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A recover-then-discriminate framework for robust anomaly detection

science China(Information sciences) 2025年第4期68卷 300-318页

作者： Peng XING Dong ZHANG Jinhui TANG Zechao LI School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Anomaly detection(AD) has been extensively studied and applied across various scenarios in recent years. However, gaps remain between the current performance and the desired recognition accuracy required for practical *** paper analyzes two fundamental failure cases in the baseline AD model and identifies key reasons that limit the recognition accuracy of existing approaches. Specifically, by Case-1, we found that the main reason detrimental to current AD methods is that the inputs to the recovery model contain a large number of detailed features to be recovered, which leads to the normal/abnormal area has not/has been recovered into its original state. By Case-2, we surprisingly found that the abnormal area that cannot be recognized in image-level representations can be easily recognized in the feature-level representation. Based on the above observations, we propose a novel recover-then-discriminate(ReDi) framework for *** takes a self-generated feature map(e.g., histogram of oriented gradients) and a selected prompted image as explicit input information to address the identified in Case-1. Additionally, a feature-level discriminative network is introduced to amplify abnormal differences between the recovered and input representations. Extensive experiments on two widely used yet challenging AD datasets demonstrate that ReDi achieves state-of-the-art recognition accuracy.

关键词： recovery network HOG prompt discriminative network self-correlation loss anomaly detection

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Privacy-preserving filtering, control and optimization for industrial cyber-physical systems

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science China(Information sciences) 2025年第4期68卷 267-283页

作者： Derui DING Qing-Long HAN Xiaohua GE Xian-Ming ZHANG Jun WANG Department of Control Science and Engineering University of Shanghai for Science and Technology School of Engineering Swinburne University of Technology Department of Computer Science City University of Hong Kong

Industrial cyber-physical systems closely integrate physical processes with cyberspace, enabling real-time exchange of various information about system dynamics, sensor outputs, and control decisions. The connection between cyberspace and physical processes results in the exposure of industrial production information to unprecedented security risks. It is imperative to develop suitable strategies to ensure cyber security while meeting basic performance *** the perspective of control engineering, this review presents the most up-to-date results for privacy-preserving filtering,control, and optimization in industrial cyber-physical systems. Fashionable privacy-preserving strategies and mainstream evaluation metrics are first presented in a systematic manner for performance evaluation and engineering *** discussion discloses the impact of typical filtering algorithms on filtering performance, specifically for privacy-preserving Kalman filtering. Then, the latest development of industrial control is systematically investigated from consensus control of multi-agent systems, platoon control of autonomous vehicles as well as hierarchical control of power systems. The focus thereafter is on the latest privacy-preserving optimization algorithms in the framework of consensus and their applications in distributed economic dispatch issues and energy management of networked power systems. In the end, several topics for potential future research are highlighted.

关键词： industrial cyber-physical systems privacy preservation distributed control distributed optimization power systems

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Enhanced Acceleration for Generalized Nonconvex Low-Rank Matrix Learning

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Chinese Journal of Electronics 2025年第1期34卷 98-113页

作者： Hengmin Zhang Jian Yang Wenli Du Bob Zhang Zhiyuan Zha Bihan Wen School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology School of Information Science and Engineering East China University of Science and Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Macau

Matrix minimization techniques that employ the nuclear norm have gained recognition for their applicability in tasks like image inpainting, clustering, classification, and reconstruction. However, they come with inherent biases and computational burdens, especially when used to relax the rank function, making them less effective and efficient in real-world scenarios. To address these challenges, our research focuses on generalized nonconvex rank regularization problems in robust matrix completion, low-rank representation, and robust matrix regression. We introduce innovative approaches for effective and efficient low-rank matrix learning, grounded in generalized nonconvex rank relaxations inspired by various substitutes for the ?0-norm relaxed functions. These relaxations allow us to more accurately capture low-rank structures. Our optimization strategy employs a nonconvex and multi-variable alternating direction method of multipliers, backed by rigorous theoretical analysis for complexity and *** algorithm iteratively updates blocks of variables, ensuring efficient convergence. Additionally, we incorporate the randomized singular value decomposition technique and/or other acceleration strategies to enhance the computational efficiency of our approach, particularly for large-scale constrained minimization problems. In conclusion, our experimental results across a variety of image vision-related application tasks unequivocally demonstrate the superiority of our proposed methodologies in terms of both efficacy and efficiency when compared to most other related learning methods.

