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Not all fabrics are created equal: Exploring eFPGA parameters for IP redaction

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Bhandari, Jitendra Khader Thalakkattu Moosa, Abdul Tan, Benjamin Pilato, Christian Gore, Ganesh Tang, Xifan Temple, Scott Gaillardon, Pierre-Emmanuel Karri, Ramesh Center for Cybersecurity New York University New York CityNY11201 United States Department of Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary CalgaryABT2N 1N4 Canada Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria Politecnico di Milano Milano20133 Italy Laboratory for NanoIntegrated Systems Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Utah Salt Lake CityUT84112 United States

Semiconductor design houses rely on third-party foundries to manufacture their integrated circuits (IC). While this trend allows them to tackle fabrication costs, it introduces security concerns as external (and potentially malicious) parties can access critical parts of the designs and steal or modify the Intellectual Property (IP). Embedded FPGA (eFPGA) redaction is a promising technique to protect critical IPs of an ASIC by redacting (i.e., removing) critical parts and mapping them onto a custom reconfigurable fabric. Only trusted parties will receive the correct bitstream to restore the redacted functionality. While previous studies imply that using an eFPGA is a sufficient condition to provide security against IP threats like reverse-engineering, whether this truly holds for all eFPGA architectures is unclear, thus motivating the study in this paper. We examine the security of eFPGA fabrics generated by varying different FPGA design parameters. We characterize the power, performance, and area (PPA) characteristics and evaluate each fabric’s resistance to SAT-based bitstream recovery. Our results encourage designers to work with custom eFPGA fabrics rather than off-the-shelf commercial FPGAs and reveals that only considering a redaction fabric’s bitstream size is inadequate for gauging security. Copyright © 2021, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Field programmable gate arrays (FPGA)

On PID control for synchronization of complex dynamical network with delayed nodes

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2019年第8期62卷 1412-1422页

作者： GU HaiBo Lv JinHu LIN ZongLi Key Laboratory of Systems and Control Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China School of Mathematical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering State Key Laboratory of Software Development Environment and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Machine Intelligence Beihang University Beijing 100083 China Charles L. Brown Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22904-4743 USA

Over the past two decades, synchronization, as an interesting collective behavior of complex dynamical networks, has been attracting much attention. To reveal and analyze the inherent mechanism of synchronization in complex dynamical networks with time delays in nodes, this paper attempts to use PD and PI control protocols to achieve synchronization. Based on a classical network model, we investigate the PD and PI control for synchronization of complex dynamical networks with delayed nodes and obtain some sufficient conditions. By using Lyapunov functions and appropriate state transformations, we prove that global synchronization can be achieved via the above control protocols. Finally, some simulation examples are illustrated to validate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.

关键词： synchronization PID control complex dynamical network networked control system delayed node

Understanding automated and human-based technical debt identification approaches-a two-phase study

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Journal of the Brazilian computer Society 2019年第1期25卷 1页

作者： Spínola, Rodrigo O. Zazworka, Nico Vetro, Antonio Shull, Forrest Seaman, Carolyn Graduate Program in Systems and Computer Salvador University State University of Bahia SalvadorBahia Brazil Elsevier Frankfurt Germany Nexa Center for Internet & Society DAUIN Politecnico di Torino Torino Italy Carnegie Mellon University Software Engineering Institute ArlingtonVA United States Department of Information Systems University of Maryland Baltimore County BaltimoreMD United States

Context: The technical debt (TD) concept inspires the development of useful methods and tools that support TD identification and management. However, there is a lack of evidence on how different TD identification tools could be complementary and, also, how human-based identification compares with them. Objective: To understand how to effectively elicit TD from humans, to investigate several types of tools for TD identification, and to understand the developers’ point of view about TD indicators and items reported by tools. Method: We asked developers to identify TD items from a real software project. We also collected the output of three tools to automatically identify TD and compared the results in terms of their locations in the source code. Then, we collected developers’ opinions on the identification process through a focus group. Results: Aggregation seems to be an appropriate way to combine TD reported by developers. The tools used cannot help in identifying many important TD types, so involving humans is necessary. Developers reported that the tools would help them to identify TD faster or more accurately and that project priorities and current development activities are important to be considered together, along with the values of principal and interest, when deciding to pay off a debt. Conclusion: This work contributes to the TD landscape, which depicts an understanding between different TD types and how they are best discovered. © 2019, The Author(s).

