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Exploring image data association: A hybrid mining approach

Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第9期84卷 5725-5740页

作者： Parashar, Nishtha Tiwari, Akhilesh Gupta, Rajendra Kumar Department of Computer Science and Engineering Madhav Institute of Technology & Science M.P. Gwalior India Department of Information Technology Madhav Institute of Technology & Science M.P. Gwalior India

In this paper, a new approach for mining image association rules is presented, which involves the fine-tuned CNN model, as well as the proposed FIAR and OFIAR algorithms. Initially, the image transactional database is generated using feature vectors obtained from the fine-tuned CNN architecture. The proposed FIAR algorithm is used to generate hash-indexed image association rules, which are further optimized using the proposed OFIAR algorithm. This methodology combines the strengths of the CNN model to extract histogram features from images, the FIAR algorithm to efficiently mine frequent image itemsets, and the OFIAR algorithm to optimize image association rules. The proposed methodology can be used to discover hidden relationships among images, leading to new insights in image processing and analysis. Efficient results were obtained with a minimum support of 0.50 and a minimum confidence of 0.50. Experiments were performed on the fruits image dataset consisting of 2618 images from six different classes, and the results show that image mining is feasible and can produce strong optimized image association rules that can be further used for classification purposes. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Association rules

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Spatial attention-based hybrid VGG-SVM and VGG-RF frameworks for improved cotton leaf disease detection

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Neural Computing and Applications 2025年第14期37卷 8309-8329页

作者： Pandiyaraju, V. Anusha, B. Senthil Kumar, A.M. Jaspin, K. Venkatraman, Shravan Kannan, A. School of Computer Science and Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Marian Engineering College Trivandram Kerala Trivandrum India Department of Computer Science and Engineering St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology Tamil Nadu Chennai India Department of Information Science and Technology College of Engineering Guindy Anna University Tamil Nadu Chennai India

The agriculture industry's production and food quality have been impacted by plant leaf diseases in recent years. Hence, it is vital to have a system that can automatically identify and diagnose diseases at an initial stage for enhancing the quality of agricultural output and also for stopping the overall plant extinction. Most state-of-the-art methods do not provide appropriate accuracy of identification when the similarity among different diseases is higher and the input leaf images have complex background. In this work, a transfer learning-based automated crop disease recognition system is proposed to handle this problem. The cotton leaf disease detection framework being proposed here includes two key stages: (1) the feature extraction stage, where the convolutional neural network (CNN) model from the visual geometry group (VGG-16) is employed to obtain the deep features from cotton leaf images with complex background. (2) Cotton leaf disease detection stage: Here, the extracted optimal features are input to the machine learning classifiers, namely random forest (RF) and nonlinear support vector machine (SVM), for the initial classification of the diseases. For providing an optimal cotton crop disease detection performance, Kaggle’s four-class cotton disease dataset with complex background is chosen in this work. For the final decision making and analysis, two hybrid models named spatial attention-based hybrid VGG-RF and hybrid VGG-SVM have been proposed in this work for enhancing the decision accuracy. These hybrid models offered an average accuracy of approximately 98.29% and 99.31%, respectively, which is higher than the accuracy provided by the related work. This proved that the proposed hybrid model, namely spatial attention-based VGG-SVM and VGG-RF models, with spatial attention outperformed the state-of-the-art classifiers. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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HViTML: Hybrid vision transformer with machine learning-based classification model for glaucomatous eye

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-24页

作者： Singh, Piyush Bhushan Singh, Pawan Dev, Harsh Batra, Devanshu Chaurasia, Brijesh Kumar Department of Information Technology Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology Uttar Pradesh Kanpur India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Amity School of Engineering and Technology Amity University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Babu Banarasi Das University Uttar Pradesh Lucknow India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology Uttar Pradesh Kanpur India

