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High-cost banner blindness: Ads increase perceived workload, hinder visual search, and are forgotten

ACM Transactions on computer-human interaction 2005年第4期12卷 423-445页

作者： Burke, Moira Hornof, Anthony Nilsen, Erik Gorman, Nicholas Carnegie Mellon University University of Oregon Lewis and Clark College University of Southern California Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Porbes Ave. Pittsburgh PA 15213 Computer and Information Science Department 1202 University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 Psychology Department Lewis and Clark College Portland OR 97219 Department of Preventative Medicine University of Southern California HAS 5235 1000 South Fremont Ave. Alhambra CA 91803

The seeming contradiction between "banner blindness" and Web users' complaints about distracting advertisements motivates a pair of experiments into the effect of banner ads on visual search. Experiment 1 measures perceived cognitive workload and search times for short words with two banners on the screen. Four kinds of banners were examined: (1) animated commercial, (2) static commercial, (3) cyan with flashing text, and (4) blank. Using NASA's Task Load Index, participants report increased workload under flashing text banners. Experiment 2 investigates search through news headlines at two levels of difficulty: exact matches and matches requiring semantic interpretation. Results show both animated and static commercial banners decrease visual search speeds. Eye tracking data reveal people rarely look directly at banners. A post hoc memory test confirms low banner recall and, surprisingly, that animated banners are more difficult to remember than static look-alikes. Results have implications for cognitive modeling and Web design. © 2005 ACM.

关键词： Search engines

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Links for a human-Centered science of Design: Integrated Design Knowledge Environments for a Software Development Process

Links for a Human-Centered Science of Design: Integrated Des...

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Annual Hawaii International Conference on System sciences (HICSS)

作者： C.M. Chewar D.S. McCrickard Center for Human-Computer Interaction and Department of Computer Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg VA USA

Based on extensive empirical observation of design activities that might be supported by a knowledge repository, we report conclusions from three case studies. Seeking to improve research infrastructure necessary to cultivate a "science of design" within human-computer interaction, we focus on identifying essential activities that help proceduralize the key requirements of knowledge management within a software development effort. From related literature, we selected five focus points for our analyses, which in turn, guided development of our repository in terms of how design knowledge is used, reused, and harvested through system tools. The case studies successively validate potential activities, while exposing breakdowns in process or practice that show promise of being resolved with additional tool features highlighted in other cases. Emerging largely from our case studies, we present general guidelines and tradeoffs for developing a design knowledge repository, as well as directions for further empirical study.

关键词： Programming human computer interaction Knowledge management Guidelines Process design computer science Military computing Electric breakdown Shape Psychology

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A study of factors affecting the utility of implicit relevance feedback

A study of factors affecting the utility of implicit relevan...

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28th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2005

作者： White, Ryen W. Ruthven, Ian Jose, Joemon M. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Institute for Advanced Computer Studies University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 United States Department of Computer and Information Sciences University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XH United Kingdom Department of Computing Science University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8RZ United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)1595930345

Implicit relevance feedback (IRF) is the process by which a search system unobtrusively gathers evidence on searcher interests from their interaction with the system. IRF is a new method of gathering information on user interest and, if IRF is to be used in operational IR systems, it is important to establish when it performs well and when it performs poorly. In this paper we investigate how the use and effectiveness of IRF is affected by three factors: search task complexity, the search experience of the user and the stage in the search. Our findings suggest that all three of these factors contribute to the utility of IRF. © 2005 ACM.

关键词： Search engines

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Re-engineering software architecture of home service robots: A case study

Re-engineering software architecture of home service robots:...

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27th International Conference on Software Engineering, ICSE 2005

作者： Kim, Moonzoo Lee, Jaejoon Kang, Kyo Chul Hong, Youngjin Bang, Seokwon Computer Science and Engineering Department Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea Republic of Interaction Lab. Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology P.O.Box 111 Suwon 440-600 Korea Republic of

