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A brief review on Quantum Key Distribution Protocols

Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-40页

作者： Kumar, Mandeep Mondal, Bhaskar Department of Computer Science & Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna Bihar Patna800005 India

Development in Quantum computing paves the path to Quantum key distribution (QKD) by using the principles of quantum physics. QKD enables two remote parties to produce and share secure keys while removing all computing constraints on an adversary. The basic physics laws are used to identify any outside parties eavesdropping on the key exchange. In recent years many revolutionary developments in the field of QKD have been developed to overcome security and networking constraints. This survey provides an overview of the QKD protocol’s evolution and quantum network architecture. The paper also demonstrates QKD deployment techniques and elements of the QKD network. It also highlights ongoing design challenges by considering security and error estimation and correction, in contrast to studies concentrating on optical channels and equipment. Finally, this paper examines the possible directions for future research and offers design principles to guide the development of QKD and its related area. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Quantum computers

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Multi-modal fusion and vision transformers for robust early AMD prediction

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Evolving Systems 2025年第2期16卷 1-22页

作者： Annamalai, Akila Palani, Durgadevi Department of Computer Science and Engineering SRM Institute of Science and Technology Vadapalani Campus Chennai India

Age-related macular degeneration is a chronic disease affecting a central area of the retina. Accurate disease identification aids in slowing down the progression of age-related macular degeneration and preserving vision. Various traditional techniques have been developed for effective age-related macular degeneration detection. However, traditional approaches failed to detect and classify the disease accurately and it consumes more time. However, traditional approaches failed to detect and classify age-related macular degeneration accurately. This research paper proposed an efficient model named as Multi-Modal Vision transformer model for the early and accurate prediction of age-related macular degeneration. This study aims to combine information from the Color Fundus Photography and Optical Coherence Tomography streams for performing efficient age-related macular degeneration diagnosis. The input images are needed to be preprocessed to enhance the image quality and make it suitable for further processing. The proposed framework integrated a Cascaded group attention transformer block which extracts the significant features from these modalities effectively. This block has the ability to solve computational complexity issues and attention head redundancy problems. Further, the multi-modal fusion method based on self-attention is introduced for fusing the features from Color Fundus Photography and Optical Coherence Tomography images. This fusion model is trained by applying both standard backpropagation and random gradient descent algorithms. For multi-class classification tasks, the fused features are classified into different classes based on the decision score. To visualize the single-modal and multi-modal output images in a heat map we applied a Class Activation Mapping model. Furthermore, the proposed technique is conducted on the Python platform and the performance is evaluated on different datasets with significant evaluation measures. This technique achieves

关键词： Image enhancement

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HeRo: Heuristic-Based Routing in Payment Channel Networks

IEEE Networking Letters

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IEEE Networking Letters 2025年第1期7卷 56-60页

作者： Mishra, Shruti Aggarwal, Virat Pal, Sujata Agarwal, Vidushi Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Rupnagar140001 India

Payment channels support off-chain transactions by enhancing transaction speed and reducing fees in the main blockchain. However, the costs and complexity of the network increase as we increase the size of the network. To address these challenges, we propose Heuristic-Based Routing with Scheduling (HeRo) combining heuristic-based routing and scheduling techniques in Payment Channel Networks (PCNs). HeRo achieves a cost reduction of 32.71% and 73.08% compared with multi-charge PCN (MPCN-RP) and Dijkstra algorithms, respectively. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Network routing

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Multi-Scale Time Series Segmentation Network Based on Eddy Current Testing for Detecting Surface Metal Defects

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2025年第3期12卷 528-538页

作者： Xiaorui Li Xiaojuan Ban Haoran Qiao Zhaolin Yuan Hong-Ning Dai Chao Yao Yu Guo Mohammad S.Obaidat George Q.Huang the School of Intelligence Science and Technology University of Science and Technology Beijing the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Bionic Unmanned Systems and the Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology Liaoning Academy of Materials IEEE the Department of Computer Science Hong Kong Baptist University the School of Computer and Communication Engineering Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Devices for Post-Moore Chips Ministry of Education University of Science and Technology Beijing the Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing the School of Computer and Communication Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing the King Abdullah Ⅱ School of Information Technology The University of Jordan the Department of Computational Intelligence the School of Computing SRM University the School of Engineering The Amity University The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

In high-risk industrial environments like nuclear power plants, precise defect identification and localization are essential for maintaining production stability and safety. However, the complexity of such a harsh environment leads to significant variations in the shape and size of the defects. To address this challenge, we propose the multivariate time series segmentation network(MSSN), which adopts a multiscale convolutional network with multi-stage and depth-separable convolutions for efficient feature extraction through variable-length templates. To tackle the classification difficulty caused by structural signal variance, MSSN employs logarithmic normalization to adjust instance distributions. Furthermore, it integrates classification with smoothing loss functions to accurately identify defect segments amid similar structural and defect signal subsequences. Our algorithm evaluated on both the Mackey-Glass dataset and industrial dataset achieves over 95% localization and demonstrates the capture capability on the synthetic dataset. In a nuclear plant's heat transfer tube dataset, it captures 90% of defect instances with75% middle localization F1 score.

