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Statistical economies of scale in battery sharing

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Deulkar, Vivek Nair, Jayakrishnan Kulkarni, Ankur A. Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Systems and Control Engineering Group Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

The goal of this paper is to shed light on the statistical economies of scale achievable from sharing of storage between renewable generators. We conduct an extensive study using real world wind data from a grid of equispaced wind generators sharing a common battery. We assume each generator is contracted to meet a certain demand profile to a prescribed level of reliability. We find that the statistical diversity in wind generation across different locations yields useful economies of scale once the grid spacing exceeds 200 km. When the grid spacing exceeds 500 km, we find that the economies grow dramatically: The shared battery size becomes insensitive to the number of participating generators. This means that the generators can access a common, shared battery and collectively achieve the same reliability they would have, had each of them had the entire battery to themselves. To provide a rigourous foundation for this remarkable observation, we propose a mathematical model that demonstrates this phenomenon, assuming that the net generation (generation minus demand) processes associated with the generators are statistically independent. The result is derived by characterizing the large deviations exponent of the loss of load probability with increasing battery size, and showing that this exponent is invariant with the number of generators. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electric batteries

Improvements to the Co-simulation Interface for Geographically Distributed Real-time Simulation 45

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Improvements to the Co-simulation Interface for Geographical...

45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2019

作者： Vogel, Steffen Rajkumar, Vetrivel Subramaniam Nguyen, Ha Thi Stevic, Marija Bhandia, Rishabh Heussen, Kai Palensky, Peter Monti, Antonello Institute for Automation of Complex Power Systems RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany Delft University of Technology Department of Electrical Sustainable Energy Delft Netherlands Technical University of Denmark Department of Electrical Engineering Kgs Lyngby2800 Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9781728148786

As future power systems become increasingly complex and interconnected to other energy carriers, a single research infrastructure can rarely provide the required test-beds to study a complete energy system, especially if different types of real power hardware are expected to be in-the-loop. Therefore, virtual interconnection of laboratories for large-scale systems plays an important role for geographically distributed realtime simulation. This paper presents the improvements made in simulation fidelity as well as usability for establishing future simulator and laboratory connections. A general procedure is proposed and analyzed for geographically distributed real-time simulation, which allows users easily to adapt this procedure to specific test cases. A systematic and comprehensive analysis of a dynamic phasor based co-simulation interface algorithm and its improvements are provided to demonstrate the advantages as well as limitations of this approach. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Large scale systems

Seroprevalence and humoral immune durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Wuhan, China: a longitudinal, population-level, cross-sectional study

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The Lancet 2021年第10279期397卷 1075-1084页

作者： He, Zhenyu Ren, Lili Yang, Juntao Guo, Li Feng, Luzhao Ma, Chao Wang, Xia Leng, Zhiwei Tong, Xunliang Zhou, Wang Wang, Geng Zhang, Ting Guo, Yan Wu, Chao Wang, Qing Liu, Manqing Wang, Conghui Jia, Mengmeng Hu, Xuejiao Wang, Ying Zhang, Xingxing Hu, Rong Zhong, Jingchuan Dai, Juan Chen, Lan Zhou, Xiaoqi Wang, Jianwei Yang, Weizhong Wang, Chen Wuhan Center for Disease Control & Prevention Wuhan China National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory Institute of Pathogen Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China School of Population Medicine and Public Health Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing China Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China National Immunization Program Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing China Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Beijing Hospital National Center for Gerontology Institute of Geriatric Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing China Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Center of Respiratory Medicine National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases China-Japan Friendship Hospital Beijing China National Center for Respiratory Medicine Beijing China Chinese Academy of Engineering Beijing China

Background: Wuhan was the epicentre of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence and kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at population level in Wuhan to inform the development of vaccination strategies. Methods: In this longitudinal cross-sectional study, we used a multistage, population-stratified, cluster random sampling method to systematically select 100 communities from the 13 districts of Wuhan. Households were systematically selected from each community and all family members were invited to community health-care centres to participate. Eligible individuals were those who had lived in Wuhan for at least 14 days since Dec 1, 2019. All eligible participants who consented to participate completed a standardised electronic questionnaire of demographic and clinical questions and self-reported any symptoms associated with COVID-19 or previous diagnosis of COVID-19. A venous blood sample was taken for immunological testing on April 14–15, 2020. Blood samples were tested for the presence of pan-immunoglobulins, IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and neutralising antibodies were assessed. We did two successive follow-ups between June 11 and June 13, and between Oct 9 and Dec 5, 2020, at which blood samples were taken. Findings: Of 4600 households randomly selected, 3599 families (78·2%) with 9702 individuals attended the baseline visit. 9542 individuals from 3556 families had sufficient samples for analyses. 532 (5·6%) of 9542 participants were positive for pan-immunoglobulins against SARS-CoV-2, with a baseline adjusted seroprevalence of 6·92% (95% CI 6·41–7·43) in the population. 437 (82·1%) of 532 participants who were positive for pan-immunoglobulins were asymptomatic. 69 (13·0%) of 532 individuals were positive for IgM antibodies, 84 (15·8%) were positive for IgA antibodies, 532 (100%) were positive for IgG antibodies, and 212 (39·8%) were positive for neutralising antibodies at baseline. The pro