关键词： software engineering

Securing smart offices through an intelligent and multi-device continuous authentication system 7th

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Securing smart offices through an intelligent and multi-devi...

7th International Conference on Smart City and Informatization, iSCI 2019

作者： Sánchez Sánchez, Pedro Miguel Huertas Celdrán, Alberto Fernández Maimó, Lorenzo Martínez Pérez, Gregorio Wang, Guojun Department of Information and Communications Engineering University of Murcia Murcia30100 Spain Telecommunication Software and Systems Group Waterford Institute of Technology WaterfordX91 P20H Ireland Department of Computer Engineering University of Murcia Murcia30100 Spain School of Computer Science Guangzhou University Guangzhou510006 China

ISBN: (纸本)9789811513008

Smart Offices promise the improvement of working conditions in terms of efficiency, productivity and facility. However, new cybersecurity challenges arise associated with the new capabilities of Smart Cities. One of the key challenges is the utilisation of continuous and non-invasive authentication mechanisms since traditional authentication methods have important limitations. Thus, to cover these limitations, the main contribution of this paper is the design and deployment of a continuous and intelligent authentication architecture oriented to Smart Offices. The architecture is oriented to the cloud computing paradigm and considers Machine Learning techniques to authenticate users according to their behaviours. Some experiments demonstrated the suitability of the proposed solution when recognising and authenticating different users using a classification algorithm. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.

关键词： Machine learning

Towards long-tailed, multi-label disease classification from chest X-ray: Overview of the CXR-LT challenge

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Holste, Gregory Zhou, Yiliang Wang, Song Jaiswal, Ajay Lin, Mingquan Zhuge, Sherry Yang, Yuzhe Kim, Dongkyun Nguyen-Mau, Trong-Hieu Tran, Minh-Triet Jeong, Jaehyup Park, Wongi Ryu, Jongbin Hong, Feng Verma, Arsh Yamagishi, Yosuke Kim, Changhyun Seo, Hyeryeong Kang, Myungjoo Celi, Leo Anthony Lu, Zhiyong Summers, Ronald M. Shih, George Wang, Zhangyang Peng, Yifan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas at Austin AustinTX78712 United States Department of Population Health Sciences Weill Cornell Medicine New YorkNY10065 United States School of Information Systems Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachussetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University PittsburghPA15213 United States University of Science VNU-HCM Ho Chi Minh City70000 Viet Nam KT Research & Development Center KT Corporation Seoul06763 Korea Republic of Department of Software and Computer Engineering Ajou University Suwon16499 Korea Republic of Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai200240 China Wadhwani Institute for Artificial Intelligence Mumbai400079 India Division of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo113-0033 Japan BioMedical AI Team AIX Future R&D Center SK Telecom Seoul04539 Korea Republic of Seoul National University Seoul02504 Korea Republic of Department of Mathematical Sciences Seoul National University Seoul02504 Korea Republic of Laboratory for Computational Physiology Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA02139 United States Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center BostonMA02215 United States Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health BostonMA02115 United States National Center for Biotechnology Information National Library of Medicine BethesdaMD20894 United States Clinical Center National Institutes of Health BethesdaMD20892 United States Department of Radiology Weill Cornell Medicine New YorkNY10065 United States

Many real-world image recognition problems, such as diagnostic medical imaging exams, are "long-tailed" – there are a few common findings followed by many more relatively rare conditions. In chest radiography, diagnosis is both a long-tailed and multi-label problem, as patients often present with multiple findings simultaneously. While researchers have begun to study the problem of long-tailed learning in medical image recognition, few have studied the interaction of label imbalance and label co-occurrence posed by long-tailed, multi-label disease classification. To engage with the research community on this emerging topic, we conducted an open challenge, CXR-LT, on long-tailed, multi-label thorax disease classification from chest X-rays (CXRs). We publicly release a large-scale benchmark dataset of over 350,000 CXRs, each labeled with at least one of 26 clinical findings following a long-tailed distribution. We synthesize common themes of top-performing solutions, providing practical recommendations for long-tailed, multi-label medical image classification. Finally, we use these insights to propose a path forward involving vision-language foundation models for few- and zero-shot disease classification. © 2023, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： computer aided diagnosis

