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Object search by a concept-conditioned object detector

Neural Computing and Applications 2024年第26期36卷 16001-16021页

作者： Rigoni, Davide Serafini, Luciano Sperduti, Alessandro Department of Mathematics "Tullio Levi-Civita" University of Padova Via Trieste 63 PD Padua35131 Italy Human Inspired Technology Research Centre University of Padova Via Luzzatti 4 PD Padua35121 Italy Augmented Intelligence Center Bruno Kessler Foundation Via Sommarive 18 TN Povo38123 Italy Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova Via Marzolo 5 PD Padua35131 Italy Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science University of Trento Via Sommarive 9 TN Povo38123 Italy

Object detectors are used for searching all objects belonging to a pre-defined set of categories contained in a given picture. However, users are often not interested in finding all objects, but only those that pertain to a small set of categories or concepts. Nowadays, the standard approach to solve this task involves initially employing an object detector to identify all objects within the image, followed by refining the outcomes to retain only the ones of interest. Nevertheless, the object detector does not take advantage of the user’s prior intent that, when used, can potentially improve the detection performance of the model. This work presents a method to condition an existing object detector with the user’s intent, encoded as one or more concepts from the WordNet graph, to find just those objects of interest. The proposed approach takes advantage of existing datasets for object detection without the need for new annotations, and it allows to adapt the already existing object detector models with minor changes. The evaluation, performed on the COCO and the Visual Genome datasets considering several object detector architectures, shows that conditioning the search on concepts is actually beneficial. The code and the pre-trained model weights are released at: https://***/drigoni/Concept-Conditioned-Object-Detector. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Object detection

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Enhancing Imbalance Learning: A Novel Slack-Factor Fuzzy SVM Approach

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Tanveer, M. Tiwari, Anushka Akhtar, Mushir Lin, C.T. The Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology Indore Simrol Indore453552 India School of Computer Science Human-Centric AI Centre University of Technology Sydney Australia

In real-world applications, class-imbalanced datasets pose significant challenges for machine learning algorithms, such as support vector machines (SVMs), particularly in effectively managing imbalance, noise, and outliers. Fuzzy support vector machines (FSVMs) address class imbalance by assigning varying fuzzy memberships to samples;however, their sensitivity to imbalanced datasets can lead to inaccurate assessments. The recently developed slack-factor-based FSVM (SFFSVM) improves traditional FSVMs by using slack factors to adjust fuzzy memberships based on misclassification likelihood, thereby rectifying misclassifications induced by the hyperplane obtained via different error cost (DEC). Building on SFFSVM, we propose an improved slack-factor-based FSVM (ISFFSVM) that introduces a novel location parameter. This novel parameter significantly advances the model by constraining the DEC hyperplane’s extension, thereby mitigating the risk of misclassifying minority class samples. It ensures that majority class samples with slack factor scores approaching the location threshold are assigned lower fuzzy memberships, which enhances the model’s discrimination capability. Extensive experimentation on a diverse array of real-world KEEL datasets demonstrates that the proposed ISFFSVM consistently achieves higher F1-scores, Matthews correlation coefficients (MCC), and area under the precision-recall curve (AUC-PR) compared to baseline classifiers. Consequently, the introduction of the location parameter, coupled with the slack-factor-based fuzzy membership, enables ISFFSVM to outperform traditional approaches, particularly in scenarios characterized by severe class disparity. The code for the proposed model is available at https://***/mtanveer1/ISFFSVM. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Support vector machines

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RAS2P: Remote Attestation via Self-Measurement for SGX-based Platforms

RAS2P: Remote Attestation via Self-Measurement for SGX-based...

