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Automated Inspection and High-Speed Vision Architectures II 1988

作者： Yu, Shiaw-Shian Cheng, Wen-Chin Chiang, Chris S. C. Advanced Technology Center Electronics Research and Service Organization Industrial Technology Research Institute Chutung Hsinchu31015 Taiwan Control System Department Electronics Research and Service Organization Industrial Technology Research Institute Chutung Hsinchu31015 Taiwan Institute of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu30049 Taiwan AITech International Corporation United States

An automatic printed circuit board (PCB) inspection system called PI/l, is described in this paper. The system can inspect PCB artwork and inner layers to find trace faults such as open circuits, short circuits, pin holes, fine lines and narrow line spaces. PI/1 uses a line scan camera with 1024 pixels resolution to take images. The whole image can be obtained by the help of a scanning mechanism in the X and the Y directions. Continuous pictures can be taken without blurring, and the resolution is between 1/2 to 2 mils. The inspection method used in PI/1 is a type of design rule checking. It does not require a reference image and can tolerate changes in the inspection environment due to illumination and PCB positioning. The inspection algorithm has been implemented into a special hardware and the inspection speed is about 4 x 106 pixels/sec. © 1989 SPIE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Printed circuit boards

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THE QUANTIFICATION OF INTEROPERABILITY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 251-256页

作者： MENSH, DR KITE, RS DARBY, PH Dennis Roy Mensh:is currently the task leader Interoperability Project with the MITRE Corporation in McLean Va. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in applied physics from Loyola College in Baltimore Md. and the American University in Washington D. C. He also has completed his course work towards his Ph.D. degree in computer science specializing in the fields of systems analysis and computer simulation. He has been employed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center White Oak Laboratory Silver Spring Md. for 20 years in the areas of weapon system analysis and the development of weapon systems simulations. Since 1978 he has been involved in the development of tools and methodologies that can be applied to the solution of shipboard combat system/battle force system architecture and engineering problems. Mr. Mensh is a member of ASNE MORS IEEE U.S. Naval Institute MAA and the Sigma Xi Research Society. Robert S. Kite:is a systems engineer with the Naval Warfare Systems Engineering Department of the MITRE Corporation in McLean Va. Mr. Kite received his B.S. degree in electronic engineering from The Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore Md. Mr. Kite retired from the Federal Communications Commission in 1979 and served a project manager of the J-12 Frequency Management Support Project for the Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute in Annapolis Md. before joining MITRE. Mr. Kite is presently a member of ASNE the Military Operations Research Society and an associate member of Sigma Xi. Paul H. Darby:has worked in the field of interoperability both in the development of interoperability concepts and systems since joining the Department of the Navy in 1967. He was the Navy's program manager for the WestPacNorth TACS/ TADS and IFFN systems. He is currently head of the Interoperability Branch Warfare Systems Engineering Office Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command. He holds a B.S. from the U.S. Naval Academy.

JCS Pub 1 defines interoperability as “The ability of systems, units or forces to provide services to and accept services from other systems, units or forces and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together.” With JCS Pub 1 as a foundation, interoperability of systems, units or forces can be factored into a set of components that can quantify interoperability. These components are: media, languages, standards, requirements, environment, procedures, and human factors. The concept described in this paper uses these components as an analysis tool to enable specific detailed analyses of the interoperability of BFC3 systems, units, or forces for the purpose of uncovering and resolving interoperability issues and problems in the U.S. Navy, Joint, and Allied arenas. Also, as a management tool, the components can help determine potential interoperability characteristics of future U.S. Navy BFC3 systems for compliance with battle force systems architectures. The approach selected for the quantification of interoperability was the development of a set of measures of performance (MOPs) and measures of effectiveness (MOEs). The MOPs/MOEs were integrated with a candidate set of components, which were used to partition the totality of interoperability into measurable entities. The methodology described employs basic truth table theory in conjunction with logic equations to evaluate the interoperability components in terms of MOPs that were aggregated to MOEs. It is believed that this concept, although elementary and based on fundamental principles, represents an operationally significant approach rather than a theoretical approach to the quantification of interoperability. The vehicle used as a means to measure the MOPs and MOEs was the Research Evaluation and systems Analysis (RESA) computer modeling and simulation capability at the Naval Ocean systems Center (NOSC), San Diego, Calif. Data for the measurements were collected during a Tactical I

