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Enhancing Automated Short Answer Grading with Prompt-Driven Augmentation and Prompt Adaptive Oversampling 27th

Enhancing Automated Short Answer Grading with Prompt-Driven...

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27th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 2024

作者： Afeefa, P.P. Hazari, Raju Das, Pranesh Machine Learning Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Calicut Kozhikode India

ISBN: (纸本)9783031781186

Automated Short Answer Grading (ASAG) comes under automatic answer script evaluation where the answer length is limited from one phrase to one paragraph. The main task in ASAG is generating a good sentence embedding for both the student and the reference answers. The existing works on the embedding creation perform better when using different deep-learning techniques and language models. However, the deep-learning techniques’ performance mainly depends on the training set size and quality. Most of the publicly available datasets typically have a limited number of reference and student answer pairs. To automate the dataset expansion, text augmentation techniques can be used. Conventional methods like back-translation, synonym replacement, and random deletion may replace some important technical words with other non-relevant terms, resulting in a loss of contextual meaning. We propose a new augmentation strategy for the ASAG datasets using LLM (Large Language Model) prompting. The effect of the proposed strategy is analysed on sentence transformer fine-tuning. We experimented with four different sizes of augmented training sets to determine the impact of the size of augmented training data on fine-tuning the sentence transformer model. Results indicate that sentence transformer fine-tuned using a 50% prompt-driven augmented dataset generates better embeddings. After having good embeddings, the traditional classifiers can be used to classify the student answers to different scores. We introduce "Prompt Adaptive Oversampling (PAO)" to address the class imbalance issue during grade classification. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is analysed on two different public datasets: SPRAG, and Mohler-ASAG. The proposed method performs better while training highly imbalanced datasets. The source code of this work is available here. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.

关键词： Deep learning

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Optimizing Crop Yields with Multilayer Perceptrons: A Data-Driven Approach 8

Optimizing Crop Yields with Multilayer Perceptrons: A Data-D...

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8th International Conference on Inventive Systems and Control, ICISC 202

作者： Nivetha, N. Usharani, S. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Villupuram India Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Villupuram India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350386578

Precision agriculture has become a major change in crop farming. It utilises cutting-edge technologies to maximise field-level management. Precision agriculture has completely transformed crop production by leveraging the latest developments to maximize field-level management. Predicting crop yields with accuracy helps farmers reduce their environmental impact, increase productivity, and make well-informed decisions. Accurate and timely insights are frequently lacking in traditional agricultural yield prediction approaches. The study offers a deep learning method for precisely predicting agricultural yields. Accurate crop yield forecasts assist farmers in minimizing their negative environmental effects, boosting productivity, and making educated choices. However, there are many obstacles because conventional agricultural yield prediction methods frequently need more timely and precise insights. Despite their success, several challenges still exist. These include handling heterogeneous data, dealing with missing values, and the complexity of capturing non-linear relationships in the data. To determine whether decision trees or Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP) are ideal in crop yield prediction, these models are compared with each other. Multi-layer perceptrons (MLP) are prominent among these techniques. Even though the MLP model was more accurate, decision trees also are relevant to the prediction process. This means have the capability of understanding multi-layer intra-data intricacies through their structure whereas decision trees may overfit on noisy data or grow too deep hence leading to many splits also known as being bushy unless they are pruned to reduce this bushiness. The study suggests a novel method for predicting agricultural productivity using a machine learning model Decision Tree and Multi-Layer Perceptrons (MLP). A web interface is also created to enable smooth communication with the prediction model. Through the usage of this interface, farmers and agr

关键词： Prediction models

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Hyperbolic Contrastive learning for Document Representations - A Multi-View Approach with Paragraph-Level Similarities 27

Hyperbolic Contrastive Learning for Document Representations...

