The symposium on recent advances in the critical incident (CI) technique is discussed. The technique outlined a structured methodology for application-oriented research and evaluation that has become a central part of...
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The symposium on recent advances in the critical incident (CI) technique is discussed. The technique outlined a structured methodology for application-oriented research and evaluation that has become a central part of various areas of important human factor work. It is shown that multiple contributing factors lead to CI. Systems researchers have also extended the use of the technique to remote usability evaluation, where users self-report CI while performing real tasks in their normal working environments.
作者：
B. ShneidermanH. KangDepartment of Computer Science
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory Institute for Advanced Computer Studies & Institute for Systems Research University of Maryland College Park MD USA
Annotating photographs is such a time-consuming, tedious and error-prone data entry task that it discourages most owners of personal photo libraries. By allowing the user to drag labels, such as personal names, from a...
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Annotating photographs is such a time-consuming, tedious and error-prone data entry task that it discourages most owners of personal photo libraries. By allowing the user to drag labels, such as personal names, from a scrolling list and drop them onto a photo, we believe we can make the task faster, easier and more appealing. Since the names are entered in a database, searching for all photos of a friend or family member is dramatically simplified. We describe the user interface design and the database schema to support direct annotation, as implemented in our PhotoFinder prototype.
computerscience educators have traditionally used algorithm visualization (AV) software to create graphical representations of algorithms that are later used as visual aids in lectures, or as the basis for interactiv...
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computerscience educators have traditionally used algorithm visualization (AV) software to create graphical representations of algorithms that are later used as visual aids in lectures, or as the basis for interactive labs. Based on ethnographic field studies we have conducted in an undergraduate algorithms course, we advocate an alternative teaching approach in which students use simple art supplies to construct and present their own visualizations to their peers and instructor for feedback and discussion. To support this approach, we have built SALSA and ALVIS, a prototype language and system that enable students to (a) quickly construct rough, unpolished ("low fidelity") visualizations in much the same way they would do so with simple art supplies, and (b) interactively present those visualizations to an audience. Our prototype pioneers a novel technique for programming visualizations based on spatial relations, and a novel presentation interface that supports reverse execution and dynamic mark-up and modification.
Software tools for personal photo collection management are proliferating, but they usually have limited searching and browsing functions. We implemented the PhotoFinder prototype to enable non-technical users of pers...
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Software tools for personal photo collection management are proliferating, but they usually have limited searching and browsing functions. We implemented the PhotoFinder prototype to enable non-technical users of personal photo collections to search and browse easily. PhotoFinder provides a set of visual Boolean query interfaces, coupled with dynamic query and query preview features. It gives users powerful search capabilities. Using a scatter plot thumbnail display and drag-and-drop interface, PhotoFinder is designed to be easy to use for searching and browsing photos.
The accurate formulation of boolean expressions is a notorious problem in programming languages and database query tools. This paper studies the ways that untrained users naturally express and interpret queries, revea...
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The accurate formulation of boolean expressions is a notorious problem in programming languages and database query tools. This paper studies the ways that untrained users naturally express and interpret queries, revealing some of the underlying reasons why this task is so difficult. Among the study's findings are: people interpret the word AND to mean either conjunction or disjunction depending on context, the scope to which they attribute the word NOT depends on whether the subsequent operator is AND or OR, and they often ignore parenthesis. Therefore, relying on these words and symbols for query formulation will result in poor usability. A tabular query form is proposed that avoids the need to name the operators, provides a clear distinction between conjunction and disjunction, and makes grouping more explicit. Comparing the tabular language with textual boolean expressions, the study finds that untrained users perform better when they express their queries in the tabular language, and about equally well when interpreting queries written in either language. We conclude that systems may benefit by adopting a tabular notation for query formulation.
A demanding task in procuring complex military platforms is determining whether proposed designs will function effectively in the relevant work context. Conventional evaluation methods offer a limited perspective that...
A demanding task in procuring complex military platforms is determining whether proposed designs will function effectively in the relevant work context. Conventional evaluation methods offer a limited perspective that focuses on the technical performance of designs in a small range of predictable mission scenarios. In this paper, we advocate Work Domain Analysis, a technique which describes the functions, priorities and values, and purposes of a work domain independently of particular scenarios. This framework focuses the evaluation of designs on functional properties that are relevant to a wide variety of situations, including unanticipated contingencies. Work Domain Analysis also offers a useful framework for examining human-system integration solutions. We illustrate how these concepts were used by the Australian Defence Force for the procurement of an Airborne Early Warning and Control system.
Evaluating whether prospective air defense systems will effectively integrate the activities of humans and computers is a pressing issue for developers and purchasers of such systems. We need effective ways of modelin...
Evaluating whether prospective air defense systems will effectively integrate the activities of humans and computers is a pressing issue for developers and purchasers of such systems. We need effective ways of modeling human-system integration while such systems are under development and while the possibilities for action are underspecified. We present a Cognitive Work Analysis-based analytic framework under development for characterising air defense control tasks and also for characterising the larger framework in which such control tasks must be coordinated. The challenge is to produce a formative rather than descriptive or normative model, within which broad logical and temporal constraints can be represented, so revealing possibilities for action as events unfold.
During the past five years, our research group worked with a group of public school teachers to define, develop, and assess network-based support for collaborative learning in middle school physical science and high s...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781581132199
During the past five years, our research group worked with a group of public school teachers to define, develop, and assess network-based support for collaborative learning in middle school physical science and high school physics. From the outset, we committed to a participatory design approach. This design collaboration has now existed far longer than is typical of participatory design endeavors, particularly in North America. The nature of our interactions, and in particular the nature of the role played by the teachers has changed significantly through the course of the project. We suggest that there may be a long-term developmental unfolding of roles and relationships in participatory design.
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