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IEEE Global Communications Conference

作者： Binbin Hu Rongqing Zhang Luoyang Fang Xiang Cheng Liuqing Yang State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems & Networks School of EECS Peking University Beijing China Key Laboratory of Wireless Sensor Network & Communication Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China School of Software Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA

ISBN: (数字)9781728109626

ISBN: (纸本)9781728109633

In recent years, autonomous driving has attracted a vast amount of attention from both industry and academia, which has introduced large amounts of region-related data. In order to release the burden in core networks caused by the communication demands for such data, various in-vehicle storage (IVS) systems have been widely studied to bring contents closer to users. To cope with the mobility issue hindering the realization of IVS systems, in this paper, we propose a relay selection strategy (RSS) consisting of the relay map construction (RMC) algorithm and the relay pair matching (RPM) algorithm with the assistance of the vehicle route information. By considering both the potential transmission amount and the waiting time, the proposed RSS generates an overall optimal relay assignment for the IVS system. The performance gain of the proposed RSS compared with the baseline is evaluated by a realistic simulator in terms of the relay failure ratio, the retrieval throughput, and the RSU consumption ratio. Simulation results show that the proposed RSS achieves higher efficiency and robustness than the baseline.

关键词： Relays Roads Robustness Prediction algorithms Mathematical model Wireless sensor networks Micromechanical devices

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Reflectivity of three-dimensional GaAs photonic band-gap crystals of finite thickness

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Physical Review B 2020年第23期101卷 235303-235303页

作者： Takeyoshi Tajiri Shun Takahashi Cornelis A. M. Harteveld Yasuhiko Arakawa Satoshi Iwamoto Willem L. Vos Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan Department of Computer and Network Engineering University of Electro-Communications 1-5-1 Chofugaoka Chofu Tokyo 182-8585 Japan Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan Complex Photonic Systems (COPS) MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8505 Japan Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Institute of Industrial Science The University of Tokyo 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-0041 Japan

We study the optical reflectivity of real three-dimensional (3D) photonic band-gap crystals with increasing thickness. The crystals consist of GaAs plates with nanorod arrays that are assembled by an advanced stacking method into high-quality 3D woodpile structures. We observe intense and broad reflectivity peaks with stop bands that correspond to a broad gap in the photonic band structures. The maximum reflectivity quickly reaches high values, even for a few crystal layers. Remarkably, the bandwidth of the stop bands hardly decreases with increasing crystal thickness, in good agreement with finite-difference time domain (FDTD) simulations. This behavior differs remarkably from the large changes observed earlier in weakly interacting 3D photonic crystals. The nearly constant bandwidth and high reflectivity are rationalized by multiple Bragg interference that occurs in strongly interacting photonic band-gap crystals, whereby the incident light scatters from multiple reciprocal lattice vectors simultaneously, in particular, from oblique ones that are parallel to a longer crystal dimension and thus experience hardly any finite-size effects. Our insights have favorable consequences for the application of 3D photonic band-gap crystals, notably since even thin structures reveal the full band-gap functionality, including devices that shield quantum bits from vacuum fluctuations.

关键词： Local density of states Nanophotonics Photonic crystals Finite-difference time-domain method Reflectivity

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Hearing loss prevalence and years lived with disability, 1990-2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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The Lancet 2021年第10278期397卷 996-1009页