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27th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, ECAI 2024

作者： Nam, Jaeeun Chalkidis, Ilias Rezaei, Mina Department of Statistics LMU Munich Munich Germany Department of Computer Science University of Copenhagen Denmark Munich Center for Machine Learning Munich Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781643685489

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has gained prominence due to the increasing availability of unlabeled data and advances in computational efficiency, leading to revolutionized natural language processing with pre-trained language models like BERT and *** learning, a core concept in SSL, aims to reduce data dimensionality while preserving meaningful *** SSL methods typically embed data in Euclidean ***, recent research has revealed that alternative geometries can hold even richer representations, unlocking more meaningful insights from the *** by this, we propose two novel methods for integrating Hilbert geometry into self-supervised learning for efficient document ***, we present a method directly incorporating Hilbert geometry into the standard Euclidean contrastive learning ***, we propose a multi-view hyperbolic contrastive learning framework contrasting both documents and *** findings demonstrate that contrasting only paragraphs, rather than entire documents, can lead to superior efficiency and effectiveness. © 2024 The Authors.

关键词： Contrastive learning

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DSG: An End-to-End Document Structure Generator 23

DSG: An End-to-End Document Structure Generator

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23rd IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, ICDM 2023

作者： Rausch, Johannes Rashiti, Gentiana Gusev, Maxim Zhang, Ce Feuerriegel, Stefan Eth Zurich Department of Computer Science Switzerland Lmu Munich Munich Center for Machine Learning Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9798350307887

Information in industry, research, and the public sector is widely stored as rendered documents (e.g., PDF files, scans). Hence, to enable downstream tasks, systems are needed that map rendered documents onto a structured hierarchical format. However, existing systems for this task are limited by heuristics and are not end-to-end trainable. In this work, we introduce the Document Structure Generator (DSG), a novel system for document parsing that is fully end-to-end trainable. DSG combines a deep neural network for parsing (i) entities in documents (e.g., figures, text blocks, headers, etc.) and (ii) relations that capture the sequence and nested structure between entities. Unlike existing systems that rely on heuristics, our DSG is trained end-to-end, making it effective and flexible for real-world applications. We further contribute a new, large-scale dataset called E-Periodica comprising real-world magazines with complex document structures for evaluation. Our results demonstrate that our DSG outperforms commercial OCR tools and, on top of that, achieves state-of-the-art performance. To the best of our knowledge, our DSG system is the first end-to-end trainable system for hierarchical document parsing. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Data mining

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IMDL-BenCo: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Codebase for Image Manipulation Detection & Localization 38

IMDL-BenCo: A Comprehensive Benchmark and Codebase for Image...

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38th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NeurIPS 2024

作者： Ma, Xiaochen Zhu, Xuekang Su, Lei Du, Bo Jiang, Zhuohang Tong, Bingkui Lei, Zeyu Yang, Xinyu Pun, Chi-Man Lv, Jiancheng Zhou, Jizhe College of Computer Science Sichuan University China Department of Computer and Information Science University of Macao China Engineering Research Center of Machine Learning and Industry Intelligence MOE China

A comprehensive benchmark is yet to be established in the Image Manipulation Detection & Localization (IMDL) field. The absence of such a benchmark leads to insufficient and misleading model evaluations, severely undermining the development of this field. However, the scarcity of open-sourced baseline models and inconsistent training and evaluation protocols make conducting rigorous experiments and faithful comparisons among IMDL models challenging. To address these challenges, we introduce IMDL-BenCo, the first comprehensive IMDL benchmark and modular codebase. IMDL-BenCo: i) decomposes the IMDL framework into standardized, reusable components and revises the model construction pipeline, improving coding efficiency and customization flexibility;ii) fully implements or incorporates training code for state-of-the-art models to establish a comprehensive IMDL benchmark;and iii) conducts deep analysis based on the established benchmark and codebase, offering new insights into IMDL model architecture, dataset characteristics, and evaluation standards. Specifically, IMDL-BenCo includes common processing algorithms, 8 state-of-the-art IMDL models (1 of which are reproduced from scratch), 2 sets of standard training and evaluation protocols, 15 GPU-accelerated evaluation metrics, and 3 kinds of robustness evaluation. This benchmark and codebase represent a significant leap forward in calibrating the current progress in the IMDL field and inspiring future breakthroughs. Code is available at: https://***/scu-zjz/IMDLBenCo. © 2024 Neural information processing systems foundation. All rights reserved.

