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Privacy-preserving explainable AI: a survey

science China(information sciences) 2025年第1期68卷 23-56页

作者： Thanh Tam NGUYEN Thanh Trung HUYNH Zhao REN Thanh Toan NGUYEN Phi Le NGUYEN Hongzhi YIN Quoc Viet Hung NGUYEN School of Information and Communication Technology Griffith University School of Computer and Communication Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Bremen Faculty of Information Technology HUTECH University Department of Computer Science Hanoi University of Science and Technology School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Queensland

As the adoption of explainable AI(XAI) continues to expand, the urgency to address its privacy implications intensifies. Despite a growing corpus of research in AI privacy and explainability, there is little attention on privacy-preserving model explanations. This article presents the first thorough survey about privacy attacks on model explanations and their countermeasures. Our contribution to this field comprises a thorough analysis of research papers with a connected taxonomy that facilitates the categorization of privacy attacks and countermeasures based on the targeted explanations. This work also includes an initial investigation into the causes of privacy leaks. Finally, we discuss unresolved issues and prospective research directions uncovered in our analysis. This survey aims to be a valuable resource for the research community and offers clear insights for those new to this domain. To support ongoing research, we have established an online resource repository, which will be continuously updated with new and relevant findings.

关键词： privacy-preserving explainable AI privacy attacks privacy defences PrivEx PPXAI

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On-device diagnostic recommendation with heterogeneous federated BlockNets

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science China(information sciences) 2025年第4期68卷 33-49页

作者： Minh Hieu NGUYEN Thanh Trung HUYNH Thanh Toan NGUYEN Phi Le NGUYEN Hien Thu PHAM Jun JO Thanh Tam NGUYEN School of Information and Communication Technology Griffith University School of Computer and Communication Sciences Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Faculty of Information Technology HUTECH University School of Information and Communication Technology Hanoi University of Science and Technology Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)

The evolution of edge computing has advanced the accessibility of E-health recommendation services, encompassing areas such as medical consultations, prescription guidance, and diagnostic assessments. Traditional methodologies predominantly utilize centralized recommendations, relying on servers to store client data and dispatch advice to ***, these conventional approaches raise significant concerns regarding data privacy and often result in computational inefficiencies. E-health recommendation services, distinct from other recommendation domains, demand not only precise and swift analyses but also a stringent adherence to privacy safeguards, given the users' reluctance to disclose their identities or health information. In response to these challenges, we explore a new paradigm called on-device recommendation tailored to E-health diagnostics, where diagnostic support(such as biomedical image diagnostics), is computed at the client *** leverage the advances of federated learning to deploy deep learning models capable of delivering expert-level diagnostic suggestions on clients. However, existing federated learning frameworks often deploy a singular model across all edge devices, overlooking their heterogeneous computational capabilities. In this work, we propose an adaptive federated learning framework utilizing BlockNets, a modular design rooted in the layers of deep neural networks, for diagnostic recommendation across heterogeneous devices. Our framework offers the flexibility for users to adjust local model configurations according to their device's computational power. To further handle the capacity skewness of edge devices, we develop a data-free knowledge distillation mechanism to ensure synchronized parameters of local models with the global model, enhancing the overall accuracy. Through comprehensive experiments across five real-world datasets, against six baseline models, within six experimental setups, and various data distribution scenario

关键词： intelligent recommendation federated learning heterogeneous devices E-health diagnostics

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Central Tendency Feature Selection (CTFS): a novel approach for efficient and effective feature selection in intrusion detection systems

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年 1-22页

作者： Bouke, Mohamed Aly Abdullah, Azizol Udzir, Nur Izura Samian, Normalia Department of Communication Technology and Network Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang Malaysia

In the digital era, the escalation of data generation and cyber threats has heightened the importance of network security. Machine Learning-based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) play a crucial role in combating these threats, yet there is a significant gap in their feature selection methodologies. These traditional methods often fail to handle large datasets, leading to performance limitations efficiently. To advance this crucial aspect of IDS, we propose the novel Central Tendency-Based Feature Selection (CTFS) method. Our empirical investigation, utilizing the widely acknowledged UNSWNB15 and NSLKDD cybersecurity datasets, reveals that CTFS not only outperforms established feature selection methods like Univariate Selection, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Gini Index in terms of accuracy, achieving up to 95%, and recall, reaching up to 99%, but it also substantially enhances execution efficiency. Specifically, CTFS demonstrates a remarkable reduction in feature selection time to approximately 0.1 s for UNSWNB15 and 0.026 s for NSLKDD, outmatching the more time-intensive RFE, which recorded 569.7 s and 24.9 s, respectively. These findings showcase CTFS as a potent solution, balancing high performance with computational efficiency, a key consideration in time-sensitive security applications. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Cybersecurity

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Advances in neural architecture search