关键词： Eddy current testing nondestructive testing semantic segmentation time series analysis

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Analysing theoretical and neural distinguishers in Salsa 128 bits

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International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 2025年第1期49卷 43-59页

作者： Karthika, S.K. Singh, Kunwar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamilnadu Chennai India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Tamilnadu Tiruchirappalli India

One of the finalists for the eSTREAM projects in 2005 was Salsa, created by Daniel J. Bernstein. Salsa is a widely recognised stream cipher that gained prominence after multiple cryptanalytic techniques were applied to the popular stream cipher RC4. Salsa offers two variations, with key sizes of 128 bits and 256 bits, depending on the seed key’s length. Salsa has undergone multiple key recovery attacks, particularly targeting the 256-bit variant, reaching up to its eighth round. Additionally, numerous experimental attacks have been conducted on Salsa, leaving room for further theoretical analysis. Theoretical analysis plays a crucial role in identifying vulnerable aspects of the cipher, enabling the design of stronger ciphers that are resistant to attacks. In a study by Dey and Sarkar (2021), they conducted a theoretical analysis to examine the origins of distinguishers found in experimental attacks on Salsa 256 bits and Chacha 256 bits. Inspired by their work, our paper focuses on the theoretical analysis of a differential attack on Salsa 128 bits, specifically up to four rounds. We mathematically established the probabilities of various observations and our theoretical analysis aligns with the experimental findings for Salsa 128 bits. Further, we have also found neural distinguisher for Salsa 128 bits based on the model proposed by Gohr (2019) in CRYPTO 2019. The designed model has found neural distinguishers at round 4 with 72.1% accuracy. Copyright © 2025 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Uncertainty analysis

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DELTa: Dynamic Energy-and-Latency-aware Task scheduling for Fog-Cloud Paradigm

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 74617-74633页

作者： Mahapatra, Abhijeet Pradhan, Rosy Majhi, Santosh K. Mishra, Kaushik Department of Computer Science & Engineering Odisha Burla768018 India Sikkim Manipal University Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Sikkim India Department of Electrical Engineering Odisha Burla768018 India Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Chhattisgarh Bilaspur495009 India Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru Department of Computer Science and Engineering Manipal India

The rapid proliferation of IoT devices like smartphones, smartwatches, etc. has significantly elevated the quantity of data requiring execution. It poses challenges for centralized Cloud computing servers, such as latency overhead and increased consumption of energy. To address this, Fog computing has been incorporated in this research as a complementary paradigm to the Cloud-based computing model. It thereby reduces the huge distance between end-user IoT gadgets and the Cloud computing servers. In order to improve the latency and waiting time this research employs a Multi-Level Queue (MLQ) for classifying tasks based on their priority. For parallel processing, a Self-adaptive Fuzzy C-means++ (SaFCm++) approach has been applied to cluster the Fog computing nodes depending on the heterogeneity of the computational nodes. For efficient scheduling, a Dynamic Energy-and-Latency-aware Task scheduling (DELTa) approach has been proposed to optimize latency, makespan, and utilization of resources. Extensive simulations are carried out for different test cases considering task and machine heterogeneity, followed by a statistical analysis. The overall improvements of the proposed method over other baselines are 9.75% for makespan, 64.59% for service latency, 13.90% for resource utilization, and 12.75% for energy consumption. The proposed energy-efficient scheduling method effectively manages diverse tasks and resources, enhancing task processing efficiency while minimizing energy consumption and maximizing resource utilization. Furthermore, the value of the Friedman statistics FF for the proposed model is estimated at 5.44, which shows superiority over the crucial value for four methodologies and four evaluation matrices. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Fog computing

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Parkinson’s disease Severity Detection Based on Fused features with tuned Residual Deep Convolutional Neural Network

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第14期84卷 13111-13131页

作者： Vishwakarma, Gagan Nandanwar, Amit Kumar Thakur, Ghanshyam Singh Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology MP Bhopal India Computer Science & Engineering Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology MP Bhopal India Department of Computer Applications Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology MP Bhopal India

Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis involves the assessment of a variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. To accurately diagnose PD, it is necessary to differentiate its symptoms from those of other conditions. During the diagnosis process, clinicians must consider gait abnormalities as one of the key symptoms. However, relying solely on clinical judgment for the diagnosis of PD may have limitations. In this work, we have proposed a Multikernel SVM (MK-SVM) based Parkinson's severity analysis method. Initially, an adaptive median filter is used to reduce the noise in the gait image. Then, to extract the features, we propose a dual-layer method that employs stacked autoencoders (SAEs) for local feature extraction and residual deep convolution neural networks (RDCNN) for global feature extraction. The hyper-parameters from the RDCNN are optimized using the Enhanced walrus optimization algorithm (EWO). In the final step, we use MK-SVM to classify PD according to severity. This model is evaluated using the GAIT-IT and GAIT-IST datasets. With the help of Python, we evaluated the proposed model in terms of precision, accuracy, recall, specificity, and F-scores, and the model achieved a maximum accuracy of 97.3%. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Feature extraction