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Create! Don’t Repeat: A Paradigm Shift in Multi-Label Augmentation through Label Creative Generation

Create! Don’t Repeat: A Paradigm Shift in Multi-Label Augme...

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2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL 2024

作者： Wang, Letian Liu, Xianggen Lv, Jiancheng College of Computer Science Sichuan University China Engineering Research Center of Machine Learning and Industry Intelligence China

ISBN: (纸本)9798891761148

We propose Label Creative Generation (LCG), a new paradigm in multi-label data augmentation. Beyond repeating data points with fixed labels, LCG creates new data by exploring innovative label combinations. Within LCG, we introduce Tail-Driven Conditional Augmentation (TDCA), combining tail-driven label sampling and label-conditioned text generation for balanced, consistent data augmentation. Our approach has demonstrated a 100.21% increase in PSP@1 across three datasets, successfully mitigating the long-tail effect in MLTC and markedly enhancing model performance. © 2024 Association for Computational Linguistics.

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Privacy Preserving Data Imputation via Multi-party Computation for Medical Applications

Privacy Preserving Data Imputation via Multi-party Computati...

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2024 IEEE International Conference on E-Health Networking, Application and Services, HealthCom 2024

作者： Jentsch, Julia Ünal, Ali Burak Mağara, Şeyma Selcan Akgün, Mete Department of Computer Science Medical Data Privacy and Privacy Preserving Machine Learning Tübingen Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798350350548

ISBN: (纸本)9798350350548

Handling missing data is crucial in machine learning, but many datasets contain gaps due to errors or non-response. Unlike traditional methods such as listwise deletion, which are simple but inadequate, the literature offers more sophisticated and effective methods, thereby improving sample size and accuracy. However, these methods require accessing the whole dataset, which contradicts the privacy regulations when the data is distributed among multiple sources. Especially in the medical and healthcare domain, such access reveals sensitive information about patients. This study addresses privacy-preserving imputation methods for sensitive data using secure multi-party computation, enabling secure computations without revealing any party’s sensitive information. In this study, we realized the mean, median, regression, and kNN imputation methods in a privacy-preserving way. We specifically target the medical and healthcare domains considering the significance of protection of the patient data, showcasing our methods on a diabetes dataset. Experiments on the diabetes dataset validated the correctness of our privacy-preserving imputation methods, yielding the largest error around 3 × 10-3, closely matching plaintext methods. We also analyzed the scalability of our methods to varying numbers of samples, showing their applicability to real-world healthcare problems. Our analysis demonstrated that all our methods scale linearly with the number of samples. Except for kNN, the runtime of all our methods indicates that they can be utilized for large datasets. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Differential privacy

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Understanding and Minimising Outlier Features in Transformer Training 38

Understanding and Minimising Outlier Features in Transformer...

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38th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NeurIPS 2024

作者： He, Bobby Noci, Lorenzo Paliotta, Daniele Schlag, Imanol Hofmann, Thomas Department of Computer Science ETH Zürich Switzerland Machine Learning Group University of Geneva Switzerland

Outlier Features (OFs) are neurons whose activation magnitudes significantly exceed the average over a neural network's (NN) width. They are well known to emerge during standard transformer training and have the undesirable effect of hindering quantisation in afflicted models. Despite their practical importance, little is known behind why OFs emerge during training, nor how one can minimise them. Our work focuses on the above questions, first identifying several quantitative metrics, such as the kurtosis over neuron activation norms, to measure OFs. With these metrics, we study how architectural and optimisation choices influence OFs, and provide practical insights to minimise OFs during training. As highlights, we introduce a novel unnormalised transformer block, the Outlier Protected block, and present a previously unknown benefit of non-diagonal preconditioning optimisers, finding both approaches to significantly reduce OFs and improve quantisation without compromising convergence speed, at scales of up to 7B parameters. Notably, our combination of OP block and non-diagonal preconditioner (SOAP) achieves 14.87 weight-and-activation int8 perplexity (from 14.71 in standard precision), compared to 63.4 int8 perplexity (from 16.00) with a default OF-prone combination of Pre-Norm model and Adam, when quantising OPT-125m models post-training. © 2024 Neural information processing systems foundation. All rights reserved.