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Dynamics and Resonance Fluorescence from a Superconducting Artificial Atom Doubly Driven by Quantized and Classical Fields

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Ruan, Xinhui Wang, Jia-Heng He, Dong Song, Pengtao Li, Shengyong Zhao, Qianchuan Kuang, L.M. Tsai, Jaw-Shen Zou, Chang-Ling Zhang, Jing Zheng, Dongning Astafiev, O.V. Liu, Yu-Xi Peng, Zhihui Department of Automation Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education Department of Physics and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Effects and Applications Hunan Normal University Changsha410081 China School of Integrated Circuits Tsinghua University Beijing100084 China Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100190 China Center for Quantum Computing RIKEN Saitama351-0198 Japan Graduate School of Science Tokyo University of Science 1-3 Kagurazaka Shinjuku Tokyo162-0825 Japan CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui230026 China Hefei National Laboratory Hefei230088 China School of Automation Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China MOE Key Lab for Intelligent Networks and Network Security Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an710049 China Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology Nobel str. 3 Moscow143026 Russia Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology Institutskiy Pereulok 9 Dolgoprudny141701 Russia Royal Holloway University of London Surrey EghamTW20 0EX United Kingdom

We report an experimental demonstration of resonance fluorescence in a two-level superconducting artificial atom under two driving fields coupled to a detuned cavity. One of the fields is classical and the other is varied from quantum (vacuum fluctuations) to classical one by controlling the photon number inside the cavity. The device consists of a transmon qubit strongly coupled to a one-dimensional transmission line and a coplanar waveguide resonator. We observe a sideband anti-crossing and asymmetry in the emission spectra of the system through a one-dimensional transmission line, which is fundamentally different from the weak coupling case. By changing the photon number inside the cavity, the emission spectrum of our doubly driven system approaches to the case when the atom is driven by two classical bichromatic fields. We also measure the dynamical evolution of the system through the transmission line and study the properties of the first-order correlation function, Rabi oscillations and energy relaxation in the system. The study of resonance fluorescence from an atom driven by two fields promotes understanding decoherence in superconducting quantum circuits and may find applications in superconducting quantum computing and quantum networks. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Electric lines

Off-Policy Q-Learning for Anti-Interference control of Multi-Player systems ⁎

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IFAC-PapersOnLine 2020年第2期53卷 9189-9194页

作者： Jinna Li Zhenfei Xiao Tianyou Chai Frank. L. Lewis Sarangapani Jagannathan School of Information and Control Engineering Liaoning Shihua University Fushun 113001 China State Key Laboratory of Synthetical Automation for Process Industries Northeastern University Shenyang 110819 China UTA Research Institute the University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76118 USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Missouri University of Science and Technology Rolla MO 65409 USA

This paper develops a novel off-policy game Q-learning algorithm to solve the anti-interference control problem for discrete-time linear multi-player systems using only data without requiring system matrices to be known. The primary contribution of this paper lies in that the Q-learning strategy employed in the proposed algorithm is implemented in an off-policy policy iteration approach other than on-policy learning due to the well-known advantages of off-policy Q-learning over on-policy Q-learning. All of the players work hard together for the goal of minimizing their common performance index meanwhile defeating the disturbance that tries to maximize the specific performance index, and finally they reach the Nash equilibrium of the game resulting in satisfying disturbance attenuation condition. In order to find the solution to the Nash equilibrium, the anti-interference control problem is first transformed into an optimal control problem. Then an off-policy Q-learning algorithm is proposed in the framework of typical adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) and game architecture, such that control policies of all players can be learned using only measured data. Comparative simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

关键词： H ∞ control off-policy Q-learning game theory Nash equilibrium

EXACT ISOHOLONOMIC MOTION of the PLANAR PURCELL S SWIMMER

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arXiv 2019年

作者： Kadam, Sudin Phogat, Karmvir Singh Banavar, Ravi N. Chatterjee, Debasish Systems and Control Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Bombay MUMBAI India

In this article we present the discrete-Time isoholonomic problem of the planar Purcell s swimmer and solve it using the Discrete-Time Pontryagin maximum principle. The 3-link Purcell s swimmer is a locomotion system moving in a low Reynolds number environment. The kinematics of the system evolves on a principal fiber bundle. A structure preserving discrete-Time kinematic model of the system is obtained in terms of the local form of a discrete connection. An adapted version of the Discrete Maximum Principle on matrix Lie groups is then employed to come up with the necessary optimality conditions for an optimal state transfer while minimizing the control effort. These necessary conditions appear as a two-point boundary value problem and are solved using a numerical technique. Results from numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the algorithm. Copyright © 2019, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Maximum principle

Dynamic Behavioral Analysis of Stimulus Response of Running Ants by High-Speed Robotic Platform 30

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Dynamic Behavioral Analysis of Stimulus Response of Running ...