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2022 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC 2022

作者： Ren, Zhengwei Li, Xueting Deng, Li Tong, Yan Xu, Shiwei Tang, Jinshan Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Real-time Industrial System Wuhan China Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Computer Science and Technology Wuhan China Agricultural University College of Informatics Huazhong Wuhan China George Mason University College of Health and Human Services Department of Health Administration and Policy Fairfax United States

ISBN: (数字)9781665452588

ISBN: (纸本)9781665452588

Remote Attestation (RA) is a security service by which a Verifier (Vrf) can verify the platform state of a remote Prover (Prv). However, in most existing RA schemes, the Prv might be vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks due to the interactive challenge-response methodology while there is no authentication about the challenge. Worse, many schemes cannot effectively detect mobile malware that can be inactive during the on-demand attestation launched by the Vrf. In this paper, we propose a self-measurement RA for SGX-based platforms, which can effectively mitigate DoS attacks and defend against mobile malware. To this end, a two-way identity authentication is first enforced between the Prv and Vrf with the help of a blockchain system, in which a shared session key is also generated. Secondly, trigger conditions of measurements on the Prv's side are time points generated by the Prv self instead of Vrf's requests. The Vrf can retrieve multiple self-measurement results during one execution of the protocol to monitor the Prv's platform over a period of time continuously, which can detect mobile malware effectively. Our scheme utilizes SGX to provide the runtime protection for sensitive information such as session key, self-measurement code, time points of self-measurements, and self-measurement results, making a higher security guarantee. In addition, the session key, time points of self-measurements, and self-measurement code can be changed or upgraded, making our scheme more flexible and scalable. The simulation implementation and results show that our scheme is feasible and practical. © 2022 IEEE.

关键词： Denial-of-service attack

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Letters from Future Self: Augmenting the Letter-Exchange Exercise with LLM-based Future Self Agents to Enhance Young Adults’ Career Exploration

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Jeon, Hayeon Yoon, Suhwoo Lee, Keyeun Kim, Seo Hyeong Kim, Esther Hehsun Cho, Seonghye Ko, Yena Yang, Soeun Dabbish, Laura Zimmerman, John Kim, Eun-Mee Lim, Hajin hci+d lab. Seoul National University Korea Republic of Department of Communication Seoul National University Korea Republic of Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University United States HCI Institute Carnegie Mellon University United States

Young adults often encounter challenges in career exploration. Self-guided interventions, such as the letter-exchange exercise, where participants envision and adopt the perspective of their future selves by exchanging letters with their envisioned future selves, can support career development. However, the broader adoption of such interventions may be limited without structured guidance. To address this, we integrated Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents that simulate participants’ future selves into the letter-exchange exercise and evaluated their effectiveness. A one-week experiment (N=36) compared three conditions: (1) participants manually writing replies to themselves from the perspective of their future selves (baseline), (2) future-self agents generating letters to participants, and (3) future-self agents engaging in chat conversations with participants. Results indicated that exchanging letters with future-self agents enhanced participants’ engagement during the exercise, while overall benefits of the intervention on future orientation, career self-concept, and psychological support remained comparable across conditions. We discuss design implications for AI-augmented interventions for supporting young adults’ career exploration. Copyright © 2025, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Chatbots

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SeePerSea: Multi-modal Perception Dataset of In-water Objects for Autonomous Surface Vehicles

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Jeong, Mingi Chadda, Arihant Ren, Ziang Zhao, Luyang Liu, Haowen Zhang, Aiwei Jiang, Yitao Achong, Sabriel Lensgraf, Samuel Roznere, Monika Li, Alberto Quattrini Department of Computer Science Dartmouth College HanoverNH United States IQT Labs TysonsVA United States Department of Computer Science Columbia University New YorkNY United States Department of Computer Science University of Maryland College Park College ParkMD United States The Institute for Human and Machine Cognition The University of West Florida PensacolaFL United States School of Computing Binghamton University BinghamtonNY United States