作者： Haile, Lydia M. Kamenov, Kaloyan Briant, Paul Svitil Orji, Aislyn U. Steinmetz, Jaimie D. Abdoli, Amir Abdollahi, Mohammad Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Afshin, Ashkan Ahmed, Haroon Rashid, Tarik Ahmed Akalu, Yonas Alahdab, Fares Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour Alanzi, Turki M. Al Hamad, Hanadi Ali, Liaqat Alipour, Vahid Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M. Amu, Hubert Arabloo, Jalal Arab-Zozani, Morteza Arulappan, Judie Ashbaugh, Charlie Atnafu, Desta Debalkie Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din Baig, Atif Amin Banik, Palash Chandra Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barrow, Amadou Bender, Rose G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bibi, Sadia Bijani, Ali Burkart, Katrin Cederroth, Christopher R. Charan, Jaykaran Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Couto, Rosa A.S. Dagnew, Amare Belachew Dagnew, Baye Dahlawi, Saad M.A. Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Desalew, Assefa Dhamnetiya, Deepak Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Doyle, Kerrie E. Duncan, Bruce B. Ekholuenetale, Michael Filip, Irina Fischer, Florian Franklin, Richard Charles Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Shilpa Gallus, Silvano Ghamari, Farhad Ghashghaee, Ahmad Ghozali, Ghozali Gilani, Syed Amir Glǎvan, Ionela-Roxana Golechha, Mahaveer Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Hamidi, Samer Hammond, Billy Randall Hay, Simon I. Hayat, Khezar Heidari, Golnaz Hoffman, Howard J. Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Househ, Mowafa Hussain, Rabia Hwang, Bing-Fang Iavicoli, Ivo Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Iwagami, Masao Jacob, Louis Jayapal, Sathish Kumar Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B. Kalhor, Rohollah Al-Salihi, Nawzad Kameran Kandel, Himal Kasa, Ayele Semachew Kayode, Gbenga A. Khalilov, Rovshan Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli Kosen, Soewarta Koyanagi, Ai Kumar, G. Anil Landires, Ivan Lasrado, Savita Lim, Stephen S. Liu, Xuefeng Lobo, Stany W. Lugo, Alessandra Makki, Alaa Mendoza, Walter Mersha, Amanual Getnet Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Noncommunicable Diseases World Health Organization (WHO) Geneva Switzerland Department of Parasitology and Mycology Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Jahrom Iran The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS) Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran School of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Clinical Sciences Department University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Health Metrics Sciences School of Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA United States Department of Biosciences COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Islamabad Pakistan Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Kurdistan Hewler Erbil Iraq Department of Medical Physiology University of Gondar Gondar Ethiopia Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research Rochester MN United States Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam Saudi Arabia Health Information Management and Technology Department Dammam Saudi Arabia Geriatric and Long Term Care Department Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Rumailah Hospital Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biological Sciences National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS) Rawalpindi Pakistan Health Management and Economics Research Center Tehran Iran Department of Community Medicine King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences University of Health and Allied Sciences Ho Ghana Social Determinants of Health Research Center Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran Department of Maternal and Child Health Sultan Qaboos University Muscat Oman Department of Health System and Health Economics Bahir Dar University Bahir Dar Ethiopia Department of Pharmacy University of Huddersfield Huddersfield United Kingdom Unit of Biochemistry Universiti

Background: Hearing loss affects access to spoken language, which can affect cognition and development, and can negatively affect social wellbeing. We present updated estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study on the prevalence of hearing loss in 2019, as well as the condition's associated disability. Methods: We did systematic reviews of population-representative surveys on hearing loss prevalence from 1990 to 2019. We fitted nested meta-regression models for severity-specific prevalence, accounting for hearing aid coverage, cause, and the presence of tinnitus. We also forecasted the prevalence of hearing loss until 2050. Findings: An estimated 1·57 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·51–1·64) people globally had hearing loss in 2019, accounting for one in five people (20·3% [19·5–21·1]). Of these, 403·3 million (357·3–449·5) people had hearing loss that was moderate or higher in severity after adjusting for hearing aid use, and 430·4 million (381·7–479·6) without adjustment. The largest number of people with moderate-to-complete hearing loss resided in the Western Pacific region (127·1 million people [112·3–142·6]). Of all people with a hearing impairment, 62·1% (60·2–63·9) were older than 50 years. The Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index explained 65·8% of the variation in national age-standardised rates of years lived with disability, because countries with a low HAQ Index had higher rates of years lived with disability. By 2050, a projected 2·45 billion (2·35–2·56) people will have hearing loss, a 56·1% (47·3–65·2) increase from 2019, despite stable age-standardised prevalence. Interpretation: As populations age, the number of people with hearing loss will increase. Interventions such as childhood screening, hearing aids, effective management of otitis media and meningitis, and cochlear implants have the potential to ameliorate this burden. Because the burden of moderate-to-complete hearing loss is concentrated in countries with low health-ca

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Projection-free online optimization with stochastic gradient: From convexity to submodularity

arXiv

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Chen, Lin Harshaw, Christopher Hassani, Hamed Karbasi, Amin Yale Institute for Network Science Yale University New HavenCT United States Department of Electrical Engineering Yale University Department of Computer Science Yale University Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering University of Pennsylvania PhiladelphiaPA United States

