This study investigated perceptual and cognitive issues relating to manipulations of geometric field of view (GFOV) in three-dimensional perspective displays and the effects of incorporating virtual environment enhanc...
This study investigated perceptual and cognitive issues relating to manipulations of geometric field of view (GFOV) in three-dimensional perspective displays and the effects of incorporating virtual environment enhancements in the interface based on visual momentum (VM) techniques. Sixty participants, who were pretested for spatial ability, were required to navigate through a virtual office building while estimating space dimensions and performing spatial orientation tasks. A 3 − 2 − 2 mixed-subjects design compared three levels of GFOV, two levels of VM, and two levels of Difficulty. This study effectively demonstrates that the spatial characteristics of architectural representations in perspective displays are not always accurately perceived. Furthermore, the results indicate that manipulations in GFOV can produce perceptual and cognitive errors for the basic space dimensions in perspective displays; however, VM can be used to compensate for many of the biases shown to occur.
interaction objects (interactors) are abstract structures that provide a link between rigorous approaches to software development and user-oriented aspects of interaction. The focus of the paper is on the second role ...
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interaction objects (interactors) are abstract structures that provide a link between rigorous approaches to software development and user-oriented aspects of interaction. The focus of the paper is on the second role of interactors;in particular, how a formal model of interaction can be used to classify and clarify various properties of interactive behaviour that are important from a user-oriented viewpoint, The formal model used in this discussion abstracts away from distinctions between states, events, and renderings;when needed, these concepts are introduced as various projections on the basic model.
The trend towards systems that support a rich variety of interaction techniques has consequences for the traditional understanding of software design practice. Formal approaches to software development have mainly foc...
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The trend towards systems that support a rich variety of interaction techniques has consequences for the traditional understanding of software design practice. Formal approaches to software development have mainly focused on design expressions that avoid explicit discussion of interactive behaviour. The emphasis in rigorous development is on transforming a mathematical specification into an implementation through a series of valid refinement steps. However, any design process for interactive systems must also add user oriented requirements. It is suggested that a suitable concern for human factors can be folded into a rigorous development process by generalising from functional models and refinement to models that provide multiple viewpoints onto the design artefacts. The paper provides an overview of the relevant perspectives and describes work aimed at integrating them within the specification phase of software development.
Methods for ohserving software users in the workplace will hecome increasingly important as the numher of people using computers grows and developers improve existing systems. Successful redesigns rely, in part, on co...
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This paper reviews the state of research linking formal specification and interactive systems. An appreciation of humancomputerinteraction has become increasingly important within Software Engineering. As systems ha...
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This paper describes recent work concerned with the specification of requirements on interactive systems and the definition of user-level properties of such systems. A formal notation for describing and reasoning abou...
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This paper describes an approach to the incremental and iterative analysis of requirements for safety-critical systems. Safety strategies are developed to ensure that hazard states are avoided and the system's int...
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This paper describes an approach to the incremental and iterative analysis of requirements for safety-critical systems. Safety strategies are developed to ensure that hazard states are avoided and the system's integrity is maintained in the presence of failures in the system components. The approach supports an understanding of human error and the formulation of human error tolerance requirements ensuring that safety is preserved in the presence of user errors. The approach is illustrated with an example from the aerospace industry.
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