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A study on the relevance of semantic features extracted using BERT-based language models for enhancing the performance of software defect classifiers 27

A study on the relevance of semantic features extracted usin...

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27th International Conference on Knowledge Based and Intelligent Information and engineering Sytems, KES 2023

作者： Briciu, Anamaria Czibula, Gabriela Lupea, Mihaiela Department of Computer Science Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania

In the context of new research in the software defect prediction (SDP) task using pre-trained language models, the present study aims to analyze the relevance of semantic features extracted using BERT-based language models for the detection of defective source codes. RoBERTa and CodeBERT-MLM language models are used to generate source code embeddings that capture semantic and contextual features which help in solving language understanding tasks such as SDP. The learned representations are then fed to a neural network-based SDP classifier in order to decide which of the learned code embeddings are more informative in discriminating between faulty and non-faulty software entities. Extensive experiments are conducted in a cross-version SDP scenario for Apache Calcite, an open-source framework for data management. The evaluation results of the defect classifiers show a statistically significant improvement when the code representations are learned by the pre-trained models compared with the semantic representations provided by other natural language-based models, doc2vec and LSI. © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://***/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)

关键词： Calcite software code embedding CodeBERT deep learning pre-trained language model RoBERTa software defects prediction

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String Figure Simulation with Multiresolution Wire Model 23

String Figure Simulation with Multiresolution Wire Model

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12th International Conference on Software and computer Applications, ICSCA 2023

作者： Nishita, Seikoh Department of Computer Science Faculty of Engineering Takushoku University Hachioji Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781450398589

String figure is a traditional game with a loop of a string played by hooking and/or unhooking strands of the loop from fingers to produce patterns representing certain objects. The patterns of the string figure change dynamically by the string manipulations by fingers. A computer-based method based on knot theory has been proposed to make string figure patterns. This method represents a string in the string figure as an extended knot diagram and generates string figure patterns by monotonically decreasing the number of crossing points. However, there are string figures where this method does not make the patterns correctly. In contrast, this paper proposes a method using physical simulation from the viewpoint that the string figure patterns are determined according to the tension and frictional force applied to the string. To evaluate the proposed method, we conducted two types of experiments. In the first experiments, we showed that physical simulations using an adaptive multi-resolution wire model have sufficient capability to compute the string figure patterns. In the second, we conducted experiments to make patterns for instances of the string figure. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method can correctly make the string figure patterns in most cases. We also found that the proposed method can make some of the string figure patterns that cannot be generated by conventional methods. © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s).

关键词： Wire

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Impact of Variable Sample Size on the Efficiency of Support Vector Machines in Cardiovascular Disease Detection 2

Impact of Variable Sample Size on the Efficiency of Support ...

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2nd IEEE International Conference on Advances in Information Technology, ICAIT 2024

作者： Sarraju, Vijayalakshmi Pal, Jaya Kamilya, Supreeti Computer Science and Engineering Department Birla Institute of Technology Lalpur Ranchi Mesra India Computer Science and Engineering Department Birla Institute of Technology Ranchi Mesra India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350383867

Exploring the relationship between sample size and the performance of machine learning models in diagnosing cardiovascular diseases (CVD) aids in understanding the optimal data volume required to achieve reliable and accurate diagnostic predictions. This research focuses on examining how the size of the sample influences the efficacy of a particular machine learning algorithm, Support Vector Machine (SVM) in detecting cardiovascular diseases. The efficacy of the SVM models was assessed by employing datasets with different sample sizes. These include one original dataset and two statistically representative samples with sample sizes of 170 and 208 respectively. We evaluate multiple metrics, including F1-score, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, precision, AUC and ROC curve. Based on the findings, it is evident that a larger sample size generally leads to improved precision and specificity. However, it is important to note that a decrease in sensitivity often accompanies this improvement. In addition, the study highlights the importance of using multiple performance metrics to comprehensively assess the efficacy of SVM models. ©2024 IEEE.

