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28th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2005

作者： White, Ryen W. Ruthven, Ian Jose, Joemon M. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 United States Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XH United Kingdom Department of Computing Science University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8RZ United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)1595930345

Implicit relevance feedback (IRF) is the process by which a search system unobtrusively gathers evidence on searcher interests from their interaction with the system. IRF is a new method of gathering information on user interest and, if IRF is to be used in operational IR systems, it is important to establish when it performs well and when it performs poorly. In this paper we investigate how the use and effectiveness of IRF is affected by three factors: search task complexity, the search experience of the user and the stage in the search. Our findings suggest that all three of these factors contribute to the utility of IRF. © 2005 ACM.

关键词： Search engines

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Factor Analysis of Card Sort Data: An Alternative to Hierarchical Cluster Analysis

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Proceedings of the human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 2005年第5期49卷 691 - 695页

作者： Miranda G. Capra Center for Human-Computer Interaction and Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA

Software and product designers use card sorting to understand item groups and relationships. In the usability community, a common method of formal statistical analysis for open card sort data is hierarchical cluster analysis, which results in a tree of the items sorted into distinct, nested clusters. Hierarchical cluster analysis is appropriate for highly structured settings, like software menus. However, many situations call for softer clusters, such as designing websites where multiple pages link to the same target page. Factor analysis summarizes the categories created in card sorts and generates clusters that can overlap. This paper explains how to prepare card sort data for statistical analysis, describes the results of factor analysis and how to interpret them, and discusses when hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis are appropriate.

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Comparing interlaced and progressive scans for MPEG coding of medical video

Comparing interlaced and progressive scans for MPEG coding o...

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Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 31st Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference

作者： Hu, Chengquan Sclabassi, Robert J. Scheuer, Mark L. Yang, Jie Xu, Jian Liu, Qiang Sun, Mingui College of Computer Science and Technology Juin University Changchun 130012 China Department of Electrical Engineering United States Department of Neurological Surgery United States Department of Biomedical Engineering United States Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 United States Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 United States

This paper examines MPEG-4 coding efficiency for interlaced and progressively scanned video data recorded during remote patient monitoring. Experiments are performed using both interlaced and progressive coding methods to compress interlaced, deinterlaced and progressively scanned video sequences at different bit rates. Our results show that progressively scanned video outperforms interlaced video in both coding efficiency and video quality. We also found that the use of a deinterlacing algorithm improves video coding performance. In addition, we found that interlaced or progressively scanned video data can be compressed using either progressive or interlaced coding algorithms without significant difference in performance. © 2005 IEEE.

关键词： Encoding (symbols)

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Dance reveals symmetry especially in young men

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Nature 2005年第7071期438卷 1148-1150页

作者： Brown, William M. Cronk, Lee Grochow, Keith Jacobson, Amy Liu, C. Karen Popovic, Zoran Trivers, Robert Center for Human Evolutionary Studies Department of Anthropology Rutgers University 131 George Street New Brunswick NJ 08901-1414 United States Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Washington Box 352350 Seattle WA 98195-2350 United States

Dance is believed to be important in the courtship of a variety of species, including humans, but nothing is known about what dance reveals about the underlying phenotypic - or genotypic - quality of the dancer1-6. One measure of quality in evolutionary studies is the degree of bodily symmetry (fluctuating asymmetry, FA), because it measures developmental stability 7,8. Does dance quality reveal FA to the observer and is the effect stronger for male dancers than female? To answer these questions, we chose a population that has been measured twice for FA since 1996 (ref. 9) in a society (Jamaican) in which dancing is important in the lives of both sexes. Motion-capture cameras created controlled stimuli (in the form of videos) that isolated dance movements from all other aspects of visual appearance (including FA), and the same population evaluated these videos for dancing ability. Here we report that there are strong positive associations between symmetry and dancing ability, and these associations were stronger in men than in women. In addition, women rate dances by symmetrical men relatively more positively than do men, and more-symmetrical men value symmetry in women dancers more than do less-symmetrical men. In summary, dance in Jamaica seems to show evidence of sexual selection and to reveal important information about the dancer. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group.