With the advances of robotics, computer science, and other related areas, home service robots attract much attention from both academia and industry. Home service robots present interesting technical challenges to the community in that they have a wide range of potential applications, such as home security, patient caring, cleaning, etc., and that the services provided by the robots in each application area are being defined as markets are formed and, therefore, they change constantly. Without architectural considerations to address these challenges, robot manufacturers often focus on developing technical components (e.g., vision recognizer, speech processor, and actuator) and then attempt to develop service robots by integrating these components. When prototypes are developed for a new application, or when services are added, modified, or removed from existing robots, unexpected, undesirable, and often dangerous side-effects, which are known as feature interaction problem, happen frequently. Reengineering of such robots can make a serious impact in delivery time and development cost. In this paper, we present our experience of re-engineering a prototype of a home service robot developed by Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology. First, we designed a modular and hierarchical software architecture that makes interaction among the components visible. With the visibility of interactions, we could assign functional responsibilities to each component clearly. Then, we re-engineered existing codes to conform to the new architecture using a reactive language Esterel. As a result, we could detect and solve feature interaction problems and alleviate the difficulty of adding or updating components. Copyright 2005 ACM.

关键词： Robots

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Perceiving ordinal data haptically under workload

Perceiving ordinal data haptically under workload

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Seventh International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, ICMI'05

作者： Tang, Anthony McLachlan, Peter Lowe, Karen Saka, Chalapati Rao MacLean, Karon Human Communication Technologies Lab University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada Department of Computer Science University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada

ISBN: (纸本)1595930280

Visual information overload is a threat to the interpretation of displays presenting large data sets or complex application environments. To combat this problem, researchers have begun to explore how haptic feedback can be used as another means for information transmission. In this paper, we show that people can perceive and accurately process haptically rendered ordinal data while under cognitive workload. We evaluate three haptic models for rendering ordinal data with participants who were performing a taxing visual tracking task. The evaluation demonstrates that information rendered by these models is perceptually available even when users are visually busy. This preliminary research has promising implications for haptic augmentation of visual displays for information visualization. Copyright 2005 ACM.

关键词： Haptic interfaces

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Comparing interlaced and progressive scans for MPEG coding of medical video

Comparing interlaced and progressive scans for MPEG coding o...

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Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE 31st Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference

作者： Hu, Chengquan Sclabassi, Robert J. Scheuer, Mark L. Yang, Jie Xu, Jian Liu, Qiang Sun, Mingui College of Computer Science and Technology Juin University Changchun 130012 China Department of Electrical Engineering United States Department of Neurological Surgery United States Department of Biomedical Engineering United States Department of Neurology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 United States Human-Computer Interaction Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 United States

This paper examines MPEG-4 coding efficiency for interlaced and progressively scanned video data recorded during remote patient monitoring. Experiments are performed using both interlaced and progressive coding methods to compress interlaced, deinterlaced and progressively scanned video sequences at different bit rates. Our results show that progressively scanned video outperforms interlaced video in both coding efficiency and video quality. We also found that the use of a deinterlacing algorithm improves video coding performance. In addition, we found that interlaced or progressively scanned video data can be compressed using either progressive or interlaced coding algorithms without significant difference in performance. © 2005 IEEE.

关键词： Encoding (symbols)

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Robust and accurate cancer classification with gene expression profiling

Robust and accurate cancer classification with gene expressi...

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Proceedings of the IEEE Computational Systems Bioinformatics Conference, CSB

作者： Haifeng Li Keshu Zhang Tao Jiang Department of Computer Science University of California Riverside CA USA Human Interaction Research Laboratory Motorola Inc. Tempe AZ USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769523447

Robust and accurate cancer classification is critical in cancer treatment. Gene expression profiling is expected to enable us to diagnose tumors precisely and systematically. However, the classification task in this context is very challenging because of the curse of dimensionality and the small sample size problem. In this paper, we propose a novel method to solve these two problems. Our method is able to map gene expression data into a very low dimensional space and thus meets the recommended samples to features per class ratio. As a result, it can be used to classify new samples robustly with low and trustable (estimated) error rates. The method is based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). However, the conventional LDA requires that the within-class scatter matrix S/sub w/ be nonsingular. Unfortunately, S/sub w/ is always singular in the case of cancer classification due to the small sample size problem. To overcome this problem, we develop a generalized linear discriminant analysis (GLDA) that is a general, direct, and complete solution to optimize Fisher's criterion. GLDA is mathematically well-founded and coincides with the conventional LDA when S/sub w/ is nonsingular. Different from the conventional LDA, GLDA does not assume the nonsingularity of S/sub w/, and thus naturally solves the small sample size problem. To accommodate the high dimensionality of scatter matrices, a fast algorithm of GLDA is also developed. Our extensive experiments on seven public cancer datasets show that the method performs well. Especially on some difficult instances that have very small samples to genes per class ratios, our method achieves much higher accuracies than widely used classification methods such as support vector machines, random forests, etc.