关键词： Support vector machines

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Propagation of computer Worms—A Study 6th

Propagation of Computer Worms—A Study

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6th International Conference on Soft Computing and Signal Processing, ICSCSP 2023

作者： Rao, Mundlamuri Venkata Midhunchakkaravarthy, Divya Dandu, Sujatha Department of Computer Science and Multimedia Lincoln University College Kota Bharu Malaysia Department of Computer Science and Engineering Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology Hyderabad India

ISBN: (纸本)9789819984503

Worms are commonly disseminated through two methods: scanning vulnerable machines in a network as well as spreading through topological neighbors. Modeling worm propagation can assist us in understanding how worms propagate and develop efficient defense tactics. However, most past studies either focused on their intended task or explored detection systems as well as defense systems. Few provide very detailed study in worm propagation modeling, that is useful in building defense mechanisms to deal with worm spread. This work includes a survey as well as comparison of worm propagation models based on two independent worm-spreading strategies. We first define worm features based on their spreading behavior and then classify the numerous target discovery approaches they deploy. In addition, we examine several topologies for modeling worm spreading, analyze numerous models of worm propagation and their effectiveness. On the basis of the analysis of worm spread and current studies, future directions for modeling worm propagation models are offered. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Network security

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A novel deep learning approach for investigating liquid fuel injection in combustion system

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Discover Artificial Intelligence 2025年第1期5卷 1-14页

作者： Inam, Syed Azeem Khan, Abdullah Ayub Ahmed, Noor Mazhar, Tehseen Shahzad, Tariq Khan, Sunawar Saeed, Mamoon M. Hamam, Habib Department of Artificial Intelligence and Mathematical Science Sindh Madressatul Islam University Sindh Karachi Pakistan Department of Computer Science and Information Technology Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Lyari Karachi Pakistan Department of Computer Science Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Karachi Pakistan Department of Computer Science School Education Department Government of Punjab Layyah31200 Pakistan School of Computer Science National College of Business Administration and Economics Lahore54000 Pakistan Department of Computer Engineering COMSATS University Islamabad Sahiwal Campus Sahiwal57000 Pakistan Department of Software Engineering Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalnagar62300 Pakistan Sana’a00967 Yemen Faculty of Engineering Uni de Moncton MonctonNBE1A3E9 Canada Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa Av. Grandes Ecoles BP 1989 Libreville Gabon Bridges for Academic Excellence Spectrum Center-ville Tunis Tunisia

The intricacies and instability of introducing cryogenic propellants into the combustion system have piqued the curiosity of scientists studying the procedure. The latest innovation is utilizing data-driven machine learning and deep learning approaches to gain deeper insights into the related difficulties. However, the current work serves as a baseline for future research because relatively few studies have used data-driven methodologies to assess the temperature of liquid fuel injections in combustion systems. The performance of Linear Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Extra Trees Regressor (ETR), Polynomial Regression (PR), Support Vector Regressor (SVR), Decision Tree Regressor (DTR), Gradient Boost Regressor (GBR), XGB Regressor (XGBoost), AdaBoost Regressor (ABR), K-Neighbors Regressor (KNR), Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM), Bi-LSTM (Bi-directional Long-Short Term Memory) has all been investigated in this study. The study also suggested a Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN) to examine its performance and paired it with an Extra Tree Regressor (ETR). The coupled FCNN and Extra Tree Regressor outperform the other algorithms with a Mean Square Error (MSE) of 0.0000005062, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.00071148, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.00020672, and R-squared (R2) value of 0.99998689. Linear Regression, Polynomial Regression, and Support Vector Regressor are found to be the least-performing algorithms. The current work uses machine learning and deep learning methods to make data-driven decisions for liquid fuel injection in the combustion system. © The Author(s) 2025.

关键词： Deep learning

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mL-mB LBP Fused Net: Multi-layer-Multi-block LBP Image Fusion Facial Expression Recognition 5th

mL-mB LBP Fused Net: Multi-layer-Multi-block LBP Image Fusio...