This paper introduces the first publicly accessible labeled multi-modal perception dataset for autonomous maritime navigation, focusing on in-water obstacles within the aquatic environment to enhance situational awareness for Autonomous Surface Vehicles (ASVs). This dataset, collected over 4 years and consisting of diverse objects encountered under varying environmental conditions, aims to bridge the research gap in autonomous surface vehicles by providing a multimodal, annotated, and ego-centric perception dataset, for object detection and classification. We also show the applicability of the proposed dataset by training deep learning-based open-source perception algorithms that have shown success. We expect that our dataset will contribute to development of the marine autonomy pipelines and marine (field) robotics. This dataset is opensource and can be found at https://seepersea. ***/. © 2024, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Deep learning

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Real-Time Imitation of human Head Motions, Blinks and Emotions by Nao Robot: A Closed-Loop Approach

Real-Time Imitation of Human Head Motions, Blinks and Emotio...

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RSI/ISM International Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ICROM)

作者： Keyhan Rayati Amirhossein Feizi Alireza Beigy Pourya Shahverdi Mehdi Tale Masouleh Ahmad Kalhor Wing-Yue Geoffrey Louie Human and Robot Interaction Lab Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran Department of Electrical Engineering Shahrood University of Technology Shahrood Iran Intelligent Robotics Laboratory Oakland University Michigan USA

This paper introduces a novel approach for enabling real-time imitation of human head motion by a Nao robot, with a primary focus on elevating human-robot interactions. By using the robust capabilities of the MediaPipe as a computer vision library and the DeepFace as an emotion recognition library, this research endeavors to capture the subtleties of human head motion, including blink actions and emotional expressions, and seamlessly incorporate these indicators into the robot’s responses. The result is a comprehensive framework which facilitates precise head imitation within human-robot interactions, utilizing a closed-loop approach that involves gathering real-time feedback from the robot’s imitation performance. This feedback loop ensures a high degree of accuracy in modeling head motion, as evidenced by an impressive R2 score of 96.3 for pitch and 98.9 for yaw. Notably, the proposed approach holds promise in improving communication for children with autism, offering them a valuable tool for more effective interaction. In essence, proposed work explores the integration of real-time head imitation and real-time emotion recognition to enhance human-robot interactions, with potential benefits for individuals with unique communication needs.

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Semantics-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scene Reconstruction and Rendering in Virtual Reality

Semantics-Controlled Gaussian Splatting for Outdoor Scene Re...

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IEEE Annual International Symposium Virtual Reality

作者： Hannah Schieber Jacob Young Tobias Langlotz Stefanie Zollmann Daniel Roth Technical University of Munich Human-Centered Computing and Extended Reality Lab TUM University Hospital Clinic for Orthopedics and Sports Orthopedics Munich Germany Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) Erlangen Germany Department of Computer Science University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand Department of Computer Science Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark

ISBN: (数字)9798331536459

ISBN: (纸本)9798331536466

Advancements in 3D rendering like Gaussian Splatting (GS) allow novel view synthesis and real-time rendering in virtual reality (VR). However, GS-created 3D environments are often difficult to edit. For scene enhancement or to incorporate 3D assets, segmenting Gaussians by class is essential. Existing segmentation approaches are typically limited to certain types of scenes, e.g., "circular" scenes, to determine clear object boundaries. However, this method is ineffective when removing large objects in non-"circling" scenes such as large outdoor *** propose Semantics-Controlled GS (SCGS), a segmentation-driven GS approach, enabling the separation of large scene parts in uncontrolled, natural environments. SCGS allows scene editing and the extraction of scene parts for VR. Additionally, we introduce a challenging outdoor dataset, overcoming the "circling" setup. We outperform the state-of-the-art in visual quality on our dataset and in segmentation quality on the 3D-OVS dataset. We conducted an exploratory user study, comparing a 360-video, plain GS, and SCGS in VR with a fixed viewpoint. In our subsequent main study, users were allowed to move freely, evaluating plain GS and SCGS. Our main study results show that participants clearly prefer SCGS over plain GS. We overall present an innovative approach that surpasses the state-of-the-art both technically and in user experience.

