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"Survey and analysis of blockchain technologies with respect to: properties, algorithms, architecture, models, evolution and framework"

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第14期84卷 13571-13615页

作者： Tiwari, Nikita Ranjan, Prakash Biswal, Pradeep Kumar Barde, Chetan Sinha, Neha Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Bhagalpur Bhagalpur India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Bhagalpur Bhagalpur India

The growing realm of blockchain technology has captivated researchers and practitioners alike with its promise of decentralized, secure, and transparent transactions. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and analysis of various blockchain technologies, focusing on their fundamental properties, architectural designs, operational models, evolutionary trends, and overarching frameworks. Through an extensive review of existing literature and empirical studies, this research synthesizes the multifaceted landscape of blockchain, elucidating key concepts such as consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, scalability, interoperability, and privacy protocols. By examining the evolution of blockchain from its inception to its current state and beyond, this paper delineates the trajectory of technological advancements and identifies emerging paradigms. Furthermore, it critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of diverse blockchain architectures and models, offering insights into their applicability across different domains and use cases. Finally, this study culminates in the proposal of a comprehensive framework that encapsulates the essential elements necessary for understanding, implementing, and harnessing the transformative potential of blockchain technologies. Through this holistic analysis, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of blockchain ecosystems and provides valuable guidance for future research directions and practical implementations. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Blockchain

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Wide field of view large aperture meta-doublet eyepiece

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Light(science & Applications) 2025年第1期14卷 167-176页

作者： Anna Wirth-Singh Johannes E.Fröch Fan Yang Louis Martin Hanyu Zheng Hualiang Zhang Quentin T.Tanguy Zhihao Zhou Luocheng Huang Demis DJohn Biljana Stamenic Juejun Hu Tian Gu Arka Majumdar Department of Physics University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of MassachusettsLowellMAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA

Wide field of view and light weight optics are critical for advanced eyewear,with applications in augmented/virtual reality and night *** refractive lenses are often stacked to correct aberrations at a wide field of view,leading to limited performance and increased size and *** particular,simultaneously achieving a wide field of view and large aperture for light collection is desirable but challenging to realize in a compact ***,we demonstrate a wide field of view(greater than 60°)meta-optic doublet eyepiece with an entrance aperture of 2.1 *** the design wavelength of 633 nm,the meta-optic doublet achieves comparable performance to a refractive lens-based eyepiece *** meta-doublet eyepiece illustrates the potential for meta-optics to play an important role in the development of high-quality monochrome near-eye displays and night vision systems.

关键词： optics refractive illustrate

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Optimized Neural Network for Automated Cardiovascular Disease Classification: Meta-heuristic Enabled Model

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SN computer science 2025年第1期6卷 1-14页

作者： Kusuma, S. Jothi, K.R. Department of Computer Science & Engineering (Data Science) Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle India School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore India

Cardiovascular disease remains a major issue for mortality and morbidity, making accurate classification crucial. This paper introduces a novel heart disease classification model utilizing Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The model consists of two main steps: feature extraction using a refined Lion Algorithm with New Mutated evaluation (LA-NM) and classification through an ensemble approach combined with a Neural Network (NN). The proposed model significantly outperforms traditional classifiers. At 80% training data, it achieves accuracy improvements of 8.4% to 3.11% over Neural Network (NN), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and ensemble models. At 90% training data, it shows precision improvements ranging from 1.03% to 0.31% better than the comparison models and specificity improvements ranging from 13.92% to 0.52%. These results underscore the effectiveness of the model and suggest its potential for further development in personalized treatment recommendations based on patient history. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Ensemble models Feature extraction Heart disease classification Neural network Optimization

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MOHSQO: Multi objective harmony search algorithm based QoS optimization in delay tolerant networks

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-26页

作者： Sonkar, Nidhi Pandey, Sudhakar Kumar, Sanjay Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Warangal Hanamkonda India Department of Information Technology National Institute of Technology Raipur Raipur India

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have the ability to make communication possible without end-to-end connectivity using store-carry-forward technique. Efficient data dissemination in DTNs is very challenging problem due to compromising in Quality-of-Service (QoS) metrics such as delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and overhead ratio. That means, if an algorithm is design to find highest delivery ratio, then the algorithm does not bother about delay and overhead ratio. Researchers tried to improve the performance of network but, none of them had given satisfactory results to make a balance between all QoS metrics. In this paper, we have proposed a novel approach to optimize the performance of the network using Multi objective harmony search algorithm by creating a balance between all QoS metrics. Harmony search algorithm considers number of QoS parameters simultaneously. We have used characteristics of the node (Speed, residual energy, buffer capacity and encounters) to select the optimum forwarder node so that we can balance the performance metrics for network optimization. We have used ONE (Opportunistic Network Environment) simulator to simulate the proposed method and compared with exiting techniques. By analyzing the results, we can say that proposed method has the optimum performance. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Delay tolerant networks

