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Improving Deep Assertion Generation via Fine-Tuning Retrieval-Augmented Pre-trained Language Models

ACM Transactions on software Engineering and Methodology 1000年

作者： Quanjun Zhang Chunrong Fang Yi Zheng Yaxin Zhang Yuan Zhao Rubing Huang Jianyi Zhou Yun Yang Tao Zheng Zhenyu Chen Department of Computing Technologies Swinburne University of Technology Australia and State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University China State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University China School of Computer Science and Engineering Macau University of Science and Technology China Huawei Cloud Computing Technologies Co. Ltd. China Department of Computing Technologies Swinburne University of Technology Australia State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University China and Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University China

Unit testing validates the correctness of the units of the software system under test and serves as the cornerstone in improving software quality and reliability. To reduce manual efforts in writing unit tests, some techniques have been proposed to generate test assertions automatically, including deep learning (DL)-based, retrieval-based, and integration-based ones. Among them, recent integration-based approaches inherit from both DL-based and retrieval-based approaches and are considered state-of-the-art. Despite being promising, such integration-based approaches suffer from inherent limitations, such as retrieving assertions with lexical matching while ignoring meaningful code semantics, and generating assertions with a limited training *** this paper, we propose a novel Retrieval-Augmented Deep Assertion Generation approach, namely RetriGen, based on a hybrid assertion retriever and a pre-trained language model (PLM)-based assertion generator. Given a focal-test, RetriGen first builds a hybrid assertion retriever to search for the most relevant test-assert pair from external codebases. The retrieval process takes both lexical similarity and semantical similarity into account via a token-based and an embedding-based retriever, respectively. RetriGen then treats assertion generation as a sequence-to-sequence task and designs a PLM-based assertion generator to predict a correct assertion with historical test-assert pairs and the retrieved external assertion. Although our concept is general and can be adapted to various off-the-shelf encoder-decoder PLMs, we implement RetriGen to facilitate assertion generation based on the recent CodeT5 model. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate RetriGen against six state-of-the-art approaches across two large-scale datasets and two metrics. The experimental results demonstrate that RetriGen achieves 57.66% and 73.24% in terms of accuracy and CodeBLEU, outperforming all baselines with an average improvement of 50.66%

关键词： Unit Testing Assertion Generation Pre-trained Language Models AI4SE

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Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning based Edge Content Caching for Connected Autonomous Vehicles in IoV

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ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems 1000年

作者： Xiaolong Xu Linjie Gu Muhammad Bilal Maqbool Khan Yiping Wen Guoqiang Liu Yuan Yuan School of Software Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Advanced Computing and Intelligent Services Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology China Changwang School of Honors Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology China Department of Computer and Electronics Systems Engineering Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Korea Department of IT and Computer Science Pak-Austria Fachhochschule-Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Pakistan School of Computer Science and Engineering Hunan University of Science and Technology China School of Software Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology China School of Computer Science and Engineering Beihang University State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment Zhongguancun Laboratory China

Connected Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) Driving, as a data-driven intelligent driving technology within the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), presents significant challenges to the efficiency and security of real-time data management. The combination of Web3.0 and edge content caching holds promise in providing low-latency data access for CAVs’ real-time applications. Web3.0 enables the reliable pre-migration of frequently requested content from content providers to edge nodes. However, identifying optimal edge node peers for joint content caching and replacement remains challenging due to the dynamic nature of traffic flow in IoV. Addressing these challenges, this article introduces GAMA-Cache, an innovative edge content caching methodology leveraging Graph Attention Networks (GAT) and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). GAMA-Cache conceptualizes the cooperative edge content caching issue as a constrained Markov decision process. It employs a MARL technique predicated on cooperation effectiveness to discern optimal caching decisions, with GAT augmenting information extracted from adjacent nodes. A distinct collaborator selection mechanism is also developed to streamline communication between agents, filtering out those with minimal correlations in the vector input to the policy network. Experimental results demonstrate that, in terms of service latency and delivery failure, the GAMA-Cache outperforms other state-of-the-art MARL solutions for edge content caching in IoV.