Glaucoma is currently one of the most significant causes of permanent blindness. Fundus imaging is the most popular glaucoma screening method because of the compromises it has to make in terms of portability, size, and cost. In recent years, convolution neural networks (CNNs) have revolutionized computer vision. Convolution is a "local" CNN technique that is only applicable to a small region surrounding an image. Vision Transformers (ViT) use self-attention, which is a "global" activity since it collects information from the entire image. As a result, the ViT can successfully gather distant semantic relevance from an image. This study examined several optimizers, including Adamax, SGD, RMSprop, Adadelta, Adafactor, Nadam, and Adagrad. With 1750 Healthy and Glaucoma images in the IEEE fundus image dataset and 4800 healthy and glaucoma images in the LAG fundus image dataset, we trained and tested the ViT model on these datasets. Additionally, the datasets underwent image scaling, auto-rotation, and auto-contrast adjustment via adaptive equalization during preprocessing. The results demonstrated that preparing the provided dataset with various optimizers improved accuracy and other performance metrics. Additionally, according to the results, the Nadam Optimizer improved accuracy in the adaptive equalized preprocessing of the IEEE dataset by up to 97.8% and in the adaptive equalized preprocessing of the LAG dataset by up to 92%, both of which were followed by auto rotation and image resizing processes. In addition to integrating our vision transformer model with the shift tokenization model, we also combined ViT with a hybrid model that consisted of six different models, including SVM, Gaussian NB, Bernoulli NB, Decision Tree, KNN, and Random Forest, based on which optimizer was the most successful for each dataset. Empirical results show that the SVM Model worked well and improved accuracy by up to 93% with precision of up to 94% in the adaptive equalization preprocess

关键词： Decision trees

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Enhancing Predictive Capabilities for Cyber Physical Systems Through Supervised Learning

Informatica (Slovenia)

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2025年第16期49卷 77-86页

作者： Dhanalakshmi, B. Tamije Selvy, P. Department of Computer Science and Engineering Dr.N.G. P Institute of technology India Department of Computer Science and Engineering Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology India

The rapid advancement and proliferation of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) have led to an exponential increase in the volume of data generated continuously. Efficient classification of this streaming data is crucial for predicting system behaviors and enabling proactive decision-making. This research aims to extract actionable knowledge from the continuous data streams of CPS and predict their behavior using advanced supervised learning algorithms. The predictions facilitate timely interventions and necessary actions within the interconnected physical network. The background of this work lies in the intersection of CPS, machine learning, and data stream mining. Traditional batch processing methods are inadequate for real-time analysis of CPS data due to their inherent latency and computational inefficiency. This research employs state-of-the-art techniques for real-time data processing, including incremental learning, sliding window models, and ensemble methods tailored for streaming data. Our approach differs from existing works by focusing on a comprehensive framework that integrates real-time data ingestion, preprocessing, feature extraction, and model updating in a seamless pipeline. Unlike previous studies that often rely on static datasets and offline analysis, our method ensures continuous learning and adaptation to evolving data patterns. Comparative analysis with existing techniques demonstrates superior performance in terms of accuracy, latency, and scalability. Specifically, our models achieved an average classification accuracy of 92%, with a precision of 90%, recall of 89%, and an F1 score of 89.5%. These metrics indicate significant improvements over traditional batch processing methods, which typically lag in responsiveness and adaptability. This research provides a robust and efficient solution for the real-time classification of streaming data from CPS, enhancing the system's ability to predict behaviors and take necessary actions promptly. © 2025 Slov

关键词： Self-supervised learning

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Abnormal event detection in surveillance videos through LSTM auto-encoding and local minima assistance

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Discover Internet of Things 2025年第1期5卷 1-25页

作者： Sengonul, Erkan Samet, Refik Abu Al-Haija, Qasem Alqahtani, Ali Alsemmeari, Rayan A. Alghamdi, Bandar Alturki, Badraddin Alsulami, Abdulaziz A. Department of Computer Engineering Ankara University Ankara06100 Turkey Department of Cybersecurity Faculty of Computer & Information Technology Jordan University of Science and Technology PO Box 3030 Irbid22110 Jordan Department of Networks & Communications Engineering College of Computer Science & Information Systems Najran University Najran61441 Saudi Arabia Department of Information Technology Faculty of Computing and Information Technology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia Department of Information Systems Faculty of Computing and Information Technology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah21589 Saudi Arabia

