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Utilization of Two Cross Two Switch for Bitonic Sorting Circuit

Micro and Nanosystems 2025年第1期17卷 45-57页

作者： Bhattacharjee, Subhasree Sarkar, Soumyadip Das, Kunal Sadhu, Arindam Sarkar, Bikramjit Department of Computer Application Narula Institute of Technology Kolkata India Department of Computer Science Acharya Prafulla Chandra College Kolkata India Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Greater Kolkata College of Engineering and Management West Bengal India Department of Computer Science & Engineering JIS College of Engineering West Bengal India

Background: The synthesis of reversible logic has gained prominence as a crucial research area, particularly in the context of post-CMOS computing devices, notably quantum computing. Objective: To implement the bitonic sorting circuit, 2x2 switch, is used. The overarching objective of implementing a reversible sorting circuit is to mitigate power consumption while promising secure communication. The successful implementation of the bitonic sorting circuit utilizing the proposed 2x2 switch is validated through simulations conducted in IBM Qiskit. Methods: This study begins by employing the control swap gate to implement a 2x2 switch, aimed at enabling concurrent computing operations within multiprocessor systems to enhance throughput. Subsequently, following the successful implementation of the 2x2 switch, the study proceeds to design a bitonic sorting circuit. Results: Bitonic sort using a 2x2 switch on the IBM Quantum Experience (IBMQ) platform via the QISKit SDK in Python 3.6. Specifically, Qiskit v0.29.0 is utilized, with OpenQASM. OpenQASM serves as the quantum assembly and instruction language. Conclusion: This work presents a methodology for constructing a 2x2 switch, utilizing a reversible control swap gate as its core component. Additionally, it demonstrates the intricate development and implementation of a bitonic sorting circuit, capitalizing on this innovative switch architecture. © 2025 Bentham science Publishers.

关键词： Quantum computers

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Efficacy of Ensemble Learning Method over Individual Classifier for Rainfall Forecasting in Eastern India

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Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 2024年第4期105卷 929-939页

作者： Karmakar, Rahul Kundu, Saranagta Biswas, Saroj Kumar Tripathi, Deeksha Department of Computer Science The University of Burdwan West Bengal Bardhaman India Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Assam Silchar India

Severe rainfall has seriously threatened human health and survival. Natural catastrophes such as floods, droughts, and many other natural disasters are caused by heavy rains, which people worldwide have to deal with throughout the year. Accurate rainfall forecasting is essential in nations like India where cultivation is the main occupation. Machine learning (ML) techniques are more effective than many other strategies because of the unpredictable nature of rainfall. Ensemble learning (EL) methods yield higher accuracy than ML specific classifiers. Therefore, this paper proposes an EL-based prediction model for not only a specific state of India but for the entire eastern India region, which includes ten states: West Bengal, Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Meghalaya. We acquired the rainfall data for eastern India using NASA’s power data access view for 22 years (2000–2021). In this model, apart from classification feature selection is done using Pearson correlation and ANOVA. This study looks at the accuracy of several different classifiers, including DT, LR, and SVM. The acceptable accuracy of 96.53% for rainfall prediction in eastern India was determined using an ensemble model that includes the XGBoost ensemble technique and the classifiers DT, LR, and SVM. The findings of our experiment reveal that EL-based prediction model outperforms the individual classifiers utilized in the experiment. © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2024.

关键词： Decision trees

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Limits of Depth: Over-Smoothing and Over-Squashing in GNNs

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Big Data Mining and Analytics 2024年第1期7卷 205-216页

作者： Aafaq Mohi ud din Shaima Qureshi Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology SrinagarSrinagar 190006India

Graph Neural Networks(GNNs)have become a widely used tool for learning and analyzing data on graph structures,largely due to their ability to preserve graph structure and properties via graph representation ***,the effect of depth on the performance of GNNs,particularly isotropic and anisotropic models,remains an active area of *** study presents a comprehensive exploration of the impact of depth on GNNs,with a focus on the phenomena of over-smoothing and the bottleneck effect in deep graph neural *** research investigates the tradeoff between depth and performance,revealing that increasing depth can lead to over-smoothing and a decrease in performance due to the bottleneck *** also examine the impact of node degrees on classification accuracy,finding that nodes with low degrees can pose challenges for accurate *** experiments use several benchmark datasets and a range of evaluation metrics to compare isotropic and anisotropic GNNs of varying depths,also explore the scalability of these *** findings provide valuable insights into the design of deep GNNs and offer potential avenues for future research to improve their performance.