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National science Review 2024年第8期11卷 24-38页

作者： Xin Wang Wenwu Zhu Department of Computer Science and Technology Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Tsinghua University

Automated machine learning(AutoML) has achieved remarkable success in automating the non-trivial process of designing machine learning *** the focal areas of AutoML,neural architecture search(NAS) stands out,aiming to systematically explore the complex architecture space to discover the optimal neural architecture configurations without intensive manual *** has demonstrated its capability of dramatic performance improvement across a large number of real-world *** core components in NAS methodologies normally include(ⅰ) defining the appropriate search space,(ⅱ)designing the right search strategy and(ⅲ) developing the effective evaluation *** early NAS endeavors are characterized via groundbreaking architecture designs,the imposed exorbitant computational demands prompt a shift towards more efficient paradigms such as weight sharing and evaluation estimation,***,the introduction of specialized benchmarks has paved the way for standardized comparisons of NAS ***,the adaptability of NAS is evidenced by its capability of extending to diverse datasets,including graphs,tabular data and videos,etc.,each of which requires a tailored *** paper delves into the multifaceted aspects of NAS,elaborating on its recent advances,applications,tools,benchmarks and prospective research directions.

关键词： machine learning artificial intelligence neural architecture search

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"Survey and analysis of blockchain technologies with respect to: properties, algorithms, architecture, models, evolution and framework"

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第14期84卷 13571-13615页

作者： Tiwari, Nikita Ranjan, Prakash Biswal, Pradeep Kumar Barde, Chetan Sinha, Neha Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Bhagalpur Bhagalpur India Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Indian Institute of Information Technology Bhagalpur Bhagalpur India

The growing realm of blockchain technology has captivated researchers and practitioners alike with its promise of decentralized, secure, and transparent transactions. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and analysis of various blockchain technologies, focusing on their fundamental properties, architectural designs, operational models, evolutionary trends, and overarching frameworks. Through an extensive review of existing literature and empirical studies, this research synthesizes the multifaceted landscape of blockchain, elucidating key concepts such as consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, scalability, interoperability, and privacy protocols. By examining the evolution of blockchain from its inception to its current state and beyond, this paper delineates the trajectory of technological advancements and identifies emerging paradigms. Furthermore, it critically evaluates the strengths and limitations of diverse blockchain architectures and models, offering insights into their applicability across different domains and use cases. Finally, this study culminates in the proposal of a comprehensive framework that encapsulates the essential elements necessary for understanding, implementing, and harnessing the transformative potential of blockchain technologies. Through this holistic analysis, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of blockchain ecosystems and provides valuable guidance for future research directions and practical implementations. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Blockchain

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Intelligent integrated sensing and communication:a survey

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science China(information sciences) 2025年第3期68卷 5-46页

作者： Jifa ZHANG Weidang LU Chengwen XING Nan ZHAO Naofal AL-DHAHIR George K.KARAGIANNIDIS Xiaoniu YANG School of Information and Communication Engineering Dalian University of Technology College of Information Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology School of Information and Electronics Beijing Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Dallas Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is a promising technique to increase spectral efficiency and support various emerging applications by sharing the spectrum and hardware between these functionalities. However, the traditional ISAC schemes are highly dependent on the accurate mathematical model and suffer from the challenges of high complexity and poor performance in practical scenarios. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a viable technique to address these issues due to its powerful learning capabilities, satisfactory generalization capability, fast inference speed, and high adaptability for dynamic environments, facilitating a system design shift from model-driven to data-driven. Intelligent ISAC, which integrates AI into ISAC, has been a hot topic that has attracted many researchers to investigate. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of intelligent ISAC, including its motivation, typical applications, recent trends, and challenges. In particular, we first introduce the basic principle of ISAC, followed by its key techniques. Then, an overview of AI and a comparison between model-based and AI-based methods for ISAC are provided. Furthermore, the typical applications of AI in ISAC and the recent trends for AI-enabled ISAC are reviewed. Finally, the future research issues and challenges of intelligent ISAC are discussed.

关键词： artificial intelligence deep learning deep reinforcement learning federated learning generative artificial intelligence integrated sensing and communication machine learning transfer learning

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Malicious iOS Apps Detection Through Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach

Informatica (Slovenia)

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2025年第1期49卷 207-220页

作者： Bhatt, Arpita Jadhav Sardana, Neetu Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Indonesia

In today’s era, smartphones are used in daily lives because they are ubiquitous and can be customized by installing third-party apps. As a result, the menaces because of these apps, which are potentially risky for user’s privacy, have increased. information on smartphones is perhaps, more personal than compared to data stored on desktops or computers, making it an easy target for intruders. After Android, the most prevalently used mobile operating system is Apple’s iOS. Both Android and iOS follow permission-based access control to protect user’s privacy. However, the users are unaware whether the app is breaching the user’s privacy. To combat this problem, in the paper we propose a hybrid approach to detect malicious iOS apps based on its permissions. In the first phase, weights have been assigned to app permissions using multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach namely Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and in the second phase machine learning& ensemble learning techniques have been employed to train the classifiers for detecting malicious apps. To test the efficacy of the proposed method dataset comprising 1150 apps from 12 app categories has been used. The results demonstrate the proposed approach improves the efficacy of detecting malicious iOS apps for majority of categories. © 2025 Slovene Society Informatika. All rights reserved.

