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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

作者： Y. Li M. Dong Machine Vision and Pattern Recognition Laboratory Department of Computer Science Wayne State University Detroit MI USA

Decision trees represent a simple and powerful method of induction from labeled examples. Univariate decision trees consider the value of a single attribute at each node, leading to the splits that are parallel to the axes. In linear multivariate decision trees, all the attributes are used and the partition at each node is based on a linear discriminate (a hyperplane). Nonlinear multivariate decision trees are able to divide the input space arbitrarily based on higher order parameterizations of the discriminate, though one should be aware of the increase of the complexity and the decrease in the number of examples available as moves further down the tree. In omnivariate decision trees, the decision node may be univariate, linear, or nonlinear. Such architecture frees the designer from choosing the appropriate tree type for a given problem. In this paper, we propose to do the model selection at each decision node based on a novel classifiability measure when building omnivariate decision trees. The classifiability measure captures the possible sources of misclassification with relative ease and is able to accurately reflect the complexity of subproblems at each node. The proposed approach does not require the time consuming statistic tests at each node and therefore does not suffer from as high computational burden as typical model selection algorithm. Our simulation results over several data sets indicate that our approach can achieve at least as good classification accuracy as statistical tests based model select algorithms, but in much faster speed.

关键词： Classification tree analysis Decision trees Testing Shape Machine vision pattern recognition Laboratories computer science Buildings Statistical analysis

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Communication via eye blinks and eyebrow raises: Video-based human-computer interfaces

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Universal Access in the Information Society 2003年第4期2卷 359-373页

作者： Grauman, K. Betke, M. Lombardi, J. Gips, J. Bradski, G.R. Vision Interface Group AI Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue CambridgeMA02139 United States Computer Science Department Boston University 111 Cummington St BostonMA02215 United States EagleEyes Computer Science Department Boston College Fulton Hall Chestnut HillMA02467 United States Vision Graphics and Pattern Recognition Microcomputer Research Laboratory Intel Corporation SC12-303 2200 Mission College Blvd Santa ClaraCA95054-1537 United States

Two video-based human-computer interaction tools are introduced that can activate a binary switch and issue a selection command. "BlinkLink," as the first tool is called, automatically detects a user's eye blinks and accurately measures their durations. The system is intended to provide an alternate input modality to allow people with severe disabilities to access a computer. Voluntary long blinks trigger mouse clicks, while involuntary short blinks are ignored. The system enables communication using "blink patterns:" sequences of long and short blinks which are interpreted as semiotic messages. The second tool, "EyebrowClicker," automatically detects when a user raises his or her eyebrows and then triggers a mouse click. Both systems can initialize themselves, track the eyes at frame rate, and recover in the event of errors. No special lighting is required. The systems have been tested with interactive games and a spelling program. Results demonstrate overall detection accuracy of 95.6% for BlinkLink and 89.0% for EyebrowClicker. © Springer-Verlag 2003.

关键词： computer vision

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Analyzing dividend events with neural network rule extraction

Analyzing dividend events with neural network rule extractio...

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International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)

作者： M. Dong Xu-Shen Zhou Machine Vision and Pattern Recognition Laboratory Department of Computer Science Wayne State University Detroit MI USA Department of Finance and Legal Studies College of Business Bloomsburg University Bloomsburg PA USA

Over the last two decades, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been applied to solve a variety of problems such as pattern classification and function approximation. In many applications, it is desirable to extract knowledge from trained neural networks for the users to gain a better understanding of the network's solution. In this paper, we apply REFANN (rule extraction from function approximating neural networks) in dividend events study. Based on our study of 1530 dividend initiations and 692 resumptions events from April 1965 to December 2000, we find that the positive relation between the short-term price reaction and the ratio of annualized dividend amount to stock price is primarily limited to 96 firms that have high dividend ratio and small firm size. The results suggest that the degree of short-term stock price underreaction to dividend events may not be as dramatic as previously believed. The results also show that the relations between the stock price response and firm size is also different across different types of firms. It is suggested that drawing the conclusions from the whole dividend events data may leave some important information unexamined. Our rule extraction method may shed some lights on further empirical research in corporate events studies because more information can be drawn from the data.

