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WirelessLLM:Empowering Large Language Models Towards Wireless Intelligence

Journal of Communications and information Networks 2024年第2期9卷 99-112页

作者： Jiawei Shao Jingwen Tong Qiong Wu Wei Guo Zijian Li Zehong Lin Jun Zhang Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong Kong 999077China

The rapid evolution of wireless technologies and the growing complexity of network infrastructures necessitate a paradigm shift in how communication networks are designed,configured,and managed. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have sparked interest in their potential to revolutionize wireless communication systems. However, existing studies on LLMs for wireless systems are limited to a direct application for telecom language understanding. To empower LLMs with knowledge and expertise in the wireless domain, this paper proposes WirelessLLM, a comprehensive framework for adapting and enhancing LLMs to address the unique challenges and requirements of wireless communication networks. We first identify three foundational principles that underpin WirelessLLM:knowledge alignment, knowledge fusion, and knowledge evolution. Then,we investigate the enabling technologies to build WirelessLLM, including prompt engineering, retrieval augmented generation, tool usage, multi-modal pre-training, and domain-specific fine-tuning. Moreover, we present three case studies to demonstrate the practical applicability and benefits of WirelessLLM for solving typical problems in wireless networks. Finally, we conclude this paper by highlighting key challenges and outlining potential avenues for future research.

关键词： large language models multi-modal models wireless communications power allocation spectrum sensing protocol understanding

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A Novel Reliable and Trust Objective Function for RPL-Based IoT Routing Protocol

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 3467-3497页

作者： Mariam A.Alotaibi Sami S.Alwakeel Aasem N.Alyahya Department of Computer Engineering College of Computer ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11543Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Shaqra UniversityShaqra11961Saudi Arabia

The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates diverse devices into the Internet infrastructure, including sensors, meters, and wearable devices. Designing efficient IoT networks with these heterogeneous devices requires the selection of appropriate routing protocols, which is crucial for maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). The Internet engineering Task Force’s Routing Over Low Power and Lossy Networks (IETF ROLL) working group developed the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) to meet these needs. While the initial RPL standard focused on single-metric route selection, ongoing research explores enhancing RPL by incorporating multiple routing metrics and developing new Objective Functions (OFs). This paper introduces a novel Objective Function (OF), the Reliable and Secure Objective Function (RSOF), designed to enhance the reliability and trustworthiness of parent selection at both the node and link levels within IoT and RPL routing protocols. The RSOF employs an adaptive parent node selection mechanism that incorporates multiple metrics, including Residual Energy (RE), Expected Transmission Count (ETX), Extended RPL Node Trustworthiness (ERNT), and a novel metric that measures node failure rate (NFR). In this mechanism, nodes with a high NFR are excluded from the parent selection process to improve network reliability and stability. The proposed RSOF was evaluated using random and grid topologies in the Cooja Simulator, with tests conducted across small, medium, and large-scale networks to examine the impact of varying node densities. The simulation results indicate a significant improvement in network performance, particularly in terms of average latency, packet acknowledgment ratio (PAR), packet delivery ratio (PDR), and Control Message Overhead (CMO), compared to the standard Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function (MRHOF).

关键词： IoT LLNs RPL objective function OF MRHOF OF0 routing metrics reliability trustworthiness

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An Algorithm to Reduce Compression Ratio in Multimedia Applications

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computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第1期74卷 539-557页

作者： Dur-e-Jabeen Tahmina Khan Rumaisa Iftikhar Ali Akbar Siddique Samiya Asghar Department of Electronic Engineering Sir Syed University of Engineering&TechnologyKarachiPakistan Department of Information&Computer Science Sir Syed University of Engineering&TechnologyKarachiPakistan

In recent years,it has been evident that internet is the most effective means of transmitting information in the form of documents,photographs,or videos around the *** purpose of an image compression method is to encode a picture with fewer bits while retaining the decompressed image’s visual *** transmission,this massive data necessitates a lot of channel *** order to overcome this problem,an effective visual compression approach is required to resize this large amount of *** work is based on lossy image compression and is offered for static color *** quantization procedure determines the compressed data quality *** images are converted from RGB to International Commission on Illumination CIE La^(∗)b^(∗);and YCbCr color spaces before being *** the transform domain,the color planes are encoded using the proposed quantization *** improve the efficiency and quality of the compressed image,the standard quantization matrix is updated with the respective image *** used seven discrete orthogonal transforms,including five variations of the Complex Hadamard Transform,Discrete Fourier Transform and Discrete Cosine Transform,as well as thresholding,quantization,de-quantization and inverse discrete orthogonal transforms with CIE La^(∗)b^(∗);and YCbCr to RGB *** to signal noise ratio,signal to noise ratio,picture similarity index and compression ratio are all used to assess the quality of compressed *** the relevant transforms,the image size and bits per pixel are also *** the(n,n)block of transform,adaptive scanning is used to acquire the best feasible compression *** of these characteristics,multimedia systems and services have a wide range of possible applications.