关键词： Robustness Cancer Gene expression Linear discriminant analysis Neoplasms computer science humans Scattering Support vector machines Support vector machine classification

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Choosing friends carefully: Allies for critical computing 05

Choosing friends carefully: Allies for critical computing

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4th Decennial Aarhus Conference on Critical Computing - Between Sense and Sensibility

作者： Dearden, Andy Walker, Steve Watts, Leon Communication and Computing Research Centre Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield S1 1WB United Kingdom School of Information Management Leeds Metropolitan University Headingley Leeds LS6 3QS United Kingdom Human-Computer Interaction Group Department of Computer Science University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY United Kingdom

ISBN: (纸本)1595932038

In this paper, we argue firstly that researchers in critical computing should address the specific information and communication technology (ICT) needs and activities of those agencies concerned with emancipatory issues. Secondly, we argue that a critical perspective, explicitly foregrounding empowerment and emancipatory concerns, forms a basis for emphasising the practice of individuals, groups and organisations, rather than purely focusing on organisational form in social *** discuss this context of social action, identifying some relevant ICT-related challenges. We identify three themes that highlight factors that differentiate ICT support for social action groups from the setting of conventional business and service organisations: Free / Libre Open-Source Software, techniques and technologies for engagement through storytelling, and learning and evaluation in social action. © 2005 ACM.

关键词： Open systems

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Participating in civil society: The case of networked communities

Participating in civil society: The case of networked commun...

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作者： Kavanaugh, Andrea Carroll, John M. Rosson, Mary Beth Reese, Debbie D. Zin, Than T. Department of Computer Science Virginia Tech 660 McBryde Hall Blacksburg V. United States Ctr. for Human-Computer Interaction Sch. of Info. Sci. and Technology Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. P. United States Center for Educational Technologies Wheeling Jesuit University 316 Washington Ave. Wheeling W. United States

A community computer network facilitates civic participation by providing pervasive local resources online and by connecting people to local communication and discussion channels, public and non-profit organization leaders and members, and many other civic resources. We present findings from longitudinal data (two rounds between 2001 and 2002) of a stratified random survey of 100 households in a mature community network, the Blacksburg Electronic Village (BEV). We offer exploratory and confirmatory analyses, including a 'civic effects' model, that show demographic characteristics (education, age) and psychological factors (extroversion) explain staying informed, collective efficacy, group membership, activism, and using the Internet for civic and political purposes. The model further explains differences in respondents' involvement in local issues once they go online. Informed activists with multiple group memberships become more involved in local issues once going online, whereas informed non-activists become less involved once online. Our study suggests that in order to play a constructive role in creating a more civil society, community networks should explicitly pursue strategies that encourage community activism. One way to do this, given the strong role of association membership in activism, is for ISPs to offer bundled standard Internet applications at low cost to non-profit community groups (e.g. email for leadership, online discussion for members, web space). Community networks should also promote and support the use by local groups of innovative tools for non-experts, such as easy collaborative web-based tools for information production and collaboration. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Social aspects

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MOCHA: modular and configurable handset software architecture

MOCHA: modular and configurable handset software architectur...

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Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, CCNC IEEE

作者： K. Kim J.D. Kwak Seung Hwan Jo Department of Computer Science Virginia Tech Human Computer Interaction Group Blacksburg VA USA UMTS Research & Development Mobile Communication Division Telecommunication Network Samsung Electronics Company Limited South Korea

This paper describes Mocha, an open mobile S/W platform and application developed by Samsung Electronics. Mocha's key features are its efficiency (it fits in regular phones), its portability (it covers different stack/OS/chipsets for CDMA, EV-DO, GSM/GPRS, and UMTS), its modularity and configurability (it meets customers' varying needs), its extensibility (it can he adapted to include new features and interfaces), its interoperability based on de-facto standards such as OMA, 3GPP, 3GPP2, CDG; and its security (it can withstand the attack of malicious applications). Among these key features, in this paper, we outline the multimedia messaging service (MMS) that inspired this system and then describe its design, architecture, and prototype implementation.

关键词： Telephone sets Software architecture Application software Multiaccess communication GSM Ground penetrating radar 3G mobile communication Security Multimedia systems Message service

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