关键词： Visualization Three-dimensional displays Semantics Virtual reality User interfaces Rendering (computer graphics) User experience Real-time systems

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Lattice-Free Sequence Discriminative Training for Phoneme-Based Neural Transducers

Lattice-Free Sequence Discriminative Training for Phoneme-Ba...

引用

International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Zijian Yang Wei Zhou Ralf Schlüter Hermann Ney Computer Science Department Human Language Technology and Pattern Recognition RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany AppTek GmbH Aachen Germany

Recently, RNN-Transducers have achieved remarkable results on various automatic speech recognition tasks. However, lattice-free sequence discriminative training methods, which obtain superior performance in hybrid models, are rarely investigated in RNN-Transducers. In this work, we propose three lattice-free training objectives, namely lattice-free maximum mutual information, lattice-free segment-level minimum Bayes risk, and lattice-free minimum Bayes risk, which are used for the final posterior output of the phoneme-based neural transducer with a limited context dependency. Compared to criteria using N-best lists, lattice-free methods eliminate the decoding step for hypotheses generation during training, which leads to more efficient training. Experimental results show that lattice-free methods gain up to 6.5% relative improvement in word error rate compared to a sequence-level cross-entropy trained model. Compared to the N-best-list based minimum Bayes risk objectives, lattice-free methods gain 40% - 70% relative training time speedup with a small degradation in performance.

关键词： Training Degradation Transducers Error analysis Signal processing Decoding Speech processing

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Investigating The Effect of Language Models in Sequence Discriminative Training For Neural Transducers

Investigating The Effect of Language Models in Sequence Disc...

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IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding

作者： Zijian Yang Wei Zhou Ralf Schlüter Hermann Ney Computer Science Department Machine Learning and Human Language Technology RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany AppTek GmbH Aachen Germany

In this work, we investigate the effect of language models (LMs) with different context lengths and label units (phoneme vs. word) used in sequence discriminative training for phoneme-based neural transducers. Both lattice-free and N-best-list approaches are examined. For lattice-free methods with phoneme-level LMs, we propose a method to approximate the context history to employ LMs with full-context dependency. This approximation can be extended to arbitrary context length and enables the usage of word-level LMs in lattice-free methods. Moreover, a systematic comparison is conducted across lattice-free and N-best-list-based methods. Experimental results on Librispeech show that using the word-level LM in training outperforms the phoneme-level LM. Besides, we find that the context size of the LM used for probability computation has a limited effect on performance. Moreover, our results reveal the pivotal importance of the hypothesis space quality in sequence discriminative training.

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Graph-based variant discovery reveals novel dynamics in the human microbiome

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Muralidharan, Harihara Subrahmaniam Michaelis, Jacquelyn S. Ghurye, Jay Treangen, Todd Koren, Sergey Fedarko, Marcus Pop, Mihai Department of Computer Science University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology University of Maryland College ParkMD United States Department of Computer Science Rice University HoustonTX United States Genome Informatics Section Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD United States Department of Computer Science University of California San DiegoCA United States

Sequence differences between the strains of bacteria comprising host-associated and environmental microbiota may play a role in community assembly and influence the resilience of microbial communities to disturbances. Tools for characterizing strain-level variation within microbial communities, however, are limited in scope, focusing on just single nucleotide polymorphisms, or relying on reference-based analyses that miss complex functional and structural variants. Here, we demonstrate the power of assembly graph analysis to detect and characterize structural variants in almost 1,000 metagenomes generated as part of the human Microbiome Project. We identify over nine million variants comprising insertion/deletion events, repeat copy-number changes, and mobile elements such as plasmids. We highlight some of the potential functional roles of these genomic changes. Our analysis revealed striking differences in the rate of variation across body sites, highlighting niche-specific mechanisms of bacterial adaptation. The structural variants we detect also include potentially novel prophage integration events, highlighting the potential use of graph-based analyses for phage discovery. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Microorganisms

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