关键词： Content Caching Reinforcement Learning Connected Autonomous Driving

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An X Language-Driven Framework for Systematic Development of Digital Twin Healthcare Systems

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ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 1000年

作者： Kunyu Xie Lin Zhang Yuan Yang Xiaohe Li Ridha Khedri Zhen Chen M. Jamal Deen Simulation Technology Innovation Center Hangzhou International Innovation Institute of Beihang University Hangzhou 311115 Zhejiang China School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Technology Beijing 100191 China School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 China Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital & Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518112 Guangdong China Dept. of Computing and Software McMaster University Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4K1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering McMaster University Hamilton ON L8S 4L8 Canada

The rapid advancements in big data and the Internet of Things (IoT) have significantly accelerated the digital transformation of medical institutions, leading to the widespread adoption of Digital Twin Healthcare (DTH). The Cloud DTH Platform (CDTH) serves as a cloud-based framework that integrates DTH models, healthcare resources, patient data, and medical services. By leveraging real-time data from medical devices, the CDTH platform enables intelligent healthcare services such as disease prediction and medical resource optimization. However, the platform functions as a system of systems (SoS), comprising interconnected yet independent healthcare services. This complexity is further compounded by the integration of both black-box AI models and domain-specific mechanistic models, which pose challenges in ensuring the interpretability and trustworthiness of DTH models. To address these challenges, we propose a Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE)-driven DTH modeling methodology derived from systematic requirement and functional analyses. To implement this methodology effectively, we introduce a DTH model development approach using the X language, along with a comprehensive toolchain designed to streamline the development process. Together, this methodology and toolchain form a robust framework that enables engineers to efficiently develop interpretable and trustworthy DTH models for the CDTH platform. By integrating domain-specific mechanistic models with AI algorithms, the framework enhances model transparency and reliability. Finally, we validate our approach through a case study involving elderly patient care, demonstrating its effectiveness in supporting the development of DTH models that meet healthcare and interpretability requirements.

关键词： Digital Twin Model-based system engineering X Language Medical Cyber-Physical Systems Digital Twin Healthcare Design

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Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications 1

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丛书名： Lecture Notes in computer science

1000年

作者： Yi Pan Daoxu Chen Minyi Guo Jiannong Cao Jack Dongarra

ISBN: (数字)9783540321002

ISBN: (纸本)9783540297697

Welcome to the proceedings of ISPA 2005 which was held in the city of Nanjing. Parallel computing has become a mainstream research area in computer science and the ISPA conference has become one of the premier forums for the presentation of new and exciting research on all aspects of parallel computing. We are pleased to present the proceedings for the 3rd International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications (ISPA 2005), which comprises a collection of excellent technical papers, and keynote speeches. The papers accepted cover a wide range of exciting topics, including architectures, software, networking, and applications. The conference continues to grow and this year a record total of 968 manuscripts (including workshop submissions) were submitted for consideration by the Program Committee or workshops. From the 645 papers submitted to the main conference, the Program Committee selected only 90 long papers and 19 short papers in the program. Eight workshops complemented the outstanding paper sessions.

关键词： computer System Implementation Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity computer Communication Networks Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet) System Performance and Evaluation software Engineering

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Experimental Evaluation of Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for software Engineering Tasks

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ACM Transactions on software Engineering and Methodology 1000年

作者： Wentao Zou Zongwen Shen Qi Li Jidong Ge Chuanyi Li Xiang Chen Xiaoyu Shen LiGuo Huang Bin Luo National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University China School of Artificial Intelligence and Computer Science Nantong University China Eastern Institute for Advanced Study China Department of Computer Science Southern Methodist University USA

Pre-trained models (PTMs) have succeeded in various software engineering (SE) tasks following the “pre-train then fine-tune” paradigm. As fully fine-tuning all parameters of PTMs can be computationally expensive, a potential solution is parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT), which freezes PTMs while introducing extra parameters. Although PEFT methods have been applied to SE tasks, researchers often focus on specific scenarios and lack a comprehensive comparison of PTMs from different aspects such as field, size, and architecture. To fill this gap, we have conducted an empirical study on six PEFT methods, eight PTMs, and four SE tasks. The experimental results reveal several noteworthy findings. For example, model architecture has little impact on PTM performance when using PEFT methods. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive discussion of PEFT methods from three perspectives. First, we analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of PEFT methods. Second, we explore the impact of the scaling factor hyperparameter. Finally, we investigate the application of PEFT methods on the latest open-source large language model, Llama 3.2. These findings provide valuable insights to guide future researchers in effectively applying PEFT methods to SE tasks.

关键词： parameter-efficient fine-tuning pre-trained model software engineering task empirical study effectiveness and efficiency

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software Engineering for OpenHarmony: A Research Roadmap

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ACM Computing Surveys 1000年

作者： Li Li Xiang Gao Hailong Sun Chunming Hu Xiaoyu Sun Haoyu Wang Haipeng Cai Ting Su Xiapu Luo Tegawendé Bissyande Jacques Klein John Grundy Tao Xie Haibo Chen Huaimin Wang Beihang University Beijing China School of Software Beihang University Beijing China Australian National University Canberra Australia Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Washington State University Pullman United States Software Institute Shanghai Key Laboratory of Trustworthy Computing shanghai China Department of Computing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong Hong Kong SnT University of Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg Faculty of Information Technology Monash University Clayton Australia Computer Science Peking University Beijing China Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China Natl Univ Def Technol Changsha China