Online optimization has been a successful framework for solving large-scale problems under computational constraints and partial information. Current methods for online convex optimization require either a projection or exact gradient computation at each step, both of which can be prohibitively expensive for large-scale applications. At the same time, there is a growing trend of non-convex optimization in machine learning community and a need for online methods. Continuous DR-submodular functions, which exhibit a natural diminishing returns condition, have recently been proposed as a broad class of non-convex functions which may be efficiently optimized. Although online methods have been introduced, they suffer from similar problems. In this work, we propose Meta-Frank-Wolfe, the first online projection-free algorithm that uses stochastic gradient estimates. The algorithm relies on a careful sampling of gradients in each round and achieves the optimal O(√T) adversarial regret bounds for convex and continuous submodular optimization. We also propose One-Shot Frank-Wolfe, a simpler algorithm which requires only a single stochastic gradient estimate in each round and achieves an O(T2/3) stochastic regret bound for convex and continuous submodular optimization. We apply our methods to develop a novel "lifting" framework for the online discrete submodular maximization and also see that they outperform current state-of-the-art techniques on various experiments. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Stochastic systems

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Erratum to “Quantifying the need for supervised machine learning in conducting live forensics analysis of emergent configurations (ECO) in IoT environments” [Forensic Sci. Int.: Rep. 2 (2020) 100122]

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Forensic Science International: Reports 2020年 2卷 100135-100135页

作者： Kebande, Victor R. Ikuesan, Richard A. Karie, Nickson M. Alawadi, Sadi Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond Al-Dhaqm, Arafat Department of Computer Science Malmö University Sweden Cyber and Network Security Department Science and Technology Division Community College of Qatar Qatar School of Science Edith Cowan University Australia Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio TX 78249-0631 USA School of Computing Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malysia Johor Malaysia

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An Examination of Pairing Method with Camera and Acceleration Sensor

An Examination of Pairing Method with Camera and Acceleratio...

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International Conference on Mobile Computing and Ubiquitous networking (ICMU)

作者： Makoto Nagatomo Kentaro Aburada Naonobu Okazaki Mirang Park Security Research Center Kanagawa Institute of Technology Atsugi Japan Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering University of Miyazaki Miyazaki Japan Department of Information Network and Communication Kanagawa Institute of Technology Atsugi Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538667071;9784907626341

Received signal strength (RSS) is used for proximate device authentication in wireless communications, but it changes significantly due to environmental factors. Thus, it is difficult to obtain reliably accurate device authentication with RSS. An alternative is proximity authentication, in which an infrared camera recognizes the movement of a hand-held device. In this method, the camera cannot recognize device inclination, and the user needs to have a special camera. In this paper, we propose a method that performs authentication by pairing a PC having a common camera and a hand-held device having an accelerometer. In this method, the PC recognizes a marker on the display of the device and calculates the similarity between the displacement of the marker and the acceleration of the device. We performed experiments to determine how the similarity changes according to the distance from a device to a camera and whether an eavesdropper outside the camera range can perform pairing. As a result, we found that it is possible to set a threshold for the similarity, but the standard deviation of the similarity was large, making the method unstable.

关键词： Cameras Acceleration Servers Performance evaluation Accelerometers Authentication Wireless communication

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Managing IoT-Based Smart Healthcare systems Traffic with Software Defined networks

Managing IoT-Based Smart Healthcare Systems Traffic with Sof...

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International Symposium on networks, computers and Communications (ISNCC)

作者： Farag Sallabi Faisal Naeem Mamoun Awad Khaled Shuaib Department of Computer and Network Engineering United Arab Emirates University Al Ain UAE Department of Computing and Technology Abasyn University Peshawar Pakistan Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering United Arab Emirates University Al Ain UAE Department of Information Systems and Security United Arab Emirates University Al Ain UAE

Internet of things (IoT) aims to connect billions of devices to the Internet. These devices generate an enormous amount of traffic. A Wireless Body Area network (WBAN) aggregates the data generated from the body sensors deployed on the human body or inside it. Due to resource constraints of the deployed sensors, aggregated data is forwarded to a server at an edge node or a cloud for further processing and decision making. With the wide acceptance of IoT deployments, WBANs can also be integrated with IoT to provide a clear contextual environment for smart healthcare applications' users. Software Defined networks (SDN) is a new networking paradigm providing centralized control and programmability of the networks. These features of SDN open new vistas for WBAN and IoT applications. In this paper, a personal digital assistant (PDA) is configured as an SDN switch, and we emulate the SDN functionality with Mininet to verify that this approach can be used in WBANs with minimum deployment complexity and network overhead, while efficiently manage the connected devices and the connections between them.