关键词： Graph Neural Networks(GNNs) learning on graphs over-smoothing over-squashing isotropic-GNNs anisotropic-GNNs

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A novel cluster based reliable security enhancement in FANET directed by game theory

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Soft Computing 2025年第2期29卷 1091-1106页

作者： Gupta, Shikha Sharma, Neetu Department of Computer Science Engineering College Ajmer Rajasthan Ajmer305001 India

The emergence of interconnected UAVs has given rise to the creation of flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) aimed at efficiently facilitating network-dependent services. However, FANET encountered considerable challenges in achieving reliability due to security issues influenced by the existence of malicious nodes. These nodes continuously engage in communication and present a significant threat. These issues are precisely addressed in this article by introducing a novel methodology enhancing network security through a game theory-driven decision tree approach. The proposed strategy involves the implementation of a cluster mechanism based on path similarity techniques. Additionally, an optimized strategy put forth to minimize cluster overhead. Comparing with state-of-the-art protocols in identifying malicious nodes within the network, the results indicate a notable enhancement averaging at 52.84%. Moreover, in aspects such as delay reduction, precision rate increase, and message drop minimization, the experimental outcomes exhibit average improvements of 42.17%, 65.24%, and 46.63%, respectively. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Decision trees

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Energy-efficient resource allocation in blockchain-based Cybertwin-driven 6G

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Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 2024年第1期15卷 103-114页

作者： Salim, Mikail Mohammed Pan, Yi Park, Jong Hyuk Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University of Science and Technology Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Computer Science Georgia State University Atlanta United States

Inefficient task scheduling schemes compromise network performance and increase latency for delay intolerant tasks. Cybertwin based 6G services support data logging of operational queries for appropriate resource allocation in Multi-Access Edge and Cloud Computing. In this paper, a Cybertwin assisted task scheduling scheme is proposed for energy-efficient job allocation to Edge-Cloud based on delay tolerance. Cybertwins using the Logger Function and the Digital Asset Function exchange Digital Assets with cloud operators using Smart Contracts to ensure maximum computational resources. The novelty of this study resides in using Communication Assistant Cybertwins to build profiles for all network entities and assign tasks based on their delay tolerance and the available resources of each Edge Datacenter and Cloud service provider. Compared with the Full Offloading scheme, experimental results demonstrate the higher energy efficiency of the task scheduling scheme. Offloading tasks to multiple data centers and smart contract-based selection of cloud operators result in reduced computation time. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.

关键词： Smart contract

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ImageNet Classification Using WordNet Hierarchy

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2024年第4期5卷 1718-1727页

作者： Chatterjee, Ankita Mukherjee, Jayanta Das, Partha Pratim Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kharagpur721302 India Ashoka University Department of Computer Science Sonipat131029 India

Convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) have become increasingly popular for image classification tasks. All contemporary computer vision problems are being dominated by ConvNets. Conventional training methods using cross-entropy loss for training have constantly outperformed the state-of-the-art technique to set a new standard in the ImageNet classification challenge. However, growing accuracy come at the cost of enormous number of parameters and computations. Further, classical learning algorithms do not utilize the semantic relationship between the classes present in the dataset. Thus, interpreting the behavior of the model become difficult even though the results may be desirable. Hence, we demonstrate a classification method by leveraging the WordNet hierarchy on the ImageNet dataset to establish class relationships and label embedding. The model is trained using cross entropy with soft labels based on the semantic similarity between the generated output and the ground truth. Unlike categorical cross entropy, it does not treat every predicted label as equally erroneous. The method generates meaningful neighboring classes in the feature space of the true label. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Neural networks

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Deep feature-support vector machine based hybrid model for multi-crop leaf disease identification in Corn, Rice, and Wheat

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Multimedia Tools and applications 2025年第8期84卷 4751-4771页

作者： Bhola, Amit Kumar, Prabhat Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Patna Bihar India

Corn, Rice, and Wheat serve as primary staple foods globally, playing a pivotal role in the economies of numerous countries. Despite their paramount importance, these cereal crops face susceptibility to various diseases, posing a significant threat to production. Timely and accurate disease diagnosis is imperative to mitigate these risks. In response, a range of Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) models have been devised to automate the identification of diseases impacting cereal crops. While DL excels with abundant data, traditional ML may outperform DL with limited data. This study proposes a hybrid model integrating deep transfer learning and ML techniques for identifying crop diseases. The model utilizes pre-trained DenseNet201 weights to extract features, which are subsequently fed into a Support Vector Machine (SVM) for identification. Experimental results show that the hybrid model outperforms several benchmark counterparts. The DenseNet201 deep feature combined with SVM exhibits superior performance, achieving an impressive accuracy score of 87.23% with just 20.2M parameters. The model underwent comprehensive performance assessment using precision, recall, F1 score, and overall accuracy metrics. It effectively classifies healthy and diseased categories for each crop, achieving accuracies of 99.82%, 98.75%, and 84.15% for Corn, Wheat, and Rice, respectively. Moreover, the model’s remarkable performance and lightweight nature make it a practical and efficient real-time crop disease detection solution, emphasizing its relevance and significance for farmers and researchers in the agricultural community. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Support vector machines