Abnormal event detection in video surveillance is critical for security, traffic management, and industrial monitoring applications. This paper introduces an innovative methodology for anomaly detection in video data, encompassing three primary stages: preprocessing, feature learning, and anomaly detection. We employ background subtraction and noise reduction during preprocessing to refine the data. The feature-learning stage involves training an LSTM autoencoder to capture the essential features of normal video sequences. For anomaly detection, we map video data to a lower-dimensional space (latent code) and compare it against the distribution of codes from normal sequences. We determine regularity scores and identify local minima points exceeding a specified threshold while scrutinizing shadows between adjacent maxima to confirm and pinpoint anomalies. When tested on the CUHK Avenue and UMN datasets, our methodology demonstrated performance with AUCs of 93.8% and 94.1%, respectively, outperforming several baseline models. Our results show the high precision of our method that can detect anomalies, highlighting its potential advantages that it can achieve for enhancing systems of surveillance. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Noise abatement

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On Shaping Gain of Multidimensional Constellation in Linear and Nonlinear Optical Fiber Channel

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IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 2025年第5期43卷 1455-1468页

作者： Chen, Bin Liang, Zhiwei Lei, Yi Deng, JingXin Li, Shen Liga, Gabriele Hefei University of Technology School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hefei China Chalmers University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Gothenburg Sweden Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Québec Canada Eindhoven University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven Netherlands

Utilizing the multi-dimensional (MD) space for constellation shaping has been proven to be an effective approach for achieving shaping gains. Despite there exists a variety of MD modulation formats tailored for specific optical transmission scenarios, there remains a notable absence of a dependable comparison method for efficiently and promptly re-evaluating their performance in arbitrary transmission systems. In this paper, we introduce an analytical nonlinear interference (NLI) power model-based shaping gain estimation method to enable a fast performance evaluation of various MD modulation formats in coherent dual-polarization (DP) optical transmission system. In order to extend the applicability of this method to a broader set of modulation formats, we extend the established NLI model to take the 4D joint distribution into account and thus able to analyze the complex interactions of non-iid signaling in DP systems. With the help of the NLI model, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art modulation formats and investigate their actual shaping gains in two types of optical fiber communication scenarios (multi-span and single-span). The numerical simulation shows that for arbitrary modulation formats, the NLI power and relative shaping gains in terms of signal-to-noise ratio can be more accurately estimated by capturing the statistics of MD symbols. Furthermore, the proposed method further validates the effectiveness of the reported NLI-tolerant modulation format in the literature, which reveals that the linear shaping gains and modulation-dependent NLI should be jointly considered for nonlinearity mitigation. © 1983-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Optical fibers

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A Generative Model-Based Network Framework for Ecological Data Reconstruction

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第1期82卷 929-948页

作者： Shuqiao Liu Zhao Zhang Hongyan Zhou Xuebo Chen School of Electronic and Information Engineering University of Science and Technology LiaoningAnshan114051China School of Computer Science and Software Engineering University of Science and Technology LiaoningAnshan114051China

This study examines the effectiveness of artificial intelligence techniques in generating high-quality environmental data for species introductory site selection *** Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,Threats(SWOT)analysis data with Variation Autoencoder(VAE)and Generative AdversarialNetwork(GAN)the network framework model(SAE-GAN),is proposed for environmental data *** model combines two popular generative models,GAN and VAE,to generate features conditional on categorical data embedding after SWOT *** model is capable of generating features that resemble real feature distributions and adding sample factors to more accurately track individual sample *** data is used to retain more semantic information to generate *** model was applied to species in Southern California,USA,citing SWOT analysis data to train the *** show that the model is capable of integrating data from more comprehensive analyses than traditional methods and generating high-quality reconstructed data from them,effectively solving the problem of insufficient data collection in development *** model is further validated by the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution(TOPSIS)classification assessment commonly used in the environmental data *** study provides a reliable and rich source of training data for species introduction site selection systems and makes a significant contribution to ecological and sustainable development.