关键词： Color image compression color spaces discrete orthogonal transforms(DOTs) peak-to-signal noise ratio(PSNR) similarity index

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A Novel Approach to Energy Optimization:Efficient Path Selection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Hybrid ANN

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第5期79卷 2945-2970页

作者： Muhammad Salman Qamar Ihsan ulHaq Amil Daraz Atif MAlamri Salman A.AlQahtani Muhammad Fahad Munir Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering International Islamic UniversityIslamabad44000Pakistan School of Information Science and Engineering NingboTech UniversityNingbo315100China Software Engineering Department College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11495Saudi Arabia Computer Engineering Department College of Computer and Information SciencesKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11495Saudi Arabia

In pursuit of enhancing the Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)energy efficiency and operational lifespan,this paper delves into the domain of energy-efficient routing ***,the limited energy resources of Sensor Nodes(SNs)are a big challenge for ensuring their efficient and reliable *** data gathering involves the utilization of a mobile sink(MS)to mitigate the energy consumption problem through periodic network *** mobile sink(MS)strategy minimizes energy consumption and latency by visiting the fewest nodes or predetermined locations called rendezvous points(RPs)instead of all cluster heads(CHs).CHs subsequently transmit packets to neighboring *** unique determination of this study is the shortest path to reach *** the mobile sink(MS)concept has emerged as a promising solution to the energy consumption problem in WSNs,caused by multi-hop data collection with static *** this study,we proposed two novel hybrid algorithms,namely“ Reduced k-means based on Artificial Neural Network”(RkM-ANN)and“Delay Bound Reduced kmeans with ANN”(DBRkM-ANN)for designing a fast,efficient,and most proficient MS path depending upon rendezvous points(RPs).The first algorithm optimizes the MS’s latency,while the second considers the designing of delay-bound paths,also defined as the number of paths with delay over bound for the *** methods use a weight function and k-means clustering to choose RPs in a way that maximizes efficiency and guarantees network-wide *** addition,a method of using MS scheduling for efficient data collection is *** simulations and comparisons to several existing algorithms have shown the effectiveness of the suggested methodologies over a wide range of performance indicators.

关键词： Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) mobile sink(MS) rendezvous point(RP) machine learning Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs)

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Preemptive Min Max Optimal Cost Based Scheduling for Improving the Load Balancing in Virtualized Cloud Environment

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SN computer science 2024年第6期5卷 754页

作者： Ravikumar, K. Saravanakumar, K. Viswanathan, Anand Department of Computer Science and Engineering RRASE College of Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering Sri Eshwar College of Engineering Department of Information Technology Ponjesly College of Engineering

Load balancing and scheduling are essential components of cloud computing that aim to optimize resource allocation and utilization. In a cloud environment, multiple virtual machines and applications compete for shared resources, and efficient load balancing and scheduling mechanisms are crucial for ensuring optimal performance and resource utilization. The prior methodologies attains higher utilization to allocate task due to makspan problem leads more deadlock occurrence and request failures with higher energy consideration. Furthermore, the paper examines the challenges and considerations in load balancing and scheduling, such as dynamic workload variations, heterogeneity of resources, and QoS requirements. To handle this issues, to propose an Efficient Load Balancing Based Predictive Priority-based Preemptive Min max priority Load balancer (PMin-Max LB) to improve the service optimality in Decentralized cloud server. Initially the user request accessibility and task progress is evaluated through Service level Workload Impact score (SLWIS). Then introducing Workload Scaling Job vector estimation is carried by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). By evaluating the Makespan Instance Scaling Changeover Virtualization (MISCV) task weights are assigned to virtual machine by applying Preemptive Min max priority Load balancer (PMin-Max LB) to reduce the workload to improve the performance. The proposed system improves the impact of load balancing and scheduling on cloud performance, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. Finally proposed system attains the potential advancements in load balancing and scheduling techniques improves the computing approach in virtualization process to reduce the workload burned to optimize the heterogeneity and Quality of service. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Cloud computing Load balancer Particle swarm optimization Priority scheduling Task allocation Virtual machine