3DTeethSeg’22: 3D Teeth Scan Segmentation and Labeling Challenge

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Ben-Hamadou, Achraf Smaoui, Oussama Rekik, Ahmed Pujades, Sergi Boyer, Edmond Lim, Hoyeon Kim, Minchang Lee, Minkyung Chung, Minyoung Shin, Yeong-Gil Leclercq, Mathieu Cevidanes, Lucia Prieto, Juan Carlos Zhuang, Shaojie Wei, Guangshun Cui, Zhiming Zhou, Yuanfeng Dascalu, Tudor Ibragimov, Bulat Yong, Tae-Hoon Ahn, Hong-Gi Kim, Wan Han, Jae-Hwan Choi, Byungsun van Nistelrooij, Niels Kempers, Steven Vinayahalingam, Shankeeth Strippoli, Julien Thollot, Aurélien Setbon, Hugo Trosset, Cyril Ladroit, Edouard Centre de Recherche en Numérique de Sfax Laboratory of Signals Systems Artificial Intelligence and Networks Technopôle de Sfax Sfax3021 Tunisia Udini 37 BD Aristide Briand Aix-en-Provence13100 France Inria Univ. Grenoble Alpes CNRS Grenoble INP LJK France Department of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Korea Republic of School of Software Soongsil University Korea Republic of University of Michigan Ann Arbor United States University of North Carolina Chapel Hill United States Shandong University China ShanghaiTech University China Department of Computer Science University of Copenhagen Denmark Osstem Implant Co. Ltd. Seoul Korea Republic of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre P.O. Box 9101 Nijmegen6500 HB Netherlands Department of Computing Science Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands Department of Artificial Intelligence Radboud University Nijmegen Netherlands Berlin Institute of Health at Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charitéplatz 1 Berlin10117 Germany

Teeth localization, segmentation, and labeling from intra-oral 3D scans are essential tasks in modern dentistry to enhance dental diagnostics, treatment planning, and population-based studies on oral health. However, developing automated algorithms for teeth analysis presents significant challenges due to variations in dental anatomy, imaging protocols, and limited availability of publicly accessible data. To address these challenges, the 3DTeethSeg’22 challenge was organized in conjunction with the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and computer Assisted Intervention (MICCAI) in 2022, with a call for algorithms tackling teeth localization, segmentation, and labeling from intraoral 3D scans. A dataset comprising a total of 1800 scans from 900 patients was prepared, and each tooth was individually annotated by a human-machine hybrid algorithm. A total of 6 algorithms were evaluated on this dataset. In this study, we present the evaluation results of the 3DTeethSeg’22 challenge. The 3DTeethSeg’22 challenge code can be accessed at: https://***/abenhamadou/3DTeethSeg22 challenge. © 2023, CC BY-SA.

关键词： Object detection

An Efficient Soft Error Tolerant Approach to Enhance Reliability of TCAM

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An Efficient Soft Error Tolerant Approach to Enhance Reliabi...

International Conference on Advances in Science, engineering and Robotics Technology

作者： Rumana Afrin Muhammad Sheikh Sadi Jan Jurjens Department of Computer Science & Engineering Khulna University of Engineering & Techonology Department of Computer Science University of Koblenz-Landau and Fraunhofer-Institute for Software and Systems Engineering ISST

ISBN: (纸本)9781728134468

Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) is a kind of extraordinary memory which is used to search operations in routers, firewalls, network address translators, and entire content in a single clock cycle. It is a special kind of memory which is used in highly reliable network applications. These systems require high reliability since a single error may interrupt any computation which may cause total system failure. However, TCAM is facing serious reliability challenges due to soft errors. The probability of soft errors in TCAM is increasing progressively due to alpha-particle, cosmic rays, high-vitality particles, and ionizing impacts of barometrical neutron. In order to minimize the risks of soft errors in TCAM, a new idea is proposed in this paper where the search key is constructed in a tricky way and the contents of the TCAM are ordered in a sequential pattern. The proposed method provides soft error tolerance with a low data overhead. Experimental study shows how the proposed method outperforms the existing method to tolerate soft error.

