human genes are arranged on 23 pairs of chromosomes, but in cancer, tumor-promoting genes and regulatory elements can free themselves from chromosomes and relocate to circular, extrachromosomal pieces of DNA (ecDNA). ...
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human genes are arranged on 23 pairs of chromosomes, but in cancer, tumor-promoting genes and regulatory elements can free themselves from chromosomes and relocate to circular, extrachromosomal pieces of DNA (ecDNA). ecDNA, because of its nonchromosomal inheritance, drives high-copy-number oncogene amplification and enables tumors to evolve their genomes rapidly. Furthermore, the circular ecDNA architecture fundamentally alters gene regulation and transcription, and the higher-order organization of ecDNA contributes to tumor pathogenesis. Consequently, patients whose cancers harbor ecDNA have significantly shorter survival. Although ecDNA was first observed more than 50 years ago, its critical importance has only recently come to light. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of how ecDNAs form and function as well as how they contribute to drug resistance and accelerated cancer evolution.
Natural language generation (NLG) is a subfield of natural language processing (NLP) that is often characterized as the study of automatically converting non-linguistic representations (e.g., from databases or other k...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783642155734
ISBN:
(纸本)9783642155727
Natural language generation (NLG) is a subfield of natural language processing (NLP) that is often characterized as the study of automatically converting non-linguistic representations (e.g., from databases or other knowledge sources) into coherent natural language text. In recent years the field has evolved substantially. Perhaps the most important new development is the current emphasis on data-oriented methods and empirical evaluation. Progress in related areas such as machine translation, dialogue system design and automatic text summarization and the resulting awareness of the importance of language generation, the increasing availability of suitable corpora in recent years, and the organization of shared tasks for NLG, where different teams of researchers develop and evaluate their algorithms on a shared, held out data set have had a considerable impact on the field, and this book offers the first comprehensive overview of recent empirically oriented NLG research.
Context is of crucial importance for research and applications in many disciplines, as evidenced by many workshops, symposia, seminars, and conferences on specific aspects of context. The International and Interdiscip...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540318903
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540269243
Context is of crucial importance for research and applications in many disciplines, as evidenced by many workshops, symposia, seminars, and conferences on specific aspects of context. The International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context (CONTEXT), the oldest conference series focusing on context, provides a unique interdisciplinary emphasis, bringing together participants from a wide range of disciplines, including artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computerscience, linguistics, organizational science, philosophy, psychology, ubiquitous computing, and application areas such as medicine and law, to discuss and report on context-related research and projects. Previous CONTEXT conferences were held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1997), Trento, Italy (1999, LNCS 1688), Dundee, UK (2001, LNCS 2116), and Palo Alto, USA (2003, LNCS 2680). CONTEXT 2005 was held in Paris, France during July 5–8, 2005. There was a strong response to the CONTEXT 2005 Call for Papers, with 120 submissions received. A careful review process assessed all submissions, with each paper first reviewed by the international Program Committee, and then reviewer discussions were initiated as needed to assure that the final decisions carefully considered all aspects of each paper. Reviews of submissions by the Program Chairs were supervised independently and anonymously, to assure fair consideration of all work. Out of the 120 submissions, 23 were selected as full papers for oral presentation, and 20 were selected as full papers for poster presentation. These outstanding papers are presented in this proceedings.
An increasing recognition of the role of the human-system interface is leading to new extensions and styles of specification. Techniques are being developed that facilitate the expression of user-oriented requirements...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783709168783
ISBN:
(纸本)9783211830550
An increasing recognition of the role of the human-system interface is leading to new extensions and styles of specification. Techniques are being developed that facilitate the expression of user-oriented requirements and the refinement and checking of specifications of interactive systems. This book reflects the state of the art in this important area and also contains a summary of working group discussions about how the various techniques represented might be applied to a common case study.