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Hybrid two-level protection system for preserving pre-trained DNN models ownership

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Neural Computing and Applications 2024年第34期36卷 21415-21449页

作者： Fkirin, Alaa Moursi, Ahmed Samy Attiya, Gamal El-Sayed, Ayman Shouman, Marwa A. Department of Electrical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Fayoum University Fayoum Egypt Computer Science and Engineering Department Faculty of Electronic Engineering Menoufia Governorate Menouf32952 Egypt

Recent advancements in deep neural networks (DNNs) have made them indispensable for numerous commercial applications. These include healthcare systems and self-driving cars. Training DNN models typically demands substantial time, vast datasets and high computational costs. However, these valuable models face significant risks. Attackers can steal and sell pre-trained DNN models for profit. Unauthorised sharing of these models poses a serious threat. Once sold, they can be easily copied and redistributed. Therefore, a well-built pre-trained DNN model is a valuable asset that requires protection. This paper introduces a robust hybrid two-level protection system for safeguarding the ownership of pre-trained DNN models. The first-level employs zero-bit watermarking. The second-level incorporates an adversarial attack as a watermark by using a perturbation technique to embed the watermark. The robustness of the proposed system is evaluated against seven types of attacks. These are Fast Gradient Method Attack, Auto Projected Gradient Descent Attack, Auto Conjugate Gradient Attack, Basic Iterative Method Attack, Momentum Iterative Method Attack, Square Attack and Auto Attack. The proposed two-level protection system withstands all seven attack types. It maintains accuracy and surpasses current state-of-the-art methods. © The Author(s) 2024.

关键词： Deep neural networks

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Boosting 3D Object Detection With Semantic-Aware Multi-Branch Framework

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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 2025年第6期35卷 5697-5710页

作者： Jing, Hao Wang, Anhong Zhao, Lijun Yang, Yakun Bu, Donghan Zhang, Jing Zhang, Yifan Hou, Junhui Taiyuan University of Science and Technology School of Electronic Information Engineering Taiyuan030024 China City University of Hong Kong Department of Computer Science Hong Kong

In autonomous driving, LiDAR sensors are vital for acquiring 3D point clouds, providing reliable geometric information. However, traditional sampling methods of preprocessing often ignore semantic features, leading to detail loss and ground point interference in 3D object detection. To address this, we propose a multi-branch two-stage 3D object detection framework using a Semantic-aware Multi-branch Sampling (SMS) module and multi-view consistency constraints. The SMS module includes random sampling, Density Equalization Sampling (DES) for enhancing distant objects, and Ground Abandonment Sampling (GAS) to focus on non-ground points. The sampled multi-view points are processed through a Consistent KeyPoint Selection (CKPS) module to generate consistent keypoint masks for efficient proposal sampling. The first-stage detector uses multi-branch parallel learning with multi-view consistency loss for feature aggregation, while the second-stage detector fuses multi-view data through a Multi-View Fusion Pooling (MVFP) module to precisely predict 3D objects. The experimental results on the KITTI dataset and Waymo Open Dataset show that our method achieves excellent detection performance improvement for a variety of backbones, especially for low-performance backbones with simple network structures. © 1991-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Object detection

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LARSI-TPE-XGB: Short-Term Load Forecasting by Load-Adaptive Relative Strength Index and Fusion of Tree-Structured Parzen Estimator and XGBoost

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IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 2025年第3期40卷 1318-1330页

作者： Liu, Jin-Xian Leu, Jenq-Shiou National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering Taipei106216 Taiwan

