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Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Software engineering

作者： Kurt Schneider Center for LifeLong Learning and Design Department of Computer Science and Institute of Cognitive Science University of Colorado at Boulder Campus Box 430 Boulder CO

ISBN: (纸本)9780818672460

Software prototypes are becoming more and more important, as computer applications invade new domains and as personal prototyping environments become more powerful. Although numerous approaches recommend their use, prototypes are sometimes treated like their developers' personal toys, and little effort is made to extract and share the experiences and knowledge that emerged as a by-product of building the prototype. In this paper, a strategy is proposed to extract crucial pieces of knowledge from a prototype and from its developer. The strategy is based on monitoring explanations that developers give, analyzing their structure, and feeding results back to support and to focus explanations. During this process, the prototype turns into the centerpiece of a hyperstructured information base, which can be used to convey concepts, implementation tricks and experiences. If organizations begin to view-and treat-prototypes as executable representations of knowledge, they can fully capitalize on the assets prototypes really are.

关键词： computer applications

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Measuring predictability using multiscale embedding

Measuring predictability using multiscale embedding

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IEEE Workshop on Neural Networks for Signal Processing

作者： T.M. McCabe V.C. Bjorn A.S. Weigend Department of Computer Science University of Colorado Boulder CO USA Center for Biological and Computational Learning MIT Cambridge MA USA Department of Computer Science and the Institute of Cognitive Science University of Colorado Boulder CO USA

The standard method of embedding time series data is to use a moving window of past values. By the inverse relationship between time and frequency localization, all information contained in frequencies with a period of more than twice the window size is lost using this scheme. Increasing the window size comes at the price of adding more degrees of freedom, and thereby worsening the curse of dimensionality. Wavelets provide a potential solution to this problem. Using multiresolution analysis we can separate the different time-scales in a given time series. Using the single scale representation of a signal we determine whether this method of embedding will aid in the building of predictive linear models. By separating the time series into its component time-scales, we hope to determine at which time-scale the series is most predictable.

关键词： Frequency Signal resolution computer science Sampling methods Multiresolution analysis Wavelet transforms Electric shock Biology computing Embedded computing Cognitive science

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Hidden Markov decision trees 96

Hidden Markov decision trees

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Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems

作者： Michael I. Jordan Zoubin Ghahramani Lawrence K. Saul Center for Biological and Computational Learning Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA Department of Computer Science University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada

We study a time series model that can be viewed as a decision tree with Markov temporal structure. The model is intractable for exact calculations, thus we utilize variational approximations. We consider three different distributions for the approximation: one in which the Markov calculations are performed exactly and the layers of the decision tree are decoupled, one in which the decision tree calculations are performed exactly and the time steps of the Markov chain are decoupled, and one in which a Viterbi-like assumption is made to pick out a single most likely state sequence. We present simulation results for artificial data and the Bach chorales.

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Influence of human engineering on manning levels and human performance on ships

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1997年第5期109卷 67-76页

作者： Anderson, DE Oberman, FR Malone, TB Baker, CC David E. Anderson:has a bachelor of science degree in environmental engineering from Florida Technological University and a master's degree in environmental engineering from the University of Central Florida. He is a graduate of the Naval Sea Systems Command's Engineer-In-Training (EIT) Program. Mr. Anderson was instrumental in introducing the collective protection system (CPS) in the U.S. Navy developing the initial forward-fit package for the USS Gunston Hall and the engineering change proposal (ECP) for the USS Wasp. In 1990 he joined the Human Systems Integration (HSI) Division (SEA 55W5) where he was task leader for auxiliary ships. He is currently the HSI manager for the future technology variant of the SeaLift ship and the future carrier. Association of Scientists and Engineers 33rdAnnual Technical Symposium 26 April 1996. Fred R. Oberman:has B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Chicago and Loyola University (experimental psychology) and an M.S. degree in industrial engineering and operations research from Virginia Polytechnic Institute (VPI). He has more than 30 years experience in HSI management planning research analysis design and testing in government and private sector positions. He is currently responsible for NavSea HSI generic research and tool development efforts. He is responsible for Human Engineering Specifications and Standards (Commercial Hypertext) and is the NavSea 03D7 representative on HSI in Performance Specifications and for integration of HSI within Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). He has served as DoD HSI SubTAG chair and member of the Simulation and Modeling Test and Evaluation Display and Control Systems Human Computer Interaction Specifications and Standards and Systems Design Sub Tags as a member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) Systems Safety Panel and a member of NATO RSG 14 on man-machine analysis. Thomas B. Malone: CHFEP received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from Fordham University in 1964. He is president of Carlow

The objectives of Human Engineering (HE) are generally viewed as increasing human performance, reducing human error, enhancing personnel and equipment safety, and reducing training and related personnel costs. There are other benefits that are thoroughly consistent with the direction of the Navy of the future, chief among these is reduction of required numbers of personnel to operate and maintain Navy ships. The Naval Research Advisory Committee (NRAC) report on Man-machine Technology in the Navy estimated that one of the benefits from increased application of man-machine technology to Navy ship design is personnel reduction as well as improving system availability, effectiveness, and safety The objective of this paper is to discuss aspects of the human engineering design of ships and systems that affect manning requirements, and impact human-performance and safety The paper will also discuss how the application of human engineering leads to improved performance, and crew safety, and reduced workload, all of which influence manning levels. Finally, the paper presents a discussion of tools and case studies of good human engineering design practices which reduce manning.

关键词： Human engineering

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A novel approach to optical character recognition based on ring-projection-wavelet-fractal signatures

A novel approach to optical character recognition based on r...