关键词： Military engineering

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CLEER - AN AI-system DEVELOPED TO ASSIST EQUIPMENT ARRANGEMENTS ON WARSHIPS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1989年第3期101卷 127-137页

作者： ZHOU, HH SILVERMAN, BG SIMKOL, J Dr. H. Harry Zhou:is a research professor at the Institute for Artificial Intelligence of The George Washington University. Dr. Zhou received his master's degree and Ph.D. in computer science from Vanderbilt University in 1984 and 1987 respectively. He did his dissertation in the fields of artificial intelligence analogical reasoning and machine learning. His research interests include: classifier systems genetic algorithms learning by analogy inductive learning adaptive expert systems automated knowledge acquisition and adaption. He is also interested in data base design programming languages mental modeling and software engineering. Dr. Barry G. Silverman:is director of the Institute for Artificial Intelligence and a professor at the Engineering Administration Department of The George Washington University. He is also president of IntelliTek Inc. an AI consulting firm. Dr. Silverman received the B.S.E. M.S.E. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania. He has been a principal developer of four generic AI products as well as eight AI applications. Since 1979 he has written over 100 papers and reports on these AI efforts. Joel Simkol:is a research scientist currently engaged in designing expert system architectures to support electronic warfare vulnerability analyses threat assessments shipboard topside antenna arrangements and C3countermeasures employment. Mr. Simkol's work in applying expert systems technology to electromagnetic interference and to spectrum management has generated increased interest and participation from all branches of government agencies.

This paper describes a modularized AI system being built to help improve electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) among shipboard topside equipment and their associated systems. CLEER is intended to act as an easy to use integrator of existing expert knowledge and pre-existing data bases and large scale analytical models. Due to these interfaces; to the need for portability of the software; and to artificial intelligence related design requirements (such as the need for spatial reasoning, expert data base management, model base management, track-based reasoning, and analogical (similar ship) reasoning) it was realized that traditional expert system shells would be inappropriate, although relatively off-the-shelf AI technology could be incorporated. In the same vein, the rapid prototyping approach to expert system design and knowledge engineering was not pursued in favor of a rigorous systems engineering methodology. The critical design decisions affecting CLEER's development are summarized in this paper along with lessons learned to date all in terms of “how,” “why,” and “when” specific features are being developed.

关键词： Artificial Intelligence

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NTDS - A PAGE IN NAVAL HISTORY

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1988年第3期100卷 53-61页

作者： SWENSON, EN MAHINSKE, EB STOUTENBURGH, JS Capt. Erick N. Swenson USNR (Ret.):is a project manager for special projects in the Surface Ship Systems Division Hughes Aircraft Company Fullerton Calif where he has been employed since his retirement from the U.S. Navy in 1975. Originally trained as an electronics technician during WWII in the Captain Eddy program he later received a BS degree in electrical engineering from the University of Rochester Rochester N. Y. in 1950. Subsequent engineering education was received at the University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Penn. and the Naval Postgraduate School Monterey Calif. After commissioning he was ordered to duty as the electronics division officer on the USSMissouri(BB-63) and electronics ships superintendent at Hunters Point Naval Shipyard San Francisco Calif. When the design of the Naval Tactical Data System began in the mid-1950s Lt. (j.g.) Swenson was ordered to the Bureau of Ships Navy Department Washington D.C. as the junior engineering duty only officer assigned to the project. From 1962 to 1965 LCdr. Swenson was assigned as the BuShips technical representative on the program at Remington Rand Univac St. Paul Minn. For the next ten years he returned to BuShips/NavSea/NAVSEC as the NTDS project officer. During this time the project expanded considerably foreign military sales were heavily involved and interoperability with other services and countries were established. His final effort on active duty was to instigate the redesign of the previousSpruanceclass destroyers into the newerAdmiral Kiddclass improvement program. He is a registered professional electrical engineer in the State of California listed inWho's Who in the Worldis a life member of ASNE and chairman of the Long Beach/Greater LA Section. Capt. Edmund B. Mahinske USN (Ret.):is an alumnus of the U.S. Naval Academy the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Harvard Business School. His technical background is in electronics and he specialized in the management of programs involving the application of comp

