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Ovarian Tumor Diagnosis and Characterization of CT Scan Images Using Ensemble Deep Learning and Explainable AI 1

8th International Conference on Information System Design and Intelligent Applications, ISDIA 2024

作者： Kodipalli, Ashwini Colaco, Priscilla Dasar, Santosh Phillips, Samantha Fernandes, Steven L. Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Global Academy of Technology Bangalore India Birla Institute of Technology & Science Rajasthan Pilani333031 India Department of Radiology SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University Dharwad India College of Arts and Sciences Creighton University OmahaNE United States Department of Computer Science Design Journalism Creighton University OmahaNE United States

ISBN: (数字)9789819765812

ISBN: (纸本)9789819765805

The application of ensemble deep neural network strategies for classifying ovarian tumors using CT-scanned images has become increasingly important in recent years. Accurate classification of ovarian tumors from these images is pivotal for early diagnosis and effective treatment planning. Our research proposes an integrated approach that combines explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques with Ensemble Deep Neural Networks to enhance ovarian tumor classification. We utilize the interpretability aspects of XAI to provide insights into the decision-making process of the ensemble deep neural networks. By visualizing regions of interest and highlighting contributing features in CT-scanned images, we aim to bridge the gap between deep learning models and clinical interpretability, offering an accurate yet explainable solution. The proposed ensemble framework incorporates a diverse set of deep neural networks, each with distinct architectures and initializations, to improve tumor detection performance in ovarian CT images. This is achieved using SHAP, SmoothGrad, and GradCAM for enhanced explainability. Besides performance improvements, our methodology is robust, generalizable, and scalable, contributing new insights to radiological diagnostics. It empowers clinicians and radiologists to validate and understand the model's predictions, fostering trust and acceptance in real-world medical settings. We validated our methodology on a comprehensive in-house dataset of CT-scanned images, demonstrating quantitative performance improvements with a mean accuracy of 98.96 ± 1.269, and Dice and Jaccard scores of 0.98 and 0.97, respectively. The methodology uses Transformers for both quantitative and qualitative interpretability, paving the way for standardizing diagnostics in ovarian tumor characterization. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2024.

关键词： Computerized tomography

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Exploring Accuracy-Fairness Trade-off in Large Language Models

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Zhang, Qingquan Duan, Qiqi Yuan, Bo Shi, Yuhui Liu, Jialin Department of Computer Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China School of Data Science Lingnan University Hong Kong

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in the field of artificial intelligence, showcasing their ability to interact with humans and influence human cognition through information dissemination. However, recent studies have brought to light instances of bias inherent within these LLMs, presenting a critical issue that demands attention. In our research, we delve deeper into the intricate challenge of harmonising accuracy and fairness in the enhancement of LLMs. While improving accuracy can indeed enhance overall LLM performance, it often occurs at the expense of fairness. Overemphasising optimisation of one metric invariably leads to a significant degradation of the other. This underscores the necessity of taking into account multiple considerations during the design and optimisation phases of LLMs. Therefore, we advocate for reformulating the LLM training process as a multi-objective learning task. Our investigation reveals that multi-objective evolutionary learning (MOEL) methodologies offer promising avenues for tackling this challenge. Our MOEL framework enables the simultaneous optimisation of both accuracy and fairness metrics, resulting in a Pareto-optimal set of LLMs. In summary, our study sheds valuable lights on the delicate equilibrium between accuracy and fairness within LLMs, which is increasingly significant for their real-world applications. By harnessing MOEL, we present a promising pathway towards fairer and more efficacious AI technologies. © 2024, CC BY.

关键词： Contrastive Learning

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LSTM based Soft-Sensor for Estimating Nitrate Concentration in Aquaponics pond

LSTM based Soft-Sensor for Estimating Nitrate Concentration ...

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Innovation in technology (INOCON), IEEE International Conference for

作者： A. Dharshan Purushottam Kumar S. Ravimaran U Srinivasulu Reddy Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Saranathan College of Engineering Trichy India CoE in Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning & Data Analytics Lab National Institute of Technology Trichy India Department of Computer Applications Machine Learning & Data Analytics Lab National Institute of Technology Trichy India

In the field of aquaponics, where fish and plants coexist in a symbiotic environment, closely monitoring nitrate levels in the water is crucial due to their profound impact on aquatic and plant well-being. Traditional nitrate measurement methods are often time-consuming and costly. Various approaches, including first principles, IoT-based sensors, and machine learning-based soft sensors, have been attempted to address this challenge. However, these efforts face challenges such as expensive sensors, infrequent data collection, multistage data processing using limited sensor types, and the need for regular maintenance like cleaning and calibration. Additionally, varied environmental conditions affect sensor suitability for different water environments, and even some machine learning-based soft sensors have proven inaccurate. In response, soft sensors, especially deep learning-based ones, have gained prominence in industrial applications for their adaptability and accuracy. These sensors provide real-time insights into complex processes without requiring expensive hardware. In this study, an innovative solution was introduced using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) technology, a neural network architecture in deep learning known for capturing complex temporal patterns. LSTM is well-suited for modeling and predicting nitrate concentration changes in aquaponics, trained with extensive data collected from various aquaponic ponds. Through rigorous evaluation, a remarkable MSE value of 0.00074 and an impressive R-squared score of 0.98 were achieved, holding potential for scaling up to commercial applications, benefiting aquaponics operations, supporting researchers, and enhancing sustainability and productivity in aquaponic systems.

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Intelligent Kidney Abnormality Detection in CT Images Using GLCM and Neural Networks 4

Intelligent Kidney Abnormality Detection in CT Images Using ...

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4th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Networks and Wireless Communications, ICMNWC 2024

作者： Bajpai, Chhavi Anitha, S. Gaur, Manish Raghini, M. Kaliappan, S. Khan, Imran Centre for Advanced Studies Aktu Department of Computer Science and Engineering Lucknow India Acs College of Engineering Department of CSE-Cyber Security Bangalore India Institute of Engineering and Technology Aktu Department of Computer Science & Engineering Lucknow India Velammal College of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intell igence and Data Science Madurai India Lovely Professional University Department of Research and Development Jalandhar India Sharda School of Nursing Science and Research Sharda University Department of Medical Surgical Nursing Greater Noida India

ISBN