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Autism spectrum disorder based on squeezenet with fractional tasmanian rat swarm optimization

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Multimedia Tools and applications 2024年第41期83卷 89029-89054页

作者： Muppidi, Satish Anuradha, G. Valarmathi, K. Department of Computer Science and Engineering GMR Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh Rajam India Computer Science and Engineering Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College Vijayawada Kanuru India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Panimalar Engineering College Bangalore Trunk Road Chennai Pooñamallee600123 India

A complicated neuro-developmental disorder called Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is abnormal activities related to brain development. ASD generally affects the physical impression of the face as well as the growth of the brain in children. An early and proper medical diagnosis is essential for ASD affected children to enhance their quality of life. However, the clinical detection of ASD is a difficult task and time-consuming, hence it is essential to design an ASD detection approach for precise diagnosis of ASD children. In this research, an algorithmic approach called Fractional Tasmanian Rat Swarm Optimization driven SqueezeNet (FTRSO-SqueezeNet) is designed for the detection of ASD. The median filter and Region of Interest (RoI) extraction are used to de-noise the input image initially and extract a particular region from the filtered image. Later, the nub regions are extracted by choosing the optimal grid from the pre-processed image and using different feature extractors the features from the input images are determined. Finally, the detection of ASD is done by using SqueezeNet, which is trained using the FTRSO approach. The performance of the method is estimated, where the designed model achieved higher performance with an accuracy of 94.55%, sensitivity of 92.53%, and specificity of 95.22% than other prevailing approaches. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Rats

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Enhanced segmentation of optic disc and cup using attention-based U-Net with dense dilated series convolutions

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Neural Computing and applications 2025年第9期37卷 6831-6847页

作者： Kumar, G. Bharadwaja Kumar, Soham Department of Computer Science and Engineering VIT Chennai TamilNadu Chennai600127 India

Delineating the boundaries of the optic disc and cup regions is a critical pre-requisite for glaucoma screening because it allows for precise measurement of key parameters, such as cup-to-disc ratio, which is a critical indicator of optic nerve head damage, a hallmark of glaucoma progression. Accurate segmentation enables early detection and monitoring of the disease, aiding in timely intervention to prevent vision loss. The main contribution of this research work is to develop an automated process to isolate and demarcate the optic disc and cup from retinal fundus images. To prevent the blood vessels from interfering with the segmentation process, a novel method is used for vessel mask generation and vessel inpainting. Most of the research works have used based encoder–decoder models like U-Net architecture or handcrafted feature extraction techniques such as hough transform, fuzzy clustering, etc. The proposed model has made significant modifications to the U-Net model. (1) Dual attention mechanism at every layer of decoder and (2) dense dilated series convolutions as skip connections to generate higher level feature map. The proposed model achieved benchmark accuracies - Dice score of 95.95% and IoU score of 92.22% for optic disc segmentation averaged over fivefold. For the task of outlining the optic cup region, it attained a Dice score of 88.7% and IoU of 79.72%. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Image segmentation

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An Improved Graph Partitioning Algorithm Based Approach for Workflow Offloading in a Fog Environment

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Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series B 2025年第2期106卷 623-634页

作者： Mahajan, Neetu Narang Kaur, Parmeet Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida India

The paper addresses the critical problem of application workflow offloading in a fog environment. Resource constrained mobile and Internet of Things devices may not possess specialized hardware to run complex workflows locally and hence, need to offload these tasks to fog nodes. As compared to cloud-based servers, fog nodes can provide responses in a more-timely manner and are preferred for latency-sensitive applications. Workflow applications are characterized by inter-task dependencies and hence, can be readily represented as directed acyclic graphs. Therefore, the proposed offloading solution approach utilizes an improved graph partitioning algorithm based on the Louvain community detection algorithm. The aim of the algorithm is to partition the workflow graph in such a manner that the workflow tasks having high communication costs between them are transferred or offloaded to the same fog node. The benefits of the proposed algorithm have been verified by simulation experiments where it was observed that it results in a lower makespan as compared to the related approaches. © The Institution of Engineers (India) 2024.

关键词： Fog

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