Mobile software engineering has been a hot research topic for decades. Our fellow researchers have proposed various approaches (with over 7,000 publications for Android alone) in this field that essentially contributed to the great success of the current mobile ecosystem. Existing research efforts mainly focus on popular mobile platforms, namely Android and iOS. OpenHarmony, a newly open-sourced mobile platform, has rarely been considered, although it is the one requiring the most attention as OpenHarmony is expected to occupy one-third of the market in China (if not in the world). To fill the gap, we present to the mobile software engineering community a research roadmap for encouraging our fellow researchers to contribute promising approaches to OpenHarmony. Specifically, we start by presenting a tertiary study of mobile software engineering, attempting to understand what problems have been targeted by the mobile community and how they have been resolved. We then summarize the existing (limited) achievements of OpenHarmony and subsequently highlight the research gap between Android/iOS and OpenHarmony. This research gap eventually helps in forming the roadmap for conducting software engineering research for OpenHarmony.

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Model Pruning-enabled Federated Split Learning for Resource-constrained Devices in Artificial Intelligence Empowered Edge Computing Environment

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ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 1000年

作者： Yongzhe Jia Bowen Liu Xuyun Zhang Fei Dai Arif Khan Lianyong Qi Wanchun Dou State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Department of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China Department of Computing Macquarie University Sydney Australia College of Big Data and Intelligent Engineering Southwest Forestry University Kunming China M3S Empirical Software Engineering Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland College of Computer Science and Technology China University of Petroleum East China - Qingdao Campus Qingdao China

Distributed Collaborative Machine Learning (DCML) has emerged in artificial intelligence-empowered edge computing environments, such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), to process tremendous data generated by smart devices. However, parallel DCML frameworks require resource-constrained devices to update the entire Deep Neural Network (DNN) models and are vulnerable to reconstruction attacks. Concurrently, the serial DCML frameworks suffer from training efficiency problems due to their serial training nature. In this paper, we propose a Model Pruning-enabled Federated Split Learning framework (MP-FSL) to reduce resource consumption with a secure and efficient training scheme. Specifically, MP-FSL compresses DNN models by adaptive channel pruning and splits each compressed model into two parts that are assigned to the client and the server. Meanwhile, MP-FSL adopts a novel aggregation algorithm to aggregate the pruned heterogeneous models. We implement MP-FSL with a real FL platform to evaluate its performance. The experimental results show that MP-FSL outperforms the state-of-the-art frameworks in model accuracy by up to 1.35%, while concurrently reducing storage and computational resource consumption by up to 32.2% and 26.73%, respectively. These results demonstrate that MP-FSL is a comprehensive solution to the challenges faced by DCML, with superior performance in both reduced resource consumption and enhanced model performance.

关键词： Federated learning split learning model pruning edge computing

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Distributed Computation Offloading and Power Control for UAV-Enabled Internet of Medical Things

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ACM Transactions on Internet technology 1000年

作者： Jiakun Gao Xiaolong Xu Lianyong Qi Wanchun Dou Xiaoyu Xia Xiaokang Zhou School of Software Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology NanJing China School of Software Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology NanJing China and Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Advanced Computing and Intelligent Services Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET) Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing China College of Computer Science and Technology China University of Petroleum (East China) QingDao China and State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Nanjing University Nanjing China School of Computer Technology RMIT University Victoria Australia Faculty of Data Science Shiga University Hikone Japan

The advancement of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has led to the emergence of various health and emotion care services, e.g., health monitoring. To cater to increasing computational requirements of IoMT services, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) has emerged as an indispensable technology in smart health. Benefiting from the cost-effectiveness of deployment, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with MEC servers in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) have emerged as a promising solution for providing smart health services in proximity to medical devices (MDs). However, the escalating number of MDs and the limited availability of communication resources of UAVs give rise to a significant increase in transmission latency. Moreover, due to the limited communication range of UAVs, the geographically-distributed MDs lead to workload imbalance of UAVs, which deteriorates the service response delay. To this end, this paper proposes a UAV-enabled Distributed computation Offloading and Power control method with Multi-Agent, named DOPMA, for NOMA-based IoMT environment. Specifically, this paper introduces computation and transmission queue models to analyze the dynamic characteristics of task execution latency and energy consumption. Moreover, a credit assignment scheme-based reward function is designed considering both system-level rewards and rewards tailored to each MD, and an improved multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm is developed to derive offloading and power control decisions independently. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing schemes, achieving \(7.1\%\) reduction in energy consumption and \(16\%\) decrease in average delay.

关键词： Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

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