In the last years, research on Web mining has reached maturity and has broadened in scope. Two different but interrelated research threads have emerged, based on the dual nature of the Web: – The Web is a practically...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540301233
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540232582
In the last years, research on Web mining has reached maturity and has broadened in scope. Two different but interrelated research threads have emerged, based on the dual nature of the Web: – The Web is a practically in?nite collection of documents: The acquisition and - ploitation of information from these documents asks for intelligent techniques for information categorization, extraction and search, as well as for adaptivity to the interests and background of the organization or person that looks for information. – The Web is a venue for doing business electronically: It is a venue for interaction, information acquisition and service exploitation used by public authorities, n- governmental organizations, communities of interest and private persons. When observed as a venue for the achievement of business goals, a Web presence should be aligned to the objectives of its owner and the requirements of its users. This raises the demand for understandingWeb usage, combining it with other sources of knowledge inside an organization, and deriving lines of action. ThebirthoftheSemanticWebatthebeginningofthedecadeledtoacoercionofthetwo threadsintwoaspects:(i)theextractionofsemanticsfromtheWebtobuildtheSemantic Web;and(ii)theexploitationofthesesemanticstobettersupportinformationacquisition and to enhance the interaction for business and non-business purposes. Semantic Web mining encompasses both aspects from the viewpoint of knowledge discovery.
Finding knowledge – or meaning – in data is the goal of every knowledge d- covery e?ort. Subsequent goals and questions regarding this knowledge di?er amongknowledgediscovery(KD) projectsandapproaches. Onecentralque...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540476986
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540476979
Finding knowledge – or meaning – in data is the goal of every knowledge d- covery e?ort. Subsequent goals and questions regarding this knowledge di?er amongknowledgediscovery(KD) projectsandapproaches. Onecentralquestion is whether and to what extent the meaning extracted from the data is expressed in a formal way that allows not only humans but also machines to understand and re-use it, i. e. , whether the semantics are formal semantics. Conversely, the input to KD processes di?ers between KD projects and approaches. One central questioniswhetherthebackgroundknowledge,businessunderstanding,etc. that the analyst employs to improve the results of KD is a set of natural-language statements, a theory in a formal language, or somewhere in between. Also, the data that are being mined can be more or less structured and/or accompanied by formal semantics. These questions must be asked in every KD e?ort. Nowhere may they be more pertinent, however, than in KD from Web data (“Web mining”). Thisis due especially to the vast amounts and heterogeneity of data and ba- ground knowledge available for Web mining (content, link structure, and - age), and to the re-use of background knowledge and KD results over the Web as a global knowledge repository and activity space. In addition, the (Sem- tic) Web can serve as a publishing space for the results of knowledge discovery from other resources, especially if the whole process is underpinned by common ontologies.
This volume is a collection of papers on emerging concepts, significant insights, and novel approaches on information systems development (ISD). It examines and investigates up-and-coming trends in ISD in general, emp...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783031324185
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031324178
This volume is a collection of papers on emerging concepts, significant insights, and novel approaches on information systems development (ISD). It examines and investigates up-and-coming trends in ISD in general, emphasizing benefits and risks of Artificial Intelligence in the development and operation of Information Systems. The book draws on invited papers selected from the proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Information Systems Development hosted by Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, August 31 - September 2, 2022 (ISD2022).;The theme of ISD2022 was “Artificial Intelligence for Information Systems Development and Operations”. The conference focused on the interplay between Information Systems and Artificial Intelligence, trying to emphasize novel, smarter automation approaches and the mitigation of risks related to AI adoption. Primary readership of the volume are researchers interested in methodological and operational perspectives related to ISD in general, and to AI adoption as a means of digital transformation in particular.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Social Robotics, ICSR 2011, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in November 2011. The 23 revised full papers were carefully selec...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783642255045
ISBN:
(纸本)9783642255038
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Social Robotics, ICSR 2011, held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in November 2011. The 23 revised full papers were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement from 51 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on social interaction with robots; nonverbal interaction with social robots; robots in society; social robots in education; affective interaction with social robots; robots in the home.
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