关键词： Differential privacy

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Exploration of alzheimer disease using design of experiments

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第3期84卷 1079-1101页

作者： Gupta, Pranav Pandey, Kavita Gupta, Sanskar Department of Computer Science & Engineering and Information Technology Jaypee Institute of Information Technology Noida India

This study examines the use of experimental designs, specifically full and fractional factorial designs, for predicting Alzheimer’s disease with fewer variables. The full factorial design systematically investigates the effects of selected factors, providing a comprehensive analysis of their individual and interactive impacts on Alzheimer’s prediction. On the other hand, the fractional factorial design simplifies the model by selecting key factors and removing non-significant ones. For Alzheimer’s, among all the factors examined, the MMSE (Mini-mental state Examination) score emerged as the most significant, which was further cross-validated using Minitab Software Analysis. Importantly, the findings suggest that the fractional factorial design is a better alternative, particularly when time and cost constraints are present. The results highlight the effectiveness and efficiency of these experimental designs, demonstrating their potential for early detection, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. By contributing to the expanding knowledge base on experimental designs in medical research, this study emphasizes their crucial role in understanding and combating complex diseases like Alzheimer’s. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2024.

关键词： Design of experiments

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MCBAN: A Small Object Detection Multi-Convolutional Block Attention Network

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第11期81卷 2243-2259页

作者： Hina Bhanbhro Yew Kwang Hooi Mohammad Nordin Bin Zakaria Worapan Kusakunniran Zaira Hassan Amur Computer and Information Science Department Universiti Teknologi PETRONASSeri Iskandar31750Malaysia Faculty of Information and Communication Technology Mahidol UniversityNakhon Pathom73170Thailand

Object detection has made a significant leap forward in recent ***,the detection of small objects continues to be a great difficulty for various reasons,such as they have a very small size and they are susceptible to missed detection due to background ***,small object information is affected due to the downsampling *** learning-based detection methods have been utilized to address the challenge posed by small *** this work,we propose a novel method,the Multi-Convolutional Block Attention Network(MCBAN),to increase the detection accuracy of minute objects aiming to overcome the challenge of information loss during the downsampling *** multi-convolutional attention block(MCAB);channel attention and spatial attention module(SAM)that make up MCAB,have been crafted to accomplish small object detection with higher *** have carried out the experiments on the Karlsruhe Institute of technology and Toyota Technological Institute(KITTI)and Pattern Analysis,Statical Modeling and Computational Learning(PASCAL)Visual Object Classes(VOC)datasets and have followed a step-wise process to analyze the *** experiment results demonstrate that significant gains in performance are achieved,such as 97.75%for KITTI and 88.97%for PASCAL *** findings of this study assert quite unequivocally the fact that MCBAN is much more efficient in the small object detection domain as compared to other existing approaches.

关键词： Multi-convolutional channel attention spatial attention YOLO

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Biometric-Based Secure Encryption Key Generation Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Particle Swarm Optimization

Informatica (Slovenia)

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Informatica (Slovenia) 2025年第16期49卷 213-234页

作者： Almola, Sahera A.S. Khudeyer, Raidah S. Younis, Hameed Abdulkareem Department of Computer Information Systems College of Computer Science and Information Technology University of Basrah Basrah Iraq

With the rapid expansion of computer networks and information technology, ensuring secure data transmission is increasingly vital—especially for image data, which often contains sensitive information. This research presents a biometric-based encryption system that uses fingerprint recognition and deep learning to generate strong, random encryption keys. Two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are employed: one to verify identity based on a user’s ID and another to extract fingerprint features for key generation. These keys are optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), enhancing their randomness and resistance to brute-force attacks. The system generates keys in real-time, eliminating the need for storage and minimizing the risk of theft or leakage. To further improve security, encryption keys are automatically updated after every ten messages, with different keys generated from multiple fingerprints of the same individual. Testing with the SOCOFing dataset (6,000 original and 49,270 synthetic images) achieved 99.75% identity verification and 99.83% classification accuracy. Performance metrics—entropy of 7.89, correlation factor of 0.00628, and zero repetition—demonstrate high robustness. This approach offers a secure, adaptive, and personalized encryption method ideal for sensitive domains like finance and healthcare. © 2025 Slovene Society Informatika. All rights reserved.

关键词： Convolutional neural networks

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