Power load forecasting is essential for optimizing power generation and distribution efficiency. This paper proposes a novel method for daily average load forecasting, referred to as LARSI-TPE-XGB, which integrates the Load-Adaptive Relative Strength Index (LARSI) with the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Our method significantly improves the accuracy and generalization ability of short-term load forecasting (STLF) by addressing limitations in feature extraction and hyperparameter optimization. The proposed LARSI enhances the forecasting model by adapting an improved Relative Strength Index (RSI) for power load prediction, while TPE optimizes the model's hyperparameters to dynamically adjust to time-series updates, thus mitigating the issue of XGBoost's sensitivity to hyperparameters in high-dimensional scenarios. Experimental results on real-world power load datasets demonstrate that LARSI-TPE-XGB reduces errors by 18.58% and 30.73% in root mean squared error (RMSE) across two different datasets compared to models without LARSI-TPE-XGB and outperforms state-of-the-art models, as confirmed by the Diebold-Mariano (DM) test. Our method consistently improves performance across various datasets, while we further investigate the influence of LARSI and other factors, such as weather conditions, on forecasting accuracy. © 1986-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Electric load forecasting

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Web Page Recommendation Using Distributional Recurrent Neural Network

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computer Systems science & engineering 2023年第4期45卷 803-817页

作者： Chaithra G.M.Lingaraju S.Jagannatha Department of Computer Science&Engineering Sapthagiri College of EngineeringBangaloreIndia Department of Information Science and Engineering Sahyadri College of Engineering&ManagementMangaluruIndia Department of Computer Applications MSRITBangaloreIndia

In the data retrieval process of the Data recommendation system,the matching prediction and similarity identification take place a major role in the *** that,there are several methods to improve the retrieving process with improved accuracy and to reduce the searching ***,in the data recommendation system,this type of data searching becomes complex to search for the best matching for given query data and fails in the accuracy of the query recommendation *** improve the performance of data validation,this paper proposed a novel model of data similarity estimation and clustering method to retrieve the relevant data with the best matching in the big data *** this paper advanced model of the Logarithmic Directionality Texture Pattern(LDTP)method with a Metaheuristic Pattern Searching(MPS)system was used to estimate the similarity between the query data in the entire *** overall work was implemented for the application of the data recommendation *** are all indexed and grouped as a cluster to form a paged format of database structure which can reduce the computation time while at the searching ***,with the help of a neural network,the relevancies of feature attributes in the database are predicted,and the matching index was sorted to provide the recommended data for given query *** was achieved by using the Distributional Recurrent Neural Network(DRNN).This is an enhanced model of Neural Network technology to find the relevancy based on the correlation factor of the feature *** training process of the DRNN classifier was carried out by estimating the correlation factor of the attributes of the *** are formed as clusters and paged with proper indexing based on the MPS parameter of similarity *** overall performance of the proposed work can be evaluated by varying the size of the training database by 60%,70%,and 80%.The parameters that are considered for performance analysis are Precision

关键词： Ontology data mining in big data logarithmic directionality texture pattern metaheuristic pattern searching system distributional recurrent neural network query recommendation

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A deep Q-learning model for sequential task offloading in edge AI systems

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Intelligent and Converged Networks 2024年第3期5卷 207-221页

作者： Dong Liu Shiheng Gu Xinyu Fan Xu Zheng Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610000China Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaShenzhen 515100China Department of Information and Software Engineering University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610000China

Currently,edge Artificial Intelligence(AI)systems have significantly facilitated the functionalities of intelligent devices such as smartphones and smart cars,and supported diverse applications and *** fundamental supports come from continuous data analysis and computation over these *** the resource constraints of terminal devices,multi-layer edge artificial intelligence systems improve the overall computing power of the system by scheduling computing tasks to edge and cloud servers for *** efforts tend to ignore the nature of strong pipelined characteristics of processing tasks in edge AI systems,such as the encryption,decryption and consensus algorithm supporting the implementation of Blockchain ***,this paper proposes a new pipelined task scheduling algorithm(referred to as PTS-RDQN),which utilizes the system representation ability of deep reinforcement learning and integrates multiple dimensional information to achieve global task ***,a co-optimization strategy based on Rainbow Deep Q-Learning(RainbowDQN)is proposed to allocate computation tasks for mobile devices,edge and cloud servers,which is able to comprehensively consider the balance of task turnaround time,link quality,and other factors,thus effectively improving system performance and user *** addition,a task scheduling strategy based on PTS-RDQN is proposed,which is capable of realizing dynamic task allocation according to device *** results based on many simulation experiments show that the proposed method can effectively improve the resource utilization,and provide an effective task scheduling strategy for the edge computing system with cloud-edge-end architecture.

关键词： edge computing task scheduling reinforcement learning Rainbow Deep Q-Learning(RainbowDQN)

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