hilary M. Jacob, Zubin Johnson, Blake R. Johnston-Halperin, Ezekiel Joynt, Robert Kapit, Eliot Klein-Seetharaman, Judith Laforest, Martin Lewandowski, H.J. Lynn, Theresa W. McRae, Corey Rae H. Merzbacher, Celia Michalakis, Spyridon Narang, Prineha Oliver, William D. Palsberg, Jens Pappas, David P. Raymer, Michael G. Reilly, David J. Saffman, Mark Searles, Thomas A. Shapiro, Jeffrey H. Singh, Chandralekha IBM Quantum IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Yorktown HeightsNY United States Institut Quantique Département de Physique Université de Sherbrooke SherbrookeQCJ1K 2R1 Canada Canadian Institute for Advanced Research TorontoONM5G 1M1 Canada The Duke Quantum Center Department of Physics Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Chemistry Duke University DurhamNC27708 United States SystemX Program Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University StanfordCA94305 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Southern California Los AngelesCA90089 United States The Quantum Engineering Program Department of Physics Colorado School of Mines GoldenCO80401 United States The Department of Electrical Computer and Energy Engineering University of Colorado Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States The Institute for Quantum Computing University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada The Department of Physics Virginia Tech BlacksburgVA24061 United States The IQUIST University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign UrbanaIL61801 United States JILA National Institute of Standards and Technology The University of Colorado BoulderCO80309 United States Department of Physics University of Colorado Boulder BoulderCO80309 United States The Department of Physics Imperial College London Prince Consort Road LondonSW7 2AZ United Kingdom The Yale Quantum Institute Department of Physics Yale University New HavenCT06520 United States Google Research VeniceCA90291 United States The Department of Physics & Astronomy San José State University San JoséCA95192 United States The School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University Indiana West Lafayatte47907 United States The Department of Physics The Ohio State University ColumbusOH43210 United States The Department of Physics University of Wisconsin-Madison 1150 University Avenue MadisonWI53706 United States The Quantitative Biosciences and Engineering

The rapidly growing quantum information science and engineering (QISE) industry will require both quantum-aware and quantum-proficient engineers at the bachelor's level. We provide a roadmap for building a quantum engineering education program to satisfy this need. For quantum-aware engineers, we describe how to design a first quantum engineering course accessible to all STEM students. For the education and training of quantum-proficient engineers, we detail both a quantum engineering minor accessible to all STEM majors, and a quantum track directly integrated into individual engineering majors. We propose that such programs typically require only three or four newly developed courses that complement existing engineering and science classes available on most larger campuses. We describe a conceptual quantum information science course for implementation at any post-secondary institution, including community colleges and military schools. QISE presents extraordinary opportunities to work towards rectifying issues of inclusivity and equity that continue to be pervasive within engineering. We present a plan to do so and describe how quantum engineering education presents an excellent set of education research opportunities. Finally, we outline a hands-on training plan on quantum hardware, a key component of any quantum engineering program, with a variety of technologies including optics, atoms and ions, cryogenic and solid-state technologies, nanofabrication, and control and readout electronics. Our recommendations provide a flexible framework that can be tailored for academic institutions ranging from teaching and undergraduate-focused two- and four-year colleges to research-intensive universities. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Engineering education

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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

引用

The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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Perspectives for self-driving labs in synthetic biology

arXiv

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Martin, Hector Garcia Radivojevic, Tijana Zucker, Jeremy Bouchard, Kristofer Sustarich, Jess Peisert, Sean Arnold, Dan Hillson, Nathan Babnigg, Gyorgy Marti, Jose Manuel Mungall, Christopher J. Beckham, Gregg T. Waldburger, Lucas Carothers, James Sundaram, ShivShankar Agarwal, Deb Simmons, Blake A. Backman, Tyler Banerjee, Deepanwita Tanjore, Deepti Ramakrishnan, Lavanya Singh, Anup Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Biological Systems and Engineering Division BerkeleyCA United States Department of Energy Agile BioFoundry EmeryvilleCA United States Joint BioEnergy Institute EmeryvilleCA United States BCAM Basque Center for Applied Mathematics Bilbao Spain Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Scientific Data Division BerkeleyCA United States Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute Redwood Center for Theoretical Neuroscience BerkeleyCA United States Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division BerkeleyCA United States University of California Davis Department of Computer Science DavisCA United States Global Security Computing Applications Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LivermoreCA United States Engineering Directorate Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LivermoreCA United States Center for Bioengineering Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory LivermoreCA United States Department of Chemical Engineering Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute Center for Synthetic Biology University of Washington SeattleWA United States Biosciences Division Argonne National Laboratory ArgonneIL United States Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory BerkeleyCA United States Biomaterials and Biomanufacturing Division Sandia National Laboratories LivermoreCA United States Earth and Biological Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratories RichlandWA United States Resources and Enabling Sciences Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory GoldenCO80401 United States Department of Bioengineering University of California BerkeleyCA United States

Self-driving labs (SDLs) combine fully automated experiments with artificial intelligence (AI) that decides the next set of experiments. Taken to their ultimate expression, SDLs could usher a new paradigm of scientific research, where the world is probed, interpreted, and explained by machines for human benefit. While there are functioning SDLs in the fields of chemistry and materials science, we contend that synthetic biology provides a unique opportunity since the genome provides a single target for affecting the incredibly wide repertoire of biological cell behavior. However, the level of investment required for the creation of biological SDLs is only warranted if directed towards solving difficult and enabling biological questions. Here, we discuss challenges and opportunities in creating SDLs for synthetic biology. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Synthetic biology

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