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Automated Plant Disease Detection: CNN for Corn Maize, Tomato, and Potato 7th

Automated Plant Disease Detection: CNN for Corn Maize, Tomat...

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7th International Conference on Soft Computing: Theories and Applications, SoCTA 2023

作者： Angeline, R. Aruneshwaran, S. Department of Computer Science and Engineering with Specialization in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning SRM Institute of Science and Technology Ramapuram India

ISBN: (纸本)9789819720880

Plant ailments pose present a significant challenge to the worldwide food security and the agricultural sector. Swift and precise detection of these diseases is pivotal for effectively managing them and preventing crop yield reductions. Lately, advanced deep learning techniques, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have exhibited encouraging outcomes across various tasks involving image recognition. This undertaking strives to create and execute a model founded on CNNs to prognosticate plant diseases through leaf images. The proposed strategy encompasses three main phases: compiling and preparing the data, developing the model architecture, and assessing performance. Initially, an extensive dataset of plant leaf images, encompassing leaves afflicted by diverse diseases, is assembled. The images undergo preprocessing to heighten quality and eliminate disturbances, ensuring a dependable model training process. Subsequently, a CNN structure is devised and trained to employ the dataset. The chosen CNN model adheres to a sequential design, where each layer possesses precisely one input and output. These layers are arranged sequentially to construct the entire network and incorporate multiple convolutional layers such as Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten, and Dense, enabling the learning of features from the input images. The findings underscore that the CNN-centered model for forecasting plant diseases attains remarkable training precision of 99.65%, accompanied by a testing precision of 99.44% and a validation precision of 98.61%, proficiently identifying prevalent ailments like common rust disease in corn plants, bacterial spot infection in tomato crops, and the early blight ailment in potato plants. In conclusion, the proposed CNN-driven prognostic model for plant diseases manifests encouraging outcomes in precisely recognizing these diseases from leaf images. The efficacious application of this model can assist farmers and agricultural specialists in inform

关键词： Fruits

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Energy Aware Routing Mechanism Using AODV Protocol For Low Energy Consumption in WSN 5

Energy Aware Routing Mechanism Using AODV Protocol For Low E...

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5th IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics, Cognition and machine learning Applications, ICCCMLA 2023

作者： Shanmugavalli, R. Krishnaveni, M. Dhivyaprabha, T.T. Subashini, P. Center for Machine Learning Intelligence Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Department of Computer Science Coimbatore India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350338287

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a self-configured and infrastructure-less network that is used to monitor the environmental conditions and transfer sensor data to the desired destination in a particular region. Energy consumption is the most important concern in WSN, which is considered as an active research area. Routing selection is one method that is used to optimize energy in WSN. There are many protocols for discovering a route between two nodes. However, the performance of the Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol is a more suitable one. It is a generic reactive protocol for routing mostly used in MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks) and WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks). This protocol supports unicasting and multicasting and will also identify the shortest path. In this paper, energy-aware routing is implemented in the AODV protocol which is derived from nodes remaining energy. The remaining energy of node is computed by Max-Min energy algorithm in order to extend the network's life span and facilitates to keep the network lively. The performance of AODV is compared with Modified AODV protocols. The comparison is done by various performance metrics such as PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio), throughput, delay time, loss rate, and energy consumption. Analysis on the experimental results showed that MAODV protocol gives better results than traditional AODV protocol and it is also inferred that MAODV avoids too much energy consumption of nodes in the network. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Energy utilization

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