关键词： Learning systems Image recognition Minimization Computational efficiency Complexity theory Matrix decomposition Optimization Image reconstruction Singular value decomposition Convergence

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Task offloading delay minimization in vehicular edge computing based on vehicle trajectory prediction

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Digital Communications and Networks 2025年第2期11卷 537-546页

作者： Feng Zeng Zheng Zhang Jinsong Wu School of Computer Science and Engineering Central South University School of Artificial Intelligence Guilin University of Electronic Technology The Department of Computer Science Universidad de Chile

In task offloading, the movement of vehicles causes the switching of connected RSUs and servers, which may lead to task offloading failure or high service delay. In this paper, we analyze the impact of vehicle movements on task offloading and reveal that data preparation time for task execution can be minimized via forward-looking scheduling. Then, a Bi-LSTM-based model is proposed to predict the trajectories of vehicles. The service area is divided into several equal-sized grids. If the actual position of the vehicle and the predicted position by the model belong to the same grid, the prediction is considered correct, thereby reducing the difficulty of vehicle trajectory prediction. Moreover, we propose a scheduling strategy for delay optimization based on the vehicle trajectory prediction. Considering the inevitable prediction error, we take some edge servers around the predicted area as candidate execution servers and the data required for task execution are backed up to these candidate servers, thereby reducing the impact of prediction deviations on task offloading and converting the modest increase of resource overheads into delay reduction in task offloading. Simulation results show that, compared with other classical schemes, the proposed strategy has lower average task offloading delays.

关键词： Vehicular edge computing Task offloading Vehicle trajectory prediction Delay minimization Bi-LSTM model

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Multiple-event-triggered adaptive fuzzy output-feedback control for MIMO uncertain nonlinear systems

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science China(Technological sciences) 2025年第2期68卷 216-226页

作者： Shuai SUI Yu YANG Shaocheng TONG C.L.Philip CHEN School of Science Liaoning University of TechnologyJinzhou 121001China School of Computer Science and Engineering South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510006China

The article addresses the output-feedback control issue for a class of multi-input multi-output(MIMO)uncertain nonlinear systems with multiple event-triggered mechanisms(ETM).Compared to previous event-triggering studies,this paper aims to trigger both the output and filtered *** nonlinear dynamics are approximated using fuzzy logic systems(FLSs).Then,a novel kind of state observer has been designed to deal with unmeasurable state problems using the triggered output *** sampled estimated state,the triggered output signal,and the filtered signal are utilized to propose an event-triggering mechanism that consists of sensor-to-observer(SO)and observer-to-controller(OC).An event-triggered output feedback control approach is given inside backstepping control,whereby the filter may be employed to circumvent the issue of the virtual control function not being differentiable at the trigger *** is testified that,according to the Lyapunov stability analysis scheme,all closed-loop signals and the system output are ultimately uniformly constrained by our control ***,the simulation examples are performed to confirm the theoretical findings.

关键词： event-triggered control(ETC) dynamic surface control(DSC) output-feedback control fuzzy adaptive control

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A Novel CAPTCHA Recognition System Based on Refined Visual Attention

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第4期83卷 115-136页

作者： Zaid Derea Beiji Zou Xiaoyan Kui Monir Abdullah Alaa Thobhani Amr Abdussalam School of Computer Science and Engineering Central South UniversityChangsha410083China College of Computer Science and Information Technology Wasit UniversityWasit52001Iraq Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence College of Computing and Information TechnologyUniversity of BishaBisha67714Saudi Arabia Electronic Engineering and Information Science Department University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China

Improving website security to prevent malicious online activities is crucial,and CAPTCHA(Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell computers and Humans Apart)has emerged as a key strategy for distinguishing human users from automated ***-based CAPTCHAs,designed to be easily decipherable by humans yet challenging for machines,are a common form of this ***,advancements in deep learning have facilitated the creation of models adept at recognizing these text-based CAPTCHAs with surprising *** our comprehensive investigation into CAPTCHA recognition,we have tailored the renowned UpDown image captioning model specifically for this *** approach innovatively combines an encoder to extract both global and local features,significantly boosting the model’s capability to identify complex details within CAPTCHA *** the decoding phase,we have adopted a refined attention mechanism,integrating enhanced visual attention with dual layers of Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)networks to elevate CAPTCHA recognition *** rigorous testing across four varied datasets,including those from Weibo,BoC,Gregwar,and Captcha 0.3,demonstrates the versatility and effectiveness of our *** results not only highlight the efficiency of our approach but also offer profound insights into its applicability across different CAPTCHA types,contributing to a deeper understanding of CAPTCHA recognition technology.

关键词： Text-based CAPTCHA recognition refined visual attention web security computer vision

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Test Case Optimization using Machine Learning based Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Approach

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Journal of Electronic Testing: Theory and Applications (JETTA) 2025年 1-20页

作者： Rao, Gajender Nandal, Deepak Research Scholar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology Hisar India

Software testing is a critical task that can be used to ensure the quality of the end product. Different types of applications process the input data with respect to a specific operation and its outcomes are generated accordingly. It is essential to test each application as per the supported functionality, and it is also necessary to optimize the test cases for applications to reduce the computational cost. To achieve this goal, there is a need to design different test cases as well as an intelligent solution is required to select and optimize the test cases according to the requirements. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) both are capable enough to produce the optimal solutions for software testing. However, there is no provision to perform the classification over their outcomes with respect to test case optimization using machine learning support. This paper presents a hybrid meta-heuristic method that selects the test cases on behalf of their attributes as well as it also performs classification over the test cases under the constraints of the test case’s attributes. For experiments, different classifiers are used (i.e. k-nearest neighbour (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Logistic Regression (LOG), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gaussian Naive Bayes (GNB), Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and Random Forest (RDF) etc.) and analysis shows that GNB and SGD classifiers both have optimal accuracy, precision & recall values. As compared to existing algorithms, i.e. traditional PSO and Genetic algorithm, it outperforms in terms of optimal number of detected errors (1821), error rate (91.05) and coverage rate (90.86363636). The Proposed scheme can be extended to optimize the test cases for other software types, along with real-time interaction and dataset updation support for software testers. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Random forests