A little over thirty years ago, a group of naval engineers were assembled by the Bureau of Ships to develop a new system approach to the combat information center (CIC). The CIC of World War II, with its “grease pencil” plots and voice telling of tactical information from sensors and other ships, could no longer provide the timely, coordinated reaction to postwar threats. This project group led the Navy into the new world of large-scale, high-speed digital electronics and into a new mode of conducting naval warfare as well. There were no off-the-shelf computers of the requisite capability, size and reliability; what were available were monstrous vacuum tube computers. There were no display equipments that were “conversant” in both the digital language of the computer and the analog language of the sensors and the weapon systems. Who ever heard, at that time, of a computer running a tactical communication net automatically? It was hard enough to find sufficient numbers of engineers who knew what a digital computer was. This paper, by three naval engineers in the implementing engineering office, depicts the evolvement of the Naval Tactical Data systems (NTDS) as they saw it. It discusses the problems that stemmed from the transition from the old world of analog into the new digital world, the system concepts that steered the development; the key decisions that were made; new electronic equipment and processes that became necessary; and the need of the mangagement to face the real world of deadlines, ship schedules and operational requirements.

关键词： NAVAL WARFARE

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AIR-CUSHION LANDING CRAFT NAVIGATION

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1985年第4期97卷 248-260页

作者： GRAHAM, HR KIM, JC BAND, EGU FOWLER, AW Herbert R. Graham:received his degrees of B.S. in 1951 and M.S. in 1958 in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology respectively. He also attended the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. He is presently a task manager at TRW Inc. McLean Virginia responsible for landing craft air cushion (LCAC) engineering support. Since joining TRW in 1967 he has had several technical project management and system engineering responsibilities in amphibious ships transportation and energy. He was responsible for the preliminary engineering design and cost estimates for tracked air cushion vehicles (TACVs). He has been active in several professional societies including ASNE and served as vice-chairman Los Angeles Section American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. John C. Kim:received his degrees of B.S. in electrical engineering Tri-State University 1959 M.S. in electrical engineering Michigan State University 1960 and Ph.D. in electrical engineering Michigan State University. He is presently a senior staff engineer with TRW Inc. McLean Virginia where his technical experience has included communications system engineering and navigation system analysis. Since joining TRW in 1969 he has held numerous positions including section head project manager and department manager. His previous employment includes E-Systems/Melpar Division and Honeywell. Dr. Kim has been active in the IEEE Washington Chapter activities which included secretary vice-chairman and chairman of Systems Science and Cybernetics Group. Edward G.U. Band:received a B.S. degree in mechnical engineering in 1946 and a D.I.C in aeronautical engineering in 1947 at the City and Guilds College of London University. In 1951 he received an M.S. degree from Stevens Institute of Technology in fluid dynamics. After a career in the aircraft industry in England Canada and the U.S.A. he spent several years teaching in Chile and at Webb Institute of Naval Archi

Air cushion vehicles (ACVs) have operated successfully on commercial routes for about twenty years. The routes are normally quite short; the craft are equipped with radar and radio navigation aids and maintain continuous contact with their terminals. Navigation of these craft, therefore, does not present any unusual difficulty. The introduction of air cushion vehicles into military service, however, can present a very different picture, especially when external navigation aids are not available and the craft must navigate by dead reckoning. This paper considers the problems involved when navigating a high-speed air cushion vehicle by dead reckoning in conditions of poor visibility. A method is presented to assess the ACV's navigational capability under these circumstances. A figure of merit is used to determine the sensitivity of factors which affect navigation such as the range of visibility, point-to-point distance, speed, turning radius and accuracy of onboard equipment. The method provides simplistic but adequate answers and can be used effectively to compare the-capability and cost of alternative navigation concepts.