关键词： Neural networks Artificial neural networks Function approximation Data mining Biological neural networks Machine vision pattern recognition Laboratories computer science Finance

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Motion competition: Variational integration of motion segmentation and shape regularization

Motion competition: Variational integration of motion segmen...

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24th German Association for pattern recognition Symposium, DAGM 2002

作者： Cremers, Daniel Schnörr, Christoph Computer Vision Graphics and Pattern Recognition Group Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Mannheim MannheimD–68131 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)354044209X

We present a variational method for the segmentation of piecewise affine flow fields. Compared to other approaches to motion segmentation, we minimize a single energy functional both with respect to the affine motion models in the separate regions and with respect to the shape of the separating contour. In the manner of region competition, the evolution of the segmenting contour is driven by a force which aims at maximizing a homogeneity measure with respect to the estimated motion in the adjoining regions. We compare segmentations obtained for the models of piecewise affine motion, piecewise constant motion, and piecewise constant intensity. For objects which cannot be discriminated from the background by their appearance, the desired motion segmentation is obtained, although the corresponding segmentation based on image intensities fails. The region– based formulation facilitates convergence of the contour from its initialization over fairly large distances, and the estimated discontinuous flow field is progressively improved during the gradient descent minimization. By including in the variational method a statistical shape prior, the contour evolution is restricted to a subspace of familiar shapes, such that a robust estimation of irregularly moving shapes becomes feasible. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.

关键词： Flow fields

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Combining the advantages of local and global optic flow methods

Combining the advantages of local and global optic flow meth...

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24th Symposium of the German pattern recognition Association, DAGM 2002

作者： Bruhn, Andres Weickert, Joachim Schnorr, Christoph Mathematical Image Analysis Group Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Saarland University 66041 Saarbrücken Germany Computer Vision Graphics and Pattern Recognition Group Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Mannheim 68131 Mannheim Germany

ISBN: (纸本)354044209X

Differential methods are frequently used techniques for optic flow computations. They can be classified into local methods such as the Lucas-Kanade technique or Bigün's structure tensor method, and into global methods such as the Horn-Schunck approach and its modifications. Local methods are known to be more robust under noise, while global techniques yield 100% dense flow fields. No clear attempts to combine the advantages of these two classes of methods have been made in the literature so far. This problem is addressed in our paper. First we juxtapose the role of smoothing processes that are required in local and global differential methods for optic flow computation. This discussion motivates us to introduce and evaluate a novel method that combines the advantages of local and global approaches: It yields dense flow fields that are robust against noise. Finally experiments with different sequences are performed demonstrating its excellent results. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.

关键词： Flow fields

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Multiple objects segmentation based on maximum-likelihood estimation and optimum entropy-distribution(MLE-OED)

Multiple objects segmentation based on maximum-likelihood es...

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16th International Conference on pattern recognition, ICPR 2002

作者： Jun, Xie Tsui, H.T. Deshen, Xia Image Processing and Computer Vision Lab Department of Electronic Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Pattern Recognition Lab Department of Computer Science Nanjing University of Sci.andTech. China

ISBN: (纸本)0769516963

A new method based on MLE-OED is proposed for unsupervised image segmentation of multiple objects which have fuzzy edges. It adjusts the parameters of a mixture of Gaussian distributions via minimizing a new loss function proposed to implement image segmentation based on the image's local spatial information and global intensity distribution properties . The loss function consists of two terms: a local content fitting term, which optimizes the entropy distribution, and a global statistical fitting term, which maximizes the likelihood of the parameters for the given data. The proposed segmentation method was validated by simulated and real examples Its performance in the experiments is better than those of two popular methods. © 2002 IEEE.