关键词： Soft errors Ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) Memory reliability Error correction code Don't care bits Telecommunications Access Method search key Error correction codes clock cycle Web address network applications system failures Routers

Calling Cards: A Customizable Platform to Longitudinally Record Protein-DNA Interactions Over Time in Cells and Tissues (vol 3, e883, 2023)

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CURRENT PROTOCOLS

CURRENT PROTOCOLS 2023年第10期3卷 e883页

作者： Yen, Allen Mateusiak, Chase Sarafinovska, Simona Gachechiladze, Mariam A. Guo, Juanru Chen, Xuhua Moudgil, Arnav Cammack, Alexander J. Hoisington-Lopez, Jessica Crosby, MariaLynn Brent, Michael R. Mitra, Robi D. Dougherty, Joseph D. Department of Genetics Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri Department of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri Contribution: Conceptualization Data curation Formal analysis Funding acquisition Investigation Methodology Project administration Software Supervision Validation Visualization Writing - original draft Writing - review & editing Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri Contribution: Conceptualization Data curation Formal analysis Methodology Software Visualization Writing - original draft Contribution: Formal analysis Funding acquisition Investigation Visualization Writing - original draft Writing - review & editing Contribution: Formal analysis Funding acquisition Investigation Visualization Writing - review & editing Contribution: Data curation Methodology Software Writing - review & editing Contribution: Methodology Writing - review & editing Current address: Department of Ophthalmology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California Contribution: Conceptualization Methodology Software Validation Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri Current address: Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases University College London London United Kingdom Contribution: Conceptualization Methodology Validation Contribution: Investigation Writing - review & editing Department of Computer Science and Engineering Washington University Saint Louis Missouri Contribution: Funding acquisition Contribution: Conceptualization Funding acquisition Project administration Resources Software Supervision Writing - review & editing Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis Missouri Contribution: Conceptualization Funding acquisition Project administration Resources Supervision Writing - origin

Calling Cards is a platform technology to record a cumulative history of transient protein-DNA interactions in the genome of genetically targeted cell types. The record of these interactions is recovered by next-generation sequencing. Compared with other genomic assays, readouts of which provide a snapshot at the time of harvest, Calling Cards enables correlation of historical molecular states to eventual outcomes or phenotypes. To achieve this, Calling Cards uses the piggyBac transposase to insert self-reporting transposon “Calling Cards” into the genome, leaving permanent marks at interaction sites. Calling Cards can be deployed in a variety of in vitro and in vivo biological systems to study gene regulatory networks involved in development, aging, and disease. Out of the box, it assesses enhancer usage but can be adapted to profile-specific transcription factor (TF) binding with custom TF-piggyBac fusion proteins. The Calling Cards workflow has five main stages: delivery of Calling Cards reagents, sample preparation, library preparation, sequencing, and data analysis. Here, we first present a comprehensive guide for experimental design, reagent selection, and optional customization of the platform to study additional TFs. Then, we provide an updated protocol for the five steps, using reagents that improve throughput and decrease costs, including an overview of a newly deployed computational pipeline. This protocol is designed for users with basic molecular biology experience to process samples into sequencing libraries in 2 days. Familiarity with bioinformatic analysis and command line tools is required to set up the pipeline in a high-performance computing environment and to conduct downstream analyses. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. This article was corrected on 16 October 2023. See the end of the full text for details. Basic Protocol 1 : Preparation and delivery of Calling Cards reagents Support Protocol 1 : Next-generation sequencing quantification of barcode

关键词： calling cards epigenetics enhancer usage gene regulation transcription factor binding

DeepSmartFuzzer: Reward guided test generation for deep learning

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Demir, Samet Eniser, Hasan Ferit Sen, Alper Department of Computer Engineering Boǧaziçi University Max Planck Institute for Software Systems

Testing Deep Neural Network (DNN) models has become more important than ever with the increasing usage of DNN models in safety-critical domains such as autonomous cars. The traditional approach of testing DNNs is to create a test set, which is a random subset of the dataset about the problem of interest. This kind of approach is not enough for testing most of the real-world scenarios since these traditional test sets do not include corner cases, while a corner case input is generally considered to introduce erroneous behaviors. Recent works on adversarial input generation, data augmentation, and coverage-guided fuzzing (CGF) have provided new ways to extend traditional test sets. Among those, CGF aims to produce new test inputs by fuzzing existing ones to achieve high coverage on a test adequacy criterion (i.e. coverage criterion). Given that the subject test adequacy criterion is a well-established one, CGF can potentially find error inducing inputs for different underlying reasons. In this paper, we propose a novel CGF solution for structural testing of DNNs. The proposed fuzzer employs Monte Carlo Tree Search to drive the coverage-guided search in the pursuit of achieving high coverage. Our evaluation shows that the inputs generated by our method result in higher coverage than the inputs produced by the previously introduced coverage-guided fuzzing techniques. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Deep neural networks