关键词： Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) VAE GAN TOPSIS data reconstruction

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Multimodal and Temporal Graph Fusion Framework for Advanced Phishing Website Detection

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IEEE Access 2025年 13卷 74128-74146页

作者： Kavya, S. Sumathi, D. Vellore Institute of Technology School of Computer Science Engineering and Information Systems Vellore India

Phishing attacks are among the persistent threats that are dynamically evolving and demand advanced detection mechanisms to counter more sophisticated techniques. Traditional detection approaches are usually based on single-modal features or static analysis, failing to capture the complex, multi-faceted nature of phishing websites and their dynamic behaviors. Thus, we present a robust Multi-Modal and Temporal Graph Fusion Framework integrating advanced learning paradigms that enhance accuracy and adaptability in phishing detection. Our work proposes four brand-new methods: Multi-Modal Hypergraph Fusion Network (MM-HFN), Temporal Graph Neural Network with Attention (TGNN-Att), Federated Graph Contrastive Learning Network (FGCL-Net), and Multi-Modal Temporal Hypergraph Fusion Network (MMTHF-Net). MM-HFN leverages hypergraphs to capture complex, high-order relationships at textual levels (BERT) and graph-based features versus visual ones (CNNs) for an accuracy in the 95–97% range. TGNN-Att addresses temporal variations in phishing behavior by using attention-enhanced temporal graph networks and LSTMs, providing dynamic detection with 94–96% accuracy. FGCL-Net ensures privacy-preserving learning across decentralized datasets through federated contrastive learning, achieving 93–95% accuracy while safeguarding data privacy. Finally, MMTHF-Net fuses multi-modal and temporal features into a dynamic hypergraph framework, achieving state-of-the-art accuracy of 96–98% with an F1-score of 0.97. These approaches together allow for exact, real-time phishing detection by capturing static and temporal behaviors, high-order relationships, and cross-modal features. The framework proposed demonstrates significant improvements compared to the state of the art, eliminating the shortcomings of single-modality and static analysis while offering scalability, privacy, and adaptability levels. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Federated learning

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Summary Graph Induced Invariant Learning for Generalizable Graph Learning

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IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data engineering 2025年第6期37卷 3739-3752页

作者： Ning, Xuecheng Wang, Yujie Yu, Kui Miao, Jiali Cao, Fuyuan Liang, Jiye Hefei University of Technology School of Computer Science and Information Engineering Hefei230002 China Shanxi University School of Computer and Information Technology Taiyuan030006 China

As a promising strategy to achieve generalizable graph learning tasks, graph invariant learning emphasizes identifying invariant subgraphs for stable predictions on biased unknown distribution by selecting the important edges/nodes based on their contributions to the predictive tasks (i.e., subgraph predictivity). However, the existing approaches solely relying on subgraph predictivity face a challenge: the learned invariant subgraph often contains numerous spurious nodes and shows poor connectivity, undermining the generalization power of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). To tackle this issue, we propose a summary graph-induced Invariant Learning (SIL) model that innovatively adopts a summary graph to leverage both the subgraph connectivity and predictivity for learning strong connected and accurate invariant subgraphs. Specifically, SIL first learns a summary graph containing multiple strongly connected supernodes while maintaining structure consistency with the original graph. Second, the learned summary graph is disentangled into an invariant supernode and spurious counterparts to eliminate the interference of highly predictive edges and nodes. Finally, SIL identifies a potential invariant subgraph from the invariant supernode to accomplish generalization tasks. Additionally, we provide a theoretical analysis of the summary graph learning mechanism, guaranteeing that the learned summary graph is consistent with the original graph. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the SIL model. © 1989-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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Local Search-Based Anytime Algorithms for Continuous Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2025年第1期12卷 288-290页

作者： Xin Liao Khoi Hoang Xin Luo the College of Computer and Information Science Southwest University the Department of Computer Science and Engineering Washington University in St.Louis IEEE

Dear Editor,The distributed constraint optimization problems(DCOPs) [1]-[3]provide an efficient model for solving the cooperative problems of multi-agent systems, which has been successfully applied to model the real-world problems like the distributed scheduling [4], sensor network management [5], [6], multi-robot coordination [7], and smart grid [8]. However, DCOPs were not well suited to solve the problems with continuous variables and constraint cost in functional form, such as the target tracking sensor orientation [9], the air and ground cooperative surveillance [10], and the sensor network coverage [11].

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