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Botnet detection used fast-flux technique, based on adaptive dynamic evolving spiking neural network algorithm

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Botnet detection used fast-flux technique, based on adaptive...

作者： Almomani, Ammar Al-Nawasrah, Ahmad Alauthman, Mohammad Al-Betar, Mohammed Azmi Meziane, Farid IT Department Al-Huson University College Al-Balqa Applied University Irbid Jordan Computer Science and Information Department Taibah University Medina Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science Faculty of Information Technology Zarqa University Zarqa Jordan College of Engineering and Information Technology Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Data Science Research Centre University of Derby United Kingdom

A botnet refers to a group of machines. These machines are controlled distantly by a specific attacker. It represents a threat facing the web and data security. Fast-flux service network (FFSN) has been engaged by bot herders for cover malicious botnet activities. It has been engaged by bot herders for increasing the lifetime of malicious servers through changing the IP addresses of the domain name quickly. In the present research, we aimed to propose a new system. This system is named fast flux botnet catcher system (FFBCS). This system can detect FF-domains in an online mode using an adaptive dynamic evolving spiking neural network algorithm. Comparing with two other related approaches the proposed system shows a high level of detection accuracy, low false positive and negative rates, respectively. It shows a high performance. The algorithm's proposed adaptation increased the accuracy of the detection. For instance, this accuracy reached (98.76%) approximately. Copyright © 2021 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

关键词： Botnet

Reduced basis method with parameterized boundary conditions for room acoustics 51

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Reduced basis method with parameterized boundary conditions ...

51st International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control engineering, Internoise 2022

作者： Llopis, Hermes Sampedro Engsig-Karup, Allan P. Jeong, Cheol-Ho Pind, Finnur Hesthaven, Jan S. Rambøll Denmark Hannemanns Allé 53 Copenhagen2300 Denmark Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science Technical University of Denmark Matematiktorvet 303b/r108 Kongens Lyngby2800 Denmark Acoustic Technology Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering Technical University of Denmark Ørsteds Plads 352 Kongens Lyngby2800 Denmark Treble Technologies Bjargargata 1 Reykjavik102 Iceland Comp. Math. and Simulation Science Ecole polytechnique federale de Lausanne Rte Cantonale Lausanne1015 Switzerland

ISBN: (纸本)9781906913427

Room acoustic simulations can be performed by means of numerical methods, which typically solve the wave equation in an enclosure through discretization techniques. These methods provide high-fidelity solvers that include all the wave phenomena but are computationally costly. This paper investigates the potential of a reduced basis method for simulating room acoustics when the boundary properties are changed iteratively, e.g., for the investigation of effects of design changes in rooms where different boundary properties are simulated. Such studies increase the computational cost when using traditional high-fidelity solvers. The presented framework allows reducing the computational burden by applying reduced basis methods and solving the problem in a low-dimensional subspace where the absorption properties of complex boundary conditions are parameterized, e.g., the thickness of a porous material. The potential of the proposed framework is analyzed in terms of computational efficiency, accuracy and storage requirements. A computational speedup of two orders of magnitude is demonstated for a 2D case with an upper frequency of 2 kHz, and impressive three orders of magnitude for a 3D case with an upper frequency of 1 kHz showing a potential of having an increase in terms of speedup when increasing the size of the domain. The storage requirement for a 2D case with an upper frequency of 8 kHz is 10.8GB while for a 3D case with an upper frequency of 1 kHz is 8 GB. © 2022 Internoise 2022 - 51st International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control engineering. All rights reserved.

关键词： Boundary conditions

Optimal Reordering Trace Files for Improving Software Testing Suitcase

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computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第4期67卷 1225-1239页

作者： Yingfu Cai Sultan Noman Qasem Harish Garg Hamïd Parvïn Kim-Hung Pho Zulkefli Mansor School of Measurement and Communication Harbin University of Science&TechnologyHarbinChina Computer Science Department College of Computer and Information SciencesAl Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)RiyadhSaudi Arabia Department of Computer Science Faculty of Applied ScienceTaiz UniversityTaizYemen School of Mathematics Thapar Institute of Engineering and TechnologyDeemed UniversityPatiala147004India Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan UniversityDa Nang550000Vietnam Faculty of Information Technology Duy Tan UniversityDa Nang550000Vietnam Department of Computer Science Nourabad Mamasani BranchIslamic Azad UniversityMamasaniIran Fractional Calculus Optimization and Algebra Research GroupFaculty of Mathematics and StatisticsTon Duc Thang UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat Universiti Kebangsan MalaysiaUKM BangiSelangor43600Malaysia