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A survey on cross-user federated recommendation

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science China(Information sciences) 2025年第4期68卷 7-32页

作者： Enyue YANG Yudi XIONG Wei YUAN Weike PAN Qiang YANG Zhong MING College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Shenzhen University School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Queensland WeBank AI Lab WeBank Department of Computer Science and Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology College of Big Data and Internet Shenzhen Technology University Guangdong Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Economy (SZ)

Recommender systems are effective in mitigating information overload, yet the centralized storage of user data raises significant privacy concerns. Cross-user federated recommendation(CUFR) provides a promising distributed paradigm to address these concerns by enabling privacy-preserving recommendations directly on user devices. In this survey, we review and categorize current progress in CUFR, focusing on four key aspects: privacy, security, accuracy, and efficiency. Firstly,we conduct an in-depth privacy analysis, discuss various cases of privacy leakage, and then review recent methods for privacy protection. Secondly, we analyze security concerns and review recent methods for untargeted and targeted *** untargeted attack methods, we categorize them into data poisoning attack methods and parameter poisoning attack methods. For targeted attack methods, we categorize them into user-based methods and item-based methods. Thirdly,we provide an overview of the federated variants of some representative methods, and then review the recent methods for improving accuracy from two categories: data heterogeneity and high-order information. Fourthly, we review recent methods for improving training efficiency from two categories: client sampling and model compression. Finally, we conclude this survey and explore some potential future research topics in CUFR.

关键词： cross-user federated recommendation federated recommendation federated learning recommender systems user privacy

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Privacy-preserving explainable AI: a survey

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science China(Information sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 23-56页

作者： Thanh Tam NGUYEN Thanh Trung HUYNH Zhao REN Thanh Toan NGUYEN Phi Le NGUYEN Hongzhi YIN Quoc Viet Hung NGUYEN School of Information and Communication Technology Griffith University School of Computer and Communication Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Bremen Faculty of Information Technology HUTECH University Department of Computer Science Hanoi University of Science and Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Queensland

As the adoption of explainable AI(XAI) continues to expand, the urgency to address its privacy implications intensifies. Despite a growing corpus of research in AI privacy and explainability, there is little attention on privacy-preserving model explanations. This article presents the first thorough survey about privacy attacks on model explanations and their countermeasures. Our contribution to this field comprises a thorough analysis of research papers with a connected taxonomy that facilitates the categorization of privacy attacks and countermeasures based on the targeted explanations. This work also includes an initial investigation into the causes of privacy leaks. Finally, we discuss unresolved issues and prospective research directions uncovered in our analysis. This survey aims to be a valuable resource for the research community and offers clear insights for those new to this domain. To support ongoing research, we have established an online resource repository, which will be continuously updated with new and relevant findings.

关键词： privacy-preserving explainable AI privacy attacks privacy defences PrivEx PPXAI

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Integration of data science with the intelligent IoT(IIoT): Current challenges and future perspectives

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Digital Communications and Networks 2025年第2期11卷 280-298页

作者： Inam Ullah Deepak Adhikari Xin Su Francesco Palmieri Celimuge Wu Chang Choi Department of Computer Engineering Gachon University University of Electronic Science and Technology of China College of Information Science and Engineering Hohai University Department of Computer Science University of Salerno Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering The University of Electro-Communications

The Intelligent Internet of Things(IIoT) involves real-world things that communicate or interact with each other through networking technologies by collecting data from these “things” and using intelligent approaches, such as Artificial Intelligence(AI) and machine learning, to make accurate decisions. Data science is the science of dealing with data and its relationships through intelligent approaches. Most state-of-the-art research focuses independently on either data science or IIoT, rather than exploring their integration. Therefore, to address the gap, this article provides a comprehensive survey on the advances and integration of data science with the Intelligent IoT(IIoT) system by classifying the existing IoT-based data science techniques and presenting a summary of various characteristics. The paper analyzes the data science or big data security and privacy features, including network architecture, data protection, and continuous monitoring of data, which face challenges in various IoT-based systems. Extensive insights into IoT data security, privacy, and challenges are visualized in the context of data science for IoT. In addition, this study reveals the current opportunities to enhance data science and IoT market development. The current gap and challenges faced in the integration of data science and IoT are comprehensively presented, followed by the future outlook and possible solutions.

关键词： Data science Internet of things (IoT) Big data Communication systems Networks Security Data science analytics

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