关键词： Natural sciences

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Spatial Tools for Managing Personal Information Collections

Spatial Tools for Managing Personal Information Collections

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Annual Hawaii International Conference on System sciences (HICSS)

作者： D. Bauer P. Fastrez J. Hollan Distributed Cognition and Human Computer Interaction Lab Department of Cognitive Science University of California San Diego USA

Dynapad is a development environment designed to support research prototyping of multiscale workspaces. In this paper we describe applications designed to facilitate visual access to and spatial organization of digital photo collections and personal libraries of PDF documents. The research objective is to explore a generalization of the notion of a "pile" as a foundation for a versatile suite of tools to provide unobtrusive assistance for organizing collections and other sensemaking activities. We detail the architecture underlying the applications, explain how it supports diverse functionality and interaction styles, and abstract a set of principles for designing spatial tools.

关键词： Information management Lenses Organizing Cognition human computer interaction Cognitive science Prototypes Application software Software libraries Electronic mail

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Flexible timeline user interface using constraints

Flexible timeline user interface using constraints

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Conference on human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI EA 2005

作者： Kurihara, Kazutaka Vronay, David Igarashi, Takeo Department of Computer Science University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku Tokyo 1130033 Japan Center for Interaction Design Microsoft Research Asia 3F Beijing Sigma Center No.49 Zhichun Road Haidian District Beijing 100080 China Department of Computer Science University of Tokyo / JST PRESTO 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyoku Tokyo 1130033 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)1595930027

Authoring tools routinely include a timeline representation to allow the author to specify the sequence of animations and interactions. However, traditional static timelines are best suited for static, linear sequences (such MIDI sequencers) and do not lend themselves to interactive content. This forces authors to supplement their timelines with scripted actions which are not represented. Timelines also force frameaccuracy on the author, which interferes with rapid exploration of different designs. We present a redesign of the timeline in which users can specify the relative ordering and causality of events without specifying exact times or durations. This effectively enables users to "work rough" in time. We then implement a prototype and perform a user study to investigate its efficiency.

关键词： User interfaces

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Evaluating the feasibility of learning student models from data

Evaluating the feasibility of learning student models from d...

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AAAI-05 Workshop

作者： Jonsson, Anders Johns, Jeff Mehranian, Hasmik Arroyo, Ivon Woolf, Beverly Barto, Andrew Fisher, Donald Mahadevan, Sridhar Autonomous Learning Laboratory Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 United States Center for Knowledge Communication Department of Computer Science University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 United States Human Performance Laboratory Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1577352386

Recent work on intelligent tutoring systems has used Bayesian networks to model students' acquisition of skills. In many cases, researchers have hand-coded the parameters of the networks, arguing that the conditional probabilities of models containing hidden variables are too difficult to learn from data. We present a machine learning approach that uses Expectation-Maximization to learn the parameters of a dynamic Bayesian network with hidden variables. We test our methodology on data that was simulated using a state-based model of skill acquisition. Results indicate that it is possible to learn the parameters of hidden variables given enough sequential data of training sessions on similar problems. Copyright © 2005, American Association for Artificial Intelligence (***). All rights reserved.

关键词： Learning systems

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Participating in civil society: The case of networked communities

Participating in civil society: The case of networked commun...