An invariant can be described as an essential relationship between program *** invariants are very useful in software checking and *** tools that are used to detect invariants are invariant *** are two types of invariant detectors:dynamic invariant detectors and static invariant *** software is an available computer program that implements a special case of a dynamic invariant detection *** proposes a dynamic invariant detection algorithm based on several runs of the tested program;then,it gathers the values of its variables,and finally,it detects relationships between the variables based on a simple statistical *** method has some *** of its biggest drawbacks is its overwhelming time *** is observed that the runtime for the Daikon invariant detection tool is dependent on the ordering of traces in the trace file.A mechanism is proposed in order to reduce differences in adjacent trace *** is done by applying some special techniques of mutation/crossover in genetic algorithm(GA).An experiment is run to assess the benefits of this *** findings reveal that the runtime of the proposed dynamic invariant detection algorithm is superior to the main approach with respect to these improvements.

关键词： Dynamic invariant detection software testing genetic algorithm

An Analysis of Discretization Methods for Communication Learning with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Vanneste, Astrid Vanneste, Simon Mets, Kevin De Schepper, Tom Mercelis, Siegfried Latré, Steven Hellinckx, Peter University of Antwerp - Imec IDLab Faculty of Applied Engineering Antwerp Belgium University of Antwerp - Imec IDLab Department of Computer Science Antwerp Belgium

Communication is crucial in multi-agent reinforcement learning when agents are not able to observe the full state of the environment. The most common approach to allow learned communication between agents is the use of a differentiable communication channel that allows gradients to flow between agents as a form of feedback. However, this is challenging whenwe want to use discrete messages to reduce the message size since gradients cannot flow through a discrete communication channel. Previous work proposed methods to deal with this problem. However, these methods are tested in different communication learning architectures and environments, making it hard to compare them. In this paper, we compare several state-of-the-art discretization methods as well as two methods that have not been used for communication learning before. We do this comparison in the context of communication learning using gradients from other agents and perform tests on several environments. Our results show that none of the methods is best in all environments. The best choice in discretization method greatly depends on the environment. However, the discretize regularize unit (DRU), straight through DRU and the straight through gumbel softmax show the most consistent results across all the tested environments. Therefore, these methods prove to be the best choice for general use while the straight through estimator and the gumbel softmax may provide better results in specific environments but fail completely in others. Copyright © 2022, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Discrete event simulation

Data Assimilation in the Latent Space of a Convolutional Autoencoder 21st

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Data Assimilation in the Latent Space of a Convolutional Aut...

21st International Conference on Computational science, ICCS 2021

作者： Amendola, Maddalena Arcucci, Rossella Mottet, Laetitia Casas, César Quilodrán Fan, Shiwei Pain, Christopher Linden, Paul Guo, Yi-Ke Data Science Institute Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Earth Science and Engineering Imperial College London London United Kingdom Department of Chemistry University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom Department of Computer Science Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Hong Kong

ISBN: (纸本)9783030779764

Data Assimilation (DA) is a Bayesian inference that combines the state of a dynamical system with real data collected by instruments at a given time. The goal of DA is to improve the accuracy of the dynamic system making its result as real as possible. One of the most popular technique for DA is the Kalman Filter (KF). When the dynamic system refers to a real world application, the representation of the state of a physical system usually leads to a big data problem. For these problems, KF results computationally too expensive and mandates to use of reduced order modeling techniques. In this paper we proposed a new methodology we called Latent Assimilation (LA). It consists in performing the KF in the latent space obtained by an Autoencoder with non-linear encoder functions and non-linear decoder functions. In the latent space, the dynamic system is represented by a surrogate model built by a Recurrent Neural Network. In particular, an Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network is used to train a function which emulates the dynamic system in the latent space. The data from the dynamic model and the real data coming from the instruments are both processed through the Autoencoder. We apply the methodology to a real test case and we show that the LA has a good performance both in accuracy and in efficiency. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

关键词： Long short-term memory

Ferroelectric AlBN Films by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Savant, Chandrashekhar Gund, Ved Nomoto, Kazuki Maeda, Takuya Jadhav, Shubham Lee, Joongwon Ramesh, Madhav Kim, Eungkyun Nguyen, Thai-Son Chen, Yu-Hsin Casamento, Joseph Rana, Farhan Lal, Amit Xing, Huili Grace Jena, Debdeep Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States Kavli Institute Cornell for Nanoscale Science Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States School of Applied and Engineering Physics Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States