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An ensembled-deep-learning paradigm trained with a self-improved coyote optimization algorithm (SI-COA) for crop disease detection

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第4期84卷 1697-1724页

作者： Shukla, Preeti Chandanan, Amit Kumar Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya CG Bilaspur India Department of Computer Science & Engineering Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya CG Bilaspur India

In recent times, drastic climate changes have caused a substantial increase in the growth of crop diseases. This causes large-scale demolition of crops, decreases cultivation, and eventually leads to the financial loss of farmers. Due to the rapid growth in a variety of diseases and adequate knowledge of farmers, identification, and treatment of the disease have become a major challenge. The leaves have texture and visual similarities which are attributes for the identification of disease type. Hence, computer vision employed with deep learning provides a way to solve this problem. In this research work, a novel voting-based ensembled-deep-learning paradigm is developed for crop disease detection. Initially, the collected raw images are pre-processed via Laplacian Filter and morphological operations. From, the pre-processed image, the ROI region is identified using K-means Clustering. Then, from the ROI regions, the features like texture feature (Chi-squared Local Binary Pattern (CLBP)), Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM)), color features, and shape features are extracted. Then, the optimal features are selected by using Self-Improved Coyote Optimization Algorithm (SI-COA) is an extended version of the standard Coyote Optimization Algorithm (COA) and is a metaheuristic for optimization that is inspired by the canis latrans species. For crop disease detection, the voting-based ensembled-deep-learning paradigm was used which includes the Attention-based Bi-LSTM, Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Optimized Deep Neural Networks (O-DNN). The weight of DNN is optimized via Self-Improved Coyote Optimization Algorithm (SI-COA). The overall outcome of this process is evaluated by using various performance metrics such as Precision, Recall, F1-Score, Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity, NPV, FNR, FPR, and MCC, as well. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2

关键词： Long short-term memory

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An efficient deep learning model for early disease detection in vegetable crops

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年 1-20页

作者： Bhola, Amit Kumar, Prabhat School of Computer Science and Engineering Sharda University Greater Noida201310 India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna Bihar Patna800005 India

Plant diseases significantly threaten global food security and economic stability by reducing crop yields, increasing production costs, and exacerbating food shortages. Early and precise detection of plant diseases is essential for mitigating these risks. This study introduces a lightweight deep learning model for early and efficient disease detection in key vegetable crops, including eggplant, potato, tomato, and soybean. The model leverages a comprehensive dataset containing 23 classes of healthy and diseased plant images. With only 388,055 parameters and a model size of 1.48 MB, it achieves an impressive accuracy of 92.75%, outperforming 17 state-of-the-art deep learning models in terms of performance, efficiency, and size. The novelty lies in the model’s compact architecture, making it highly suitable for deployment in resource-constrained environments such as mobile and edge devices. The primary objective is to provide a scalable and cost-effective solution for early disease detection to enhance agricultural productivity. The findings underscore the model’s superiority over traditional methods and emphasize its potential for real-world applications in smart and sustainable agriculture systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Smart agriculture

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Understanding Brain Network Stimulation for Emotion Analyzing Connectivity Feature Map from Electroencephalography

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International Journal of Advanced computer science and Applications 2025年第4期16卷 542-551页

作者： Maria, Mahfuza Akter Akhand, M.A.H. Kamal, Abdus Samad Department of Computer Science and Engineering Khulna University of Engineering & Technology Khulna9203 Bangladesh Graduate School of Science and Technology Gunma University Kiryu376-8515 Japan

In understanding brain functioning by Electroencephalography (EEG), it is essential to be able to not only identify more active brain areas but also understand connectivity among different areas. The functional and efficient connectivity networks of the brain have been examined in this study by constructing a connectivity feature map (CFM) with four widely used connectivity methods from the Database for Emotion Analysis Using Physiological Signals (DEAP) emotional EEG data to research how this connectivity’s patterns are influenced by emotion. According to the investigation results, emotions are mainly related to the parietal, central, and frontal regions. The parietal region is more responsible for emotion alteration among these three regions. Positive emotions are associated with more direct correlations and dependencies than negative ones. When experiencing negative emotions, the regions of the brain function more synchronously as well as there are less flow of information. Whether direct or inverse, there is less correlation between brain regions in the higher frequency band than in the lower frequency band. Higher frequencies are associated with increased dependence and directed information transfer between brain regions. Generally, the electrodes in the same lobe show stronger connectivity than those in different lobes. At a glance, the present study is a comprehensive analysis to understand brain network stimulation for emotion from EEG, and it significantly differs from the existing emotion recognition studies typically focused on recognition proficiency. © (2025), (science and Information Organization). All rights reserved.

关键词： Emotion Recognition

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