30th International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science, MHS 2019

作者： Kawahara, Tomohiro Kawajiri, Yuuki Furukawa, Motoki Belal, Ahmad Ohtsuka, Hirofumi Ishii, Idaku Kyushu Institute of Technology Department of Biological Functions and Engineering Kitakyushu808-0196 Japan AS2M Department FEMTO-ST Institute BesanconF-25000 France National Institute of Technology Kumamoto College Department of Control and Information Systems Engineering Kumamoto861-1102 Japan Hiroshima University Department of System Cybernetics Higashi-Hiroshima739-0046 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781728126746

We have developed a novel system for applying local area stimulation to freely running/walking single ant on a 2D space. It allows us to inspect more natural characteristics and stimulus response of the ants, because they are not fixed and modified. The system is constructed by integrating the tracking part to take magnified view continuously using a high-speed vision sensor and the stimulation part to apply droplet stimulus using a highspeed inkjet mechanism. In order to clarify the effectiveness of the stimulation, examples of analysis of the dynamic stimulus response of single ant using the captured images are shown and discussed in this paper. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Robotics

Human Motion Prediction Based on Visual Tracking 4

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Human Motion Prediction Based on Visual Tracking

4th International Conference on Robotics and automation engineering, ICRAE 2019

作者： Zou, Juncheng Yin, Weihua Wang, Everett X. Wang, Jiancheng Lu, Yan-Feng School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Science and Technology China Institute of Science and Technology Innovation Dongguan University of Technology China School of Information Engineering Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou China Cloud Computing Center Chinese Academy of Sciences China State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

ISBN: (数字)9781728147406

ISBN: (纸本)9781728147406

Following and moving according to human motion is an important task for mobile robots. To ensure more compliant motion planning and execution of mobile robots, they can not be controlled by real-time visual information. In the tracking process, robots need to recognize and track the target then, plan the motion and execute the motion. In practical applications, the environments are very complex, such as illumination, shadows and occlusion, which the traditional visual tracking algorithms often deviate or lose the target. Therefore, to achieve fast human motion tracking, it is necessary to predict human motions by video prediction. In this paper, we propose a human motion tracking algorithm of mobile robot based on video prediciton. (1) The multi-layer generation adversarial loop network, which trained by off-line video dataset and learn how to predict human motion. (2) We used the pre-trained model to predict the state of the tracking target in the video. (3) This video prediction model was integrated into human-to-robot tracking algorithms of mobile robot following human system. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can track human motion at a certain speed and precision. © 2019 IEEE.

关键词： Mobile robots

State of charge estimation of parallel connected battery cells via descriptor system theory

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arXiv 2020年

作者： Zhang, Dong Couto, Luis D. Benjamin, Sebastien Zeng, Wente Coutinho, Daniel F. Moura, Scott J. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California BerkeleyCA United States Department of Control Engineering and System Analysis Université Libre de Bruxelles BrusselsB-1050 Belgium Saft Batteries Total S.A. Total S.A. Department of Automation and Systems UFSC PO BOX 476 88040-900 Florianópolis SC Brazil

— This manuscript presents an algorithm for individual Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cell state of charge (SOC) estimation when multiple cells are connected in parallel, using only terminal voltage and total current measurements. For battery packs consisting of thousands of cells, it is desirable to estimate individual SOCs by only monitoring the total current in order to reduce sensing cost. Mathematically, series connected cells yield dynamics given by ordinary differential equations under classical full voltage sensing. In contrast, parallel connected cells are evidently more challenging because the dynamics are governed by a nonlinear descriptor system, including differential equations and algebraic equations arising from voltage and current balance across cells. An observer with linear output error injection is formulated, where the individual cell SOCs and local currents are locally observable from the total current and voltage measurements. The asymptotic convergence of differential and algebraic states is established by considering local Lipschitz continuity property of system nonlinearities. Simulation results on LiNiMnCoO2/Graphite (NMC) cells illustrate convergence for SOCs, local currents, and terminal voltage. Copyright © 2020, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Nonlinear equations