We report the properties of molecular beam epitaxy deposited AlBN thin films on a recently developed epitaxial nitride metal electrode Nb2N. While a control AlN thin film exhibits standard capacitive behavior, distinct ferroelectric switching is observed in the AlBN films with increasing Boron mole fraction. The measured remnant polarization Pr ∼ 15 µC/cm2 and coercive field Ec ∼ 1.45 MV/cm in these films are smaller than those recently reported on films deposited by sputtering, due to incomplete wake-up, limited by current leakage. Because AlBN preserves the ultrawide energy bandgap of AlN compared to other nitride hi-K dielectrics and ferroelectrics, and it can be epitaxially integrated with GaN and AlN semiconductors, its development will enable several opportunities for unique electronic, photonic, and memory devices. © 2024, CC BY-NC-ND.

关键词： III-V semiconductors

Solution of Linear Systems of Equations Ax=b and Ax=0 using Unifying Approach with Geometric Algebra: Outer Product Application and Angular Conditionality

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Skala, Vaclav Department of Computer Science and Engineering Faculty of Applied Sciences University of West Bohemia Univerzitni 8 CZ Pilsen306 14 Czech Republic

A solution of linear systems of equations Ax=b and Ax=0 is a vital part of many computational packages. This paper presents a novel formulation based on the projective extension of the Euclidean space using the outer product (extended cross-product). This approach enables to solve the both cases, i.e. Ax=b and Ax=0 The proposed approach leads actually to an "analytical" solution of linear systems in the form ξ = α1 ∧α2 ∧...∧αn, on which the other vector operation can be applied before using the numerical evaluation. This contribution also proposes a new approach to the conditionality estimation of matrices applicable to non-squared matrices. It splits the conditionality to "structural" conditionality showing matrix property if nearly unlimited precision is used, "numerical" issue which depends on numerical representation with respect to the right-hand side influence, if given. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Matrix algebra

Secrecy Performance of Joint Antenna and User Selection in Cognitive Ambient Backscattering Communications

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Secrecy Performance of Joint Antenna and User Selection in C...

IEEE Conference on Vehicular Technology (VTC)

作者： Ahmed N. Elbattrawy Ahmed H. Abd El-Malek Sherif I. Rabia Waheed K. Zahra Basic and Applied Sciences Institute Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST) New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria Egypt School of Electronics Communications and Computer Engineering Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology New Borg El-Arab City Alexandria Egypt Department of Engineering Mathematics and Physics Faculty of Engineering Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

ISBN: (数字)9798331517786

ISBN: (纸本)9798331517793

In this work, we investigate the security performance of an underlay cognitive radio network (CRN) with ambient backscatter communication (AmBC), where a backscattering device (BD) shares the spectrum and the receivers with the secondary user. Different from the related work, we consider a secondary user transmitter (ST) with multiple antenna in an AmBC-CRN with multiple receivers and multiple passive eavesdroppers. The ST performs joint antenna-user selection to enhance its security performance and overcome the performance degradation caused by BD interference. Considering the Nakagami-m fading model, closed-form expressions are derived for the secrecy outage probability for both the ST and the BD transmissions. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to validate the derived closed-form expressions. Numerical results show that employing joint antenna-user selection enhances the ST security performance by exploiting antenna and user diversity.

关键词： Performance evaluation Fading channels Vehicular and wireless technologies Closed-form solutions System performance Radio transmitters Receiving antennas Interference MIMO communication Backscatter

Unbiased Approximations for Stationary Distributions of McKean-Vlasov SDEs

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Awadelkarim, Elsiddig Chada, Neil K. Jasra, Ajay Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Program Computer Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal23955-6900 Saudi Arabia Department of Mathematics City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong School of Data Science The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Shenzhen China

We consider the development of unbiased estimators, to approximate the stationary distribution of Mckean-Vlasov stochastic differential equations (MVSDEs). These are an important class of processes, which frequently appear in applications such as mathematical finance, biology and opinion dynamics. Typically the stationary distribution is unknown and indeed one cannot simulate such processes exactly. As a result one commonly requires a time-discretization scheme which results in a discretization bias and a bias from not being able to simulate the associated stationary distribution. To overcome this bias, we present a new unbiased estimator taking motivation from the literature on unbiased Monte Carlo. We prove the unbiasedness of our estimator, under assumptions. In order to prove this we require developing ergodicity results of various discrete time processes, through an appropriate discretization scheme, towards the invariant measure. Numerous numerical experiments are provided, on a range of MVSDEs, to demonstrate the effectiveness of our unbiased estimator. Such examples include the Currie-Weiss model, a 3D neuroscience model and a parameter estimation problem. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Stochastic systems