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作者： Kavanaugh, Andrea Carroll, John M. Rosson, Mary Beth Reese, Debbie D. Zin, Than T. Department of Computer Science Virginia Tech 660 McBryde Hall Blacksburg V. United States Ctr. for Human-Computer Interaction Sch. of Info. Sci. and Technology Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. P. United States Center for Educational Technologies Wheeling Jesuit University 316 Washington Ave. Wheeling W. United States

A community computer network facilitates civic participation by providing pervasive local resources online and by connecting people to local communication and discussion channels, public and non-profit organization leaders and members, and many other civic resources. We present findings from longitudinal data (two rounds between 2001 and 2002) of a stratified random survey of 100 households in a mature community network, the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV). We offer exploratory and confirmatory analyses, including a 'civic effects' model, that show demographic characteristics (education, age) and psychological factors (extroversion) explain staying informed, collective efficacy, group membership, activism, and using the Internet for civic and political purposes. The model further explains differences in respondents' involvement in local issues once they go online. Informed activists with multiple group memberships become more involved in local issues once going online, whereas informed non-activists become less involved once online. Our study suggests that in order to play a constructive role in creating a more civil society, community networks should explicitly pursue strategies that encourage community activism. One way to do this, given the strong role of association membership in activism, is for ISPs to offer bundled standard Internet applications at low cost to non-profit community groups (e.g. email for leadership, online discussion for members, web space). Community networks should also promote and support the use by local groups of innovative tools for non-experts, such as easy collaborative web-based tools for information production and collaboration. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Social aspects

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Training of feature extractor via new cluster validity application to adaptive facial expression recognition

Training of feature extractor via new cluster validity appli...

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9th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, KES 2005

作者： Lee, Sang Wan Kim, Dae-Jin Kim, Yong Soo Bien, Zeungnam Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science KAIST Daejeon 305-701 Korea Republic of Human-friendly Welfare Robot System Engineering Research Center KAIST Daejeon 305-701 Korea Republic of Division of Computer Engineering Daejeon University Daejeon 300-716 Korea Republic of

ISBN: (纸本)354028897X

A lot of researches on classifiers, which can perform well with a given set of feature vectors, have been done. However, researches on feature vectors, which extract better feature vectors automatically, have not been done very much. We face two problems when we consider feature extraction process. One is how we can make a good feature extractor, and the other is what more separable features are. In this paper, we solved these two problems by proposing feature extractor-training methodology that uses new cluster validity as an objective function. By combining feature extractor to Fuzzy Neural Network Model, we achieve on-line adaptation capability as well as optimized feature extraction. The result shows recognition rate of 97% when on-line adaptation is being done. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005.

关键词： Face recognition

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Robust and accurate cancer classification with gene expression profiling

Robust and accurate cancer classification with gene expressi...

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Proceedings of the IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference, CSB

作者： Haifeng Li Keshu Zhang Tao Jiang Department of Computer Science University of California Riverside CA USA Human Interaction Research Laboratory Motorola Inc. Tempe AZ USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769523447

Robust and accurate cancer classification is critical in cancer treatment. Gene expression profiling is expected to enable us to diagnose tumors precisely and systematically. However, the classification task in this context is very challenging because of the curse of dimensionality and the small sample size problem. In this paper, we propose a novel method to solve these two problems. Our method is able to map gene expression data into a very low dimensional space and thus meets the recommended samples to features per class ratio. As a result, it can be used to classify new samples robustly with low and trustable (estimated) error rates. The method is based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). However, the conventional LDA requires that the within-class scatter matrix S/sub w/ be nonsingular. Unfortunately, S/sub w/ is always singular in the case of cancer classification due to the small sample size problem. To overcome this problem, we develop a generalized linear discriminant analysis (GLDA) that is a general, direct, and complete solution to optimize Fisher's criterion. GLDA is mathematically well-founded and coincides with the conventional LDA when S/sub w/ is nonsingular. Different from the conventional LDA, GLDA does not assume the nonsingularity of S/sub w/, and thus naturally solves the small sample size problem. To accommodate the high dimensionality of scatter matrices, a fast algorithm of GLDA is also developed. Our extensive experiments on seven public cancer datasets show that the method performs well. Especially on some difficult instances that have very small samples to genes per class ratios, our method achieves much higher accuracies than widely used classification methods such as support vector machines, random forests, etc.

关键词： Robustness Cancer Gene expression Linear discriminant analysis Neoplasms computer science humans Scattering Support vector machines Support vector machine classification

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