关键词： AIR CUSHION VEHICLES

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Convergence Analysis of Distributed Asynchronous Iterative Processes *

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1984年第2期17卷 1145-1146页

作者： D.P. Bertsekas Laboratory for Information and Decision System. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Cambridge MA 02139 USA

We consider a model of distributed iterative algorithms whereby several processors participate in the computation while collecting, possibly stochastic information from the environment or other processors via communication links. Several applications in distributed optimization, parameter estimation, and communication networks are described. Issues of asymptotic convergence and agreement are explored under very weak assumptions on the ordering of computations and the timing of information reception. Progress towards constructing a broadly applicable theory is surveyed.

关键词： Fixed Points Distributed Algorithm Optimization Shortest Path Dynamic Programming

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Efficient Modulation for Band-Limited Channels

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IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 1984年第5期2卷 632-647页

作者： Forney, G. David Gallager, Robert G. Lang, Gordon R. Longstaff, Fred M. Qureshi, Shahid U. Motorola Information Systems Group Mansfield MA 02048 United States Department of Electrical Engineering Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 United States Motorola Information System Ltd. Rexdale Ont. M9V 1C1 Canada Codex Corporation Canton MA 02021 United States

This paper attempts to present a comprehensive tutorial survey of the development of efficient modulation techniques for bandlimited channels, such as telephone channels. After a historoyf advances in commercial high-speed modems and a discussion of theoretical limits, it reviews efforts to optimize two-dimensional signal constellations and presents further elaborations of uncoded modulation. Its principal emphasis, however, is on coded modulation twhniques, in which there is an explosion of current interest, both for research and for practical application. Both block-coded and trellis-coded modulation are covered, in a common framework. A few new techniques are presented. Copyright © 1984 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Modems Bandwidth Telephony Quadrature amplitude modulation Constellation diagram Modulation coding Signal to noise ratio History Explosions Layout

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AN ADVANCED METHODOLOGY FOR PRELIMINARY HULL FORM DEVELOPMENT

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第4期96卷 147-161页

作者： LIN, WC DAY, WG HOUGH, JJ KEANE, RG WALDEN, DA KOH, IY Wen-Chin Lin:heads the Ship Powering Division at the David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center (DTNSRDC). Dr. Lin received his B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the National Taiwan University in 1957. He was awarded his M.S. degree in naval architecture and Ph.D. in engineering science from the University of California at Berkeley in 1963 and 1966 respectively. From 1966 to 1969 he was employed by ESSO Research and Engineering Company to conduct marine hydrodynamic research for oil tankers and offshore structures. Since joining DTNSRDC in 1969 he has actively conducted and directed hydrodynamic research to advance naval ship design technology and improve ship performance. Active in national and international symposia on ship hydrodynamic research he is recognized for contributions to the ship research community. For the past six years he has been a member of the Performance Committee of the ITTC and currently serves as secretary of the committee. He is a member of SNAME and the Society of Naval Architects of Japan. William G. Day Jr:. has been employed as a naval architect at the David Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center since receiving a B.E.S. degree from the Johns Hopkins University in 1966. He obtained an M.S. E. degree from George Washington University in 1971. As Head Design Evaluation Branch of the Ship Performance Department he is responsible for model experiments to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of ships and propulsors. He is a member of ASNE and SNAME. In-Young Koh:received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Lowell University in 1969 and 1971 respectively and his Ph.D. in applied mechanics from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1976. Dr. Koh joined DTNSRDC as an electronic engineer specializing in the application of advanced instrumentation and computer techniques to ship research and design. He is currently engaged in research and development of active control systems for naval ship applications. Dr. Koh is a member of ASNE SNAME and IEEE. David Andrew Walden:is

A ship design methodology is presented for developing hull forms that attain improved performance in both seakeeping and resistance. Contrary to traditional practice, the methodology starts with developing a seakeeping-optimized hull form without making concessions to other performance considerations, such as resistance. The seakeeping-optimized hull is then modified to improve other performance characteristics without degrading the seakeeping. Presented is a point-design example produced by this methodology. Merits of the methodology and the point design are assessed on the basis of theoretical calculations and model experiments. This methodology is an integral part of the Hull Form Design system (HFDS) being developed for computer-supported naval ship design. The modularized character of HFDS and its application to hull form development are discussed.