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13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, ICPR 1996

作者： Tang, Yuan Y. Li, Bing F. Ma, Hong Liu, Jiming Leung, C.H. Suen, Ching Y. Department of Computing Studies Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong Hong Kong Department of Computer Science China Department of Mathematics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610064 China Department of Electrical and Electroiiic Eng. University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Center for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence Concordia University Montreal QC H3G 1M8 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)081867282X

In this paper, we present a novel approach to optical character recognition that utilizes ring-projection-wavelet-fractal-signatures. In particular, the proposed approach reduces the dimensionality of a two-dimensional pattern by way of a ring-projection method, and thereafter, performs Daubechies' wavelet transform on the derived one-dimensional pattern to generate a set of wavelet sub-patterns, namely, curves that are non-self intersecting. Further from the resulting non-self intersecting curves, the divider dimensions are readily computed. These divider dimensions constitute a new characteristic vector for the original two-dimensional pattern, defined over the curves' fractal dimensions. © 1996 IEEE.

关键词： Optical character recognition

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A novel approach to optical character recognition based on ring-projection-wavelet-fractal signatures

A novel approach to optical character recognition based on r...

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International Conference on Pattern Recognition

作者： Yuan Y. Tang Bing F. Li Hong Ma Jiming Liu C.H. Leung Ching Y. Suen Center for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence Concordia University Montreal QUE Canada Department of Computing Studies Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong China Department of Computer Science Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China Department of Mathematics Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

关键词： Optical character recognition software Character recognition Wavelet transforms Wavelet analysis Fractals Signal processing algorithms Pattern recognition Application software Optical signal processing computer science

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Using Discourse Analysis and Automatic Text Generation to Study Discourse Cue Usage

Using Discourse Analysis and Automatic Text Generation to St...

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1995 AAAI Spring Symposium

作者： Moser, Megan Moore, Johanna D. University of Pittsburgh Learning Research & Development Center Department of Linguistics PittsburghPA15260 United States University of Pittsburgh Department of Computer Science Learning Research & Development Center PittsburghPA15260 United States

Our two stage methodologyfor the study of cue usagecoordinates an exhaustive corpus analysis witha system fortextgeneration. Coding ofthe corpus usesRelational Discourse Analysis, a synthesis oftwoprevious accounts ofdiscourse *** stageofourstudy, hypotheses about cue usage are evaluated and refined using the corpus analysis. Several initial results conccrning howcuesmarksegment structure arepresented here. Inthesecond stage of our study, the results ofthecorpus analysis areusedt odeterminea set of heuristics to beimplemented ina system fortextgeneration. Theautomatic generation oftexts isthenusedtoexercise andfurther evaluate theheuristics forcueplacement. © 1995, AAAI (***). All rights reserved.

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Investigating cue selection and placement in tutorial discourse 33

Investigating cue selection and placement in tutorial discou...

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33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL 1995

作者： Moser, Megan Moore, Johanna D. Learning Research and Dev. Center Department of Linguistics University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States Department of Computer Science Learning Research and Dev. Center University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA15260 United States

Our goal is to identify the features that predict cue selection and placement in order to devise strategies for automatic text generation. Much previous work in this area has relied on ad hoc methods. Our coding scheme for the exhaustive analysis of discourse allows a systematic evaluation and refinement of hypotheses concerning cues. We report two results based on this analysis: a comparison of the distribution of SINCE and BECAUSE in our corpus, and the impact of embeddedness on cue selection. © ACL *** right reserved.

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Deceived by ease of use: Using paradigmatic applications to build visual design environments 95

Deceived by ease of use: Using paradigmatic applications to ...

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1st Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques, DIS 1995

作者： Schneider, Kurt Repenning, Alexander Department of Computer Science and Center for LifeLong Learning and Design University of Colorado at Boulder Campus Box 430 BoulderCO80309-0430 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897916735

Application frameworks for visual design environments usually offer a wide range of features and easyto-use mechanisms to develop applications. We observed that sometimes those features deceive application designers: Tempted by the desire to make rapid progress, designers go into too much detail about easy things too early in the process, like graphical representations. After the easy-To-use mechanisms have been exploited, they find themselves stuck and frustrated. Premature design decisions made during the feature-driven phase can corrupt application system architecture or require abandonment of much work. Extensive rework endangers project success. Paradigmatic applications can help to bridge the gap between application framework features and intended application-better than manuals or additional features can. As examples and sources for reusable components, this special kind of exemplary applicationsdirects the attention of designers to higher-level building blocks and helps them to avoid premature feature exploitation. We characterize paradigmatic applications and describe their impact on the design process. © 1995 ACM.

关键词： computer software reusability

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From domain modeling to collaborative domain construction 95

From domain modeling to collaborative domain construction

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1st Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques, DIS 1995

作者： Fischer, Gerhard Lindstaedtl, Stefanie Ostwald, Jonathan Stolze, Markus Sumner, Tamara Zimmermamz, Beatrix Department of Computer Science and the Center for LifeLong Learning and Design University of Colorado BoulderCO80309-0430 United States NYNEX Science and Technology 500 Westchester Avenue White PlainsNY10604 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897916735

Domain-oriented systems offer many potential benefits for end-users such as more intuitive interfaces, better task support, and knowledge-based assistance. A key challenge for system developers constructing domain-oriented systems is determining what the current domain is and what the future domain should be;i.e. what entities should the system embody and how should they be represented. Determining an appropriate domain model is challenging because domains are not static entities that objectively exist, but instead they are dynamic entities that are constructed over time by a community of practice. New software development models and new computational tools are needed that support these communities to create initial models of the domain and to evolve these models over time to meet changing needs and practices. We describe a specific software development model and computational tools that enable domain practitioners to participate in domain construction processes. © 1995 ACM.

关键词： Software design

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