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5th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics engineering, ICEEE 2024

作者： Mukhopadhyay, Moutan Ghosh, Ankush Shaw, Rabindra Nath Dey, Aniruddha Department of Computer Science & Engineering MAKAUT West Bengal Kolkata India Chandigarh University Punjab Mohali India Department of Computer Science & Engineering MSIT West Bengal Kolkata India

ISBN: (纸本)9789819791118

Facial emotion recognition (FER) systems have gained popularity due to their applications in various fields, including healthcare, cognitive science, video conferencing, and driver safety. However, recognizing facial expressions automatically from images presents challenges due to inter-person variability and the difficulty in accurately distinguishing between different emotions. The research investigates the application of a modified Local Binary Pattern (LBP) in facial emotion detection, focusing on the multilayer multi-block local binary pattern (mL-mB LBP). The process involves converting facial expression images into 3×3 identical blocks, which are then used to generate center pixels using the LBP descriptor block-wise. The final layer is partitioned into 3×3 blocks to generate central pixels. The study introduces a customized convolutional neural network (CNN)-based framework for emotion recognition, which uses the mL-mB LBP image data to accurately predict emotions. The CNN model is trained using multi-level multi-block images. The experimental study findings show that the accuracy of the CNN model is significantly improved when trained using multi-block multi-level images with all layers fused. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.

关键词： Image fusion

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A Survey on Verification and Validation, Testing and Evaluations of Neurosymbolic Artificial Intelligence

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2024年第8期5卷 3765-3779页

作者： Renkhoff, Justus Feng, Ke Meier-Doernberg, Marc Velasquez, Alvaro Song, Houbing Herbert Department of Information Systems BaltimoreMD21250 United States Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Daytona BeachFL32114 United States University of Colorado Department of Computer Science BoulderCO80309 United States

Neurosymbolic artificial intelligence (AI) is an emerging branch of AI that combines the strengths of symbolic AI and subsymbolic AI. Symbolic AI is based on the idea that intelligence can be represented using semantically meaningful symbolic rules and representations, while deep learning (DL), or sometimes called subsymbolic AI, is based on the idea that intelligence emerges from the collective behavior of artificial neurons that are connected to each other. A major drawback of DL is that it acts as a 'black box,' meaning that predictions are difficult to explain, making the testing & evaluation (T&E) and validation & verification (V&V) processes of a system that uses subsymbolic AI a challenge. Since neurosymbolic AI combines the advantages of both symbolic and subsymbolic AI, this survey explores how neurosymbolic applications can ease the V&V process. This survey considers two taxonomies of neurosymbolic AI, evaluates them, and analyzes which algorithms are commonly used as the symbolic and subsymbolic components in current applications. Additionally, an overview of current techniques for the T&E and V&V processes of these components is provided. Furthermore, it is investigated how the symbolic part is used for T&E and V&V purposes in current neurosymbolic applications. Our research shows that neurosymbolic AI has great potential to ease the T&E and V&V processes of subsymbolic AI by leveraging the possibilities of symbolic AI. Additionally, the applicability of current T&E and V&V methods to neurosymbolic AI is assessed, and how different neurosymbolic architectures can impact these methods is explored. It is found that current T&E and V&V techniques are partly sufficient to test, evaluate, verify, or validate the symbolic and subsymbolic part of neurosymbolic applications independently, while some of them use approaches where current T&E and V&V methods are not applicable by default, and adjustments or even new approaches are needed. Our research shows that th

关键词： Neural networks

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A Comparative Study of Deep Learning and Modern Machine Learning Methods for Predicting Australia's Precipitation

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International Journal of Advanced computer science and Applications 2025年第4期16卷 943-966页

作者： Farman, Hira Mastoi, Qurat-Ul-Ain Abbas, Qaiser Ahmad, Saad Alshahrani, Abdulaziz Jan, Salman Syed, Toqeer Ali Department of Computer Science Iqra University Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology Karachi74600 Pakistan School of Computing and Creative Technologies University of the West of England Bristol United Kingdom Faculty of Computer and Information Systems Islamic University of Madinah Madinah42351 Saudi Arabia Faculty of Computer Science IQRA University Karachi Pakistan Faculty of Computer Studies Arab Open University 512 United Kingdom Islamic University of Madinah CO 42351 Madinah Saudi Arabia