关键词： Maximum likelihood estimation

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Head detection and localization from sparse 3D data

Head detection and localization from sparse 3D data

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24th German Association for pattern recognition Symposium, DAGM 2002

作者： Clabian, Markus Rötzer, Harald Bischof, Horst Kropatsch, Walter Advanced Computer Vision GmbH Donau City Str.1 ViennaA-1220 Austria Institute for Computer Graphics and Vision Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 16 GrazA-8010 Austria Pattern Recognition and Image Processing Group Institute of Computer Aided Automation Computer Science Department Vienna University of Technology Favoritenstr. 9 ViennaA-1040 Austria

ISBN: (纸本)354044209X

Head detection is an important, but difficult task, if no restrictions such as static illumination, frontal face appearance or uniform background can be assumed. We present a system that is able to perform head detection under very general conditions by employing a 3D measurement system namely a structured light distance measurement. An algorithm of head detection from sparse 3D data (19x19 data points) is developed that reconstructs a 3D surface over the image plane and detects head hypotheses of ellipsoidal shape. We demonstrate that detection and rough localization is possible in up to 90% of the images. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.

关键词： computers

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Designing 3-D nonlinear diffusion filters for high performance cluster computing

Designing 3-D nonlinear diffusion filters for high performan...

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24th German Association for pattern recognition Symposium, DAGM 2002

作者： Bruhn, Andrés Jakob, Tobias Fischer, Markus Kohlberger, Timo Weickert, Joachim Brüning, Ulrich Schnörr, Christoph Mathematical Image Analysis Group Mathematics and Computer Science Saarland University Building 27.1 Saarbrücken66041 Germany Computer Architecture Group Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Mannheim Mannheim68131 Germany Computer Vision Graphics and Pattern Recognition Group Department of Mathematics and Computer Science University of Mannheim Mannheim68131 Germany

ISBN: (纸本)354044209X

This paper deals with parallelization and implementation aspects of PDE based image processing models for large cluster environments with distributed memory. As an example we focus on nonlinear isotropic diffusion filtering which we discretize by means of an additive operator splitting (AOS). We start by decomposing the algorithm into small modules that shall be parallelized separately. For this purpose image partitioning strategies are discussed and their impact on the communication pattern and volume is analyzed. Based on the results we develop an algorithmic implementation with excellent scaling properties on massively connected low latency networks. Test runs on a high–end Myrinet cluster yield almost linear speedup factors up to 209 for 256 processors. This results in typical denoising times of 0.5 seconds for five iterations on a 256 × 256 × 128 data cube. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002.

关键词： Cluster computing

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Multiple objects segmentation based on Maximum-likelihood Estimation and Optimum Entropy-distribution(MLE-OED)

Proceedings - International Conference on Pattern Recognitio...

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Proceedings - International Conference on pattern recognition 2002年第1期16卷 707-710页

A new method based on MLE-OED is proposed for unsupervised image segmentation of multiple objects which have fuzzy edges. It adjusts the parameters of a mixture of Gaussian distributions via minimizing a new loss function proposed to implement image segmentation based on the image's local spatial information and global intensity distribution properties . The loss function consists of two terms: a local content fitting term, which optimizes the entropy distribution, and a global statistical fitting term, which maximizes the likelihood of the parameters for the given data. The proposed segmentation method was validated by simulated and real examples. Its performance in the experiments is better than those of two popular methods. © 2002 IEEE.

关键词： Object recognition

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Multiple objects segmentation based on maximum-likelihood estimation and optimum entropy-distribution (MLE-OED)

Multiple objects segmentation based on maximum-likelihood es...

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International Conference on pattern recognition

作者： Xie Jun H.T. Tsui Xia Deshen Image Processing and Computer Vision Laboratory Department of Electronic Engineering Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China Pattern Recognition Laboratory Department of Computer Science Nanjing University of Science and Technology China

ISBN: (纸本)076951695X

A new method based on MLE-OED is proposed for unsupervised image segmentation of multiple objects which have fuzzy edges. It adjusts the parameters of a mixture of Gaussian distributions via minimizing a new loss function proposed to implement image segmentation based on the image's local spatial information and global intensity distribution properties. The loss function consists of two terms: a local content fitting term, which optimizes the entropy distribution, and a global statistical fitting term, which maximizes the likelihood of the parameters for the given data. The proposed segmentation method was validated by simulated and real examples. The performance in the experiments is better than those of two popular methods.

关键词： Object segmentation Maximum likelihood estimation Image segmentation Layout Uncertainty Image edge detection Shape measurement Image processing pattern recognition Gaussian distribution

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