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RETROFITTING OF BULBOUS BOWS ON UNITED-STATES NAVY AUXILIARY AND AMPHIBIOUS WARSHIPS

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NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL 1984年第6期96卷 40-51页

作者： CHUN, SK HOUGH, JJ ENGLE, AH FUNG, SC Stephen K. Chunis a graduate of the Maritime College of the State University of New York class of 1981 from which he received a B.E. degree in naval architecture and his license as a Third Assistant Engineer from the U.S. Coast Guard. Since graduation he has worked for the U.S. Navy as a naval architect with the Hull Form and Hydrodynamics Performance Division (SEA 55W3) of the Naval Sea Systems Command. Currently he is the task leader for hydrodynamic design for the DDG-51. He is also responsible for bulbous bow and appendage design for surf ace ships. Mr. Chun is a member of ASNE SNAME and ASE. Jeffrey J. Hough:is currently a naval architect with the Hull Form and Hydrodynamic Performance Division (SEA 55VV3) of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NA VSEA). In his current capacity he is a member of the Surface Ship Hydrodynamics Branch and is the divisional coordinator for computer supported design (CSD) technical director for the hull form design system (HFDS) Hull Engineering Group (SEA 55) assistant coordinator for CSD SEA 55 CSD coordinator for the DDG-51 contract design and SEA 55W3 project engineer for aircraft carrier/aviation support ship hydrodynamics. Mr. Hough received his B.S.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1978 and his M.S.E. degree in naval architecture and marine engineering in 1979 from the University of Michigan. He began his career with the U.S. Navy in 1979 as an Engineer-in-Training in the Ship Design and Integration Directorate of NAVSEA. Prior to his current assignment Mr. Hough was the technical director responsible for the hull form and hydrodynamics energy conservation program and technical specialist for design practices for resistance and powering margins and hull form geometry. A member of ASNE since 1979 Mr. Hough is also a member of SNAME ASE and the U.S. Naval Institute. Allen H. Engleis a naval architect with the Hull Form Design and Performance Division of the Naval Sea Systems Command. He received his B.S. degree in engineering science from th

To meet energy conservation goals of the U.S. Navy, its attention has been focused on ways to reduce individual ship total resistance and powering requirements. One possible method of improving ship powering characteristics is by modifying existing individual ship hulls with the addition of bulbous bows. This paper will identify the merits of retrofitting bow bulbs on selected U.S. Navy auxiliary and amphibious warfare ships. A procedure for performing a cost-benefit analysis will be shown for candidate ship classes. An example of this technique for an amphibious warfare ship will also be provided. A brief discussion of future methods to be used for bulbous bow design such as application of systematic model test data and numerical hydrodynamic techniques will be given.

关键词： NAVAL VESSELS

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EDITOR'S CLIPBOARD: RELIABILITY, MAINTAINABILITY, AVAILABILITY ‐ THE REAL QUESTION

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Naval Engineers Journal 1983年第5期95卷 76-82页

作者： Richardson, James C. Berman, Paul I. Capt. James C. Richardson Jr. a surface warfare officer was graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy U.S. Naval Postgraduate School and the American University. With proven subspecialities in Material Management and Computer Systems Technology he has served as Commanding Officer USS Hepburn (FF-IOSS) Program Manager of the Mk 86 Gun Fire Control System at the Naval Sea Systems Command and is currently Commanding Officer of the Navy Regional Data Automation Center Washington D. C. Paul Berman is manager of Product Support Engineering for Lockheed Electronics Company Plain field New Jersey. His department is responsible for logistics planning and analysk supply support field engineering training and technical documentation in support of the division as products. His 30 years of experience in product support include preparation of logistics plans engineering data technical publications and training materials. He is also an adjunct instructor at Rutgers University. Mr. Berman received a BA from Queens College in 1951 and an MA from Hunter College in 1957. He attended the U.S. Army Signal Corps radar school and was a field radio and radar repairman during the Korean War. He is currently a member of the Society of Logistics Engineers and the National Management Association.

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