Floods are chaotic weather patterns that cause irreversible and devastating harm to people's lives, crops, and the socioeconomic system. It causes extensive property damage, animal mortality, and even human fatalities. To mitigate the risk of flooding, it is imperative to create an early warning system that can accurately forecast the amount of rain that will fall tomorrow. Rainfall forecasting is essential to the lives of people and is absolutely important everywhere in the world. The rainfall prediction model reduces risk and helps to prevent further human deaths. Statistics cannot reliably forecast rainfall since the atmosphere is dynamic. Due to the preceding factors, this study uses machine learning and deep learning techniques to estimate precipitation. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a prediction model for forecasting rainfall of 5 cities of Australia (Darwin, Sydney, Perth airport, Melbourne, Brisbane). The Dataset was gathered from the national meteo-rological organization of Australia is the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, also known as the BOM. To monitor and forecast meteorological conditions, climatic trends, and natural calamities like cyclones, storms, floods, the Bureau of Meteorology is essential. The dataset includes 14, 5460 size, 23 features detailed city-specific monthly averages for Australia from 2008 to 2017(10 years). An effective rainfall forecasting was produced by integration of a number of Machine Learning and Deep Learning techniques, including Random Forest model (RF), Decision Tree (DT) and Gradient Boosting classifier (GBC), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). The models were trained to forecast rainfall, reducing the potential impact of floods. Results indicate that combining neural networks and Random Forests provides the most accurate predictions. © (2025), (science and Information Organization). All rights reserved.

关键词： Rain

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Implementation of human-following robot system applying virtual delay to posture of a leader 3

Implementation of human-following robot system applying virt...

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3rd International Conference on Image Processing and Robotics, ICIPRoB 2024

作者： Takemori, Fumiaki Tottori University Faculty of Engineering Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Tottori Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350374766

This paper develops an implementation of a measurement and control system in which a vehicle follows its predecessor while maintaining a certain distance. First, we construct a model that virtually delays the reference coordinates of the leading target backwards, and propose a control law that follows the steering angle of the following vehicle to that virtual delay point. Next, a range sensor is used to detect the position and orientation of the leader, and the position and orientation is estimated using a template matching method based on the person's body contour point group measured by the sensor. Finally, the effectiveness (including robustness) of the proposed system is demonstrated in some simulations and human tracking experiments. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Template matching

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Improved Belief Propagation Decoder for LDPC-CRC-Polar Codes with Bit-Freezing

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China Communications 2024年第7期21卷 135-148页

作者： Qasim Jan Yin Chao Pan Zhiwen Muhammad Furqan Zakir Ali You Xiaohu National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory Southeast UniversityNanjing 210096China Purple Mountain Laboratories Nanjing 211100China Department of Computer Science National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences Peshawar Campus 25100Pakistan Department of Software Engineering Capital University of Science and Technology(CUST)Islamabad 44000Pakistan Department of Computer Sciences Bahria University Lahore CampusPakistan

Though belief propagation bit-flip(BPBF)decoding improves the error correction performance of polar codes,it uses the exhaustive flips method to achieve the error correction performance of CA-SCL decoding,thus resulting in high decoding complexity and *** alleviate this issue,we incorporate the LDPC-CRC-Polar coding scheme with BPBF and propose an improved belief propagation decoder for LDPC-CRC-Polar codes with bit-freezing(LDPCCRC-Polar codes BPBFz).The proposed LDPCCRC-Polar codes BPBFz employs the LDPC code to ensure the reliability of the flipping set,i.e.,critical set(CS),and dynamically update *** modified CS is further utilized for the identification of error-prone *** proposed LDPC-CRC-Polar codes BPBFz obtains remarkable error correction performance and is comparable to that of the CA-SCL(L=16)decoder under medium-to-high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)*** gains up to 1.2dB and 0.9dB at a fixed BLER=10-4compared with BP and BPBF(CS-1),*** addition,the proposed LDPC-CRC-Polar codes BPBFz has lower decoding latency compared with CA-SCL and BPBF,i.e.,it is 15 times faster than CA-SCL(L=16)at high SNR regions.

关键词： belief propagation bit-flipping concatenated codes LDPC-CRC-Polar codes polar codes

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