关键词： Sensors Wireless communication Body area networks Handheld computers Protocols Wireless sensor networks Medical services

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Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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The Lancet Public Health 2025年第3期10卷 e172-e188页

作者： Steel, Nicholas Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A. Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J. Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E. Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W. Algammal, Abdelazeem M. Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H. Alsabri, Mohammed A. Alshahrani, Najim Z. Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A. Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D. Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L. Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T. Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L. Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A. Bettencourt, Paulo J.G. Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Carvajal, Alejandro Botero Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, H Department of Primary Care and Public Health University of East Anglia Norwich United Kingdom Office for Health Improvement and Disparities Department of Health and Social Care London United Kingdom Department of Legal and Economic Studies La Sapienza University Rome Italy Rome Italy Hull York Medical School University of Hull Hull United Kingdom Department of Mathematics and Sciences Ajman University Ajman United Arab Emirates Department of Medicine Memorial University St. John's NL Canada Postgraduate Department University of Sierra Sur Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz Mexico Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science) Helsinki Finland Department of Internal Medicine Federal Medical Centre Abuja Nigeria Research Center for Immunodeficiencies Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet (Karolinska Institute) Stockholm Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences University of Sharjah Sharjah United Arab Emirates Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy University of Jordan Amman Jordan Medical Research Center Hamad Medical Corporation Doha Qatar Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia College of Graduate Health Sciences University of Tennessee Memphis TN United States School of Medicine Sydney NSW Australia Centre for Social Research in Health University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia Internal Medicine and Alcohol Related Disease Unit Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS Rome Italy Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences Università Cattolica di Roma (Catholic University of Rome) Rome Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX United States Department of Biochemistry Osun State University Osogbo Nigeria Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics University of Medical Sciences Ondo Ondo Nigeria Department of Veteri

Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy a

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A Periodic Task-Oriented Scheduling Architecture in Cloud Computing

A Periodic Task-Oriented Scheduling Architecture in Cloud Co...

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IEEE International Conference on Big Data and Cloud Computing (BdCloud)

作者： Peng Zhang Yan Li Hailun Lin Jianwu Wang Chuang Zhang Institute of Information Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China National Computer Network Emergency Response and Coordination Center Beijing China Department of Information Systems University of Maryland Baltimore County USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781728111421;9781728111414

With the rapid development of cloud computing, more and more applications are deployed in the cloud. This trend brings cloud infrastructure providers to build distributed data centers to provide physical resources for multi-domain-deployed jobs of these applications. However, the heterogeneity of resources and the different execution periodicity of tasks in jobs pose great challenges to the efficiency of large scale job executions. To solve this problem, we propose a periodic task-oriented scheduling architecture in cloud computing. This architecture provides resource domains for the scheduler to shield the details of the underlying heterogeneous resources. Moreover, it implements job-level scheduling and task-level scheduling by our proposed PTS algorithm and RMDU4T algorithm to improve the execution efficiency and resource utilization. Experimental results show the proposed architecture can reduce the scheduling times to less than 10% and reduce the average job completion time by 10%~40% under different distribution of tasks and resources, and the CPU resource utilization is improved by about 15%.

关键词： Task analysis Scheduling Cloud computing Processor scheduling Data centers Resource management computer architecture

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Classical information theory of networks

arXiv

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Radicchi, Filippo Krioukov, Dmitri Hartle, Harrison Bianconi, Ginestra Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research School of Informatics Computing and Engineering Indiana University BloomingtonIN47408 United States Network Science Institute Northeastern University BostonMA022115 United States Department of Physics Department of Mathematics Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States Department of Physics Northeastern University BostonMA02115 United States School of Mathematical Sciences Queen Mary University of London LondonE1 4NS United Kingdom Alan Turing Institute LondonNW1 2DB United Kingdom

Heterogeneity is among the most important features characterizing real-world networks. Empirical evidence in support of this fact is unquestionable. Existing theoretical frameworks justify heterogeneity in networks as a convenient way to enhance desirable systemic features, such as robustness, synchronizability and navigability. However, a unifying information theory able to explain the natural emergence of heterogeneity in complex networks does not yet exist. Here, we fill this gap of knowledge by developing a classical information theoretical framework for networks. We show that among all degree distributions that can be used to generate random networks, the one emerging from the principle of maximum entropy is a power law. We also study spatially embedded networks finding that the interactions between nodes naturally lead to nonuniform distributions of points in the space. The pertinent features of real-world air transportation networks are well described by the proposed framework. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Information theory

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