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Optimized graph transformer with molecule attention network based multi class attack detection framework for enhancing privacy and security in WSN

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第15期84卷 14273-14304页

作者： Anoop, M. Mary, L. William Wilson, Allan J. Kiran, W.S. Department of Computer Science and Application SRM Institute of Science and Technology Ramapuram campus Chennai600089 India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Amrita College of Engineering and Technology Nagercoil India

In today's rapidly evolving network landscape, cybersecurity has become increasingly crucial. However, wireless sensor networks face unique challenges due to their limited resources and diverse composition, high computational demands, diminished accuracy rates, making them susceptible to a wide array of cyber threats. To tackle these challenges, this research introduced a novel method known as Optimized Graph Transformer with Molecule Attention Network (OGTMAN) on the fusion of Secure Multi-party Computation (SMC) and differential privacy aimed at enhancing privacy and security. This approach starts with data preprocessing, employing min–max normalization to address dataset imbalances. N-Tuple Contrastive Learning with Generative transformer(N-TCLG)feature extractor distinguish between different classes of data instances and effectively learns representations that capture relevant information about network traffic patterns Further, feature selection by enhanced chi-square statistics with kepler algorithm, is utilized to assess the significance of each feature in characteristic between normal network behavior and malicious activities further refines the feature selection method by optimizing the selection criteria based on the statistical properties of the dataset. Finally, the proposed OGTMAN classifies various attacks based on their behavioural patterns with the help of enhanced ant aphid optimization with adaptive step factor. Ultimately, this fine-tuning yield superior model training outcomes, resulting more accurate attack classification outcomes. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, datasets encompassing with KDD Cup 99 datasets are employed. The efficiency of the introduced method is demonstrated when compared with prevailing attack detection methods in terms of accuracy, recall, precision and F-measure of 99.98%, 99.5%.,99.9% and 99.5% respectively. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer N

关键词： Molecules

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Efficient Edge-AI with Binarized Neural Networks and CMOS Image Sensors: A Sparsity-Driven Approach

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Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 2025年 1-17页

作者： Kisku, Wilfred Kaur, Amandeep Mishra, Deepak Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Rajasthan India

With the increasing adoption of Edge AI devices, designing efficient machine learning systems requires optimizing both computational models and sensor architectures. While, Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) offer a promising solution by significantly reducing memory and computational demands, this work introduces a co-design methodology that integrates sparsity with reduced ADC precision during acquisition at the sensor level to enhance efficiency. The approach involves edge extraction within images in the analog domain, followed by selective quantization level at the ADC, reducing redundant information before digital processing. The impact of varying sparsity levels, defined by [4, 3, 2, 1] conversion bits, is evaluated on BNN models, including AlexNet, VGG, ResNet, SqueezeNet, and MobileNet. Experimental results on CIFAR-10 and STL-10 datasets demonstrate that reducing ADC precision from 4-bit to 1-bit leads to an approximate 10% accuracy drop (from 65.27% to 54.85% in AlexNet on CIFAR-10), while achieving significant reductions in memory and power consumption. Specifically, the proposed approach reduces ADC power by approximately 94%, lowering energy requirements from 15.61 mW to 0.86 mW for a 32×32 pixel array. These results validate the effectiveness of sensor-driven sparsity in enabling energy-efficient AI inference, highlighting its potential for real-world edge computing applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Edge detection

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Multi-modal fusion and vision transformers for robust early AMD prediction

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Evolving Systems 2025年第2期16卷 1-22页

作者： Annamalai, Akila Palani, Durgadevi Department of Computer Science and Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Vadapalani Campus Chennai India

Age-related macular degeneration is a chronic disease affecting a central area of the retina. Accurate disease identification aids in slowing down the progression of age-related macular degeneration and preserving vision. Various traditional techniques have been developed for effective age-related macular degeneration detection. However, traditional approaches failed to detect and classify the disease accurately and it consumes more time. However, traditional approaches failed to detect and classify age-related macular degeneration accurately. This research paper proposed an efficient model named as Multi-Modal Vision transformer model for the early and accurate prediction of age-related macular degeneration. This study aims to combine information from the Color Fundus Photography and Optical Coherence Tomography streams for performing efficient age-related macular degeneration diagnosis. The input images are needed to be preprocessed to enhance the image quality and make it suitable for further processing. The proposed framework integrated a Cascaded group attention transformer block which extracts the significant features from these modalities effectively. This block has the ability to solve computational complexity issues and attention head redundancy problems. Further, the multi-modal fusion method based on self-attention is introduced for fusing the features from Color Fundus Photography and Optical Coherence Tomography images. This fusion model is trained by applying both standard backpropagation and random gradient descent algorithms. For multi-class classification tasks, the fused features are classified into different classes based on the decision score. To visualize the single-modal and multi-modal output images in a heat map we applied a Class Activation Mapping model. Furthermore, the proposed technique is conducted on the Python platform and the performance is evaluated on different datasets with significant evaluation measures. This technique achieves

关键词： Image enhancement

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An efficient deep learning model for early disease detection in vegetable crops

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年 1-20页

作者： Bhola, Amit Kumar, Prabhat School of Computer Science and Engineering Sharda University Greater Noida201310 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna Bihar Patna800005 India

Plant diseases significantly threaten global food security and economic stability by reducing crop yields, increasing production costs, and exacerbating food shortages. Early and precise detection of plant diseases is essential for mitigating these risks. This study introduces a lightweight deep learning model for early and efficient disease detection in key vegetable crops, including eggplant, potato, tomato, and soybean. The model leverages a comprehensive dataset containing 23 classes of healthy and diseased plant images. With only 388,055 parameters and a model size of 1.48 MB, it achieves an impressive accuracy of 92.75%, outperforming 17 state-of-the-art deep learning models in terms of performance, efficiency, and size. The novelty lies in the model’s compact architecture, making it highly suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments such as mobile and edge devices. The primary objective is to provide a scalable and cost-effective solution for early disease detection to enhance agricultural productivity. The findings underscore the model’s superiority over traditional methods and emphasize its potential for real-world applications in smart and sustainable agriculture systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Smart agriculture

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Semantic Segmentation of Lumbar Vertebrae Using Meijering U-Net(MU-Net)on Spine Magnetic Resonance Images

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computer Modeling in engineering & sciences 2025年第1期142卷 733-757页

作者： Lakshmi S V V Shiloah Elizabeth Darmanayagam Sunil Retmin Raj Cyril Department of Computer Science and Engineering College of Engineering GuindyAnna UniversityChennai600025India Department of Information Technology Madras Institute of TechnologyAnna UniversityChrompetChennai600044India

Lower back pain is one of the most common medical problems in the world and it is experienced by a huge percentage of people *** to its ability to produce a detailed view of the soft tissues,including the spinal cord,nerves,intervertebral discs,and vertebrae,Magnetic Resonance Imaging is thought to be the most effective method for imaging the *** semantic segmentation of vertebrae plays a major role in the diagnostic process of lumbar *** is difficult to semantically partition the vertebrae in Magnetic Resonance Images from the surrounding variety of tissues,including muscles,ligaments,and intervertebral discs.U-Net is a powerful deep-learning architecture to handle the challenges of medical image analysis tasks and achieves high segmentation *** work proposes a modified U-Net architecture namely MU-Net,consisting of the Meijering convolutional layer that incorporates the Meijering filter to perform the semantic segmentation of lumbar vertebrae L1 to L5 and sacral vertebra ***-colour mask images were generated and used as ground truth for training the *** work has been carried out on 1312 images expanded from T1-weighted mid-sagittal MRI images of 515 patients in the Lumbar Spine MRI Dataset publicly available from Mendeley *** proposed MU-Net model for the semantic segmentation of the lumbar vertebrae gives better performance with 98.79%of pixel accuracy(PA),98.66%of dice similarity coefficient(DSC),97.36%of Jaccard coefficient,and 92.55%mean Intersection over Union(mean IoU)metrics using the mentioned dataset.

关键词： computer aided diagnosis(CAD) magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) semantic segmentation lumbar vertebrae deep learning U-Net model

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Security to text (S2T): multi-layered based security approaches for secret text content

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第15期84卷 15151-15171页

作者： Kashid, Shamal Awasthi, Lalit K. Berwal, Krishan Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand IN Srinagar India Faculty of Communication Engineering Military College of Telecommunication Engineering IN Mhow India

In the digital world, text data is produced in an unstructured manner across various communication channels. Extracting valuable information from such data with security is crucial and requires the development of techniques in text mining, information retrieval, and natural language processing (NLP). To solve this issue, we introduce two novel approaches: keyword extraction (KE) and a multi-layered secret sharing scheme (MLSS) to provide security to extracted keywords rather than overall text documents. The KE approach encompasses a sequence of text pre-processing procedures, including tokenization, stopword removal, stemming, and bag of words representation, followed by indexing. This methodology aims to efficiently extract keywords from text datasets. For this research work, we have proposed three datasets, including text messages, whatsapp messages, and electronic mail. MLSS enhances the security of extracted textual data by leveraging text pre-processing steps. This scheme ensures better confidentiality and the non-revealment of sensitive information. Additionally, we evaluate our KE model on our dataset as well as on standard datasets. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed security to text (S2T) model, which outperform existing state-of-the-art approaches. The model obtains a 100% correlation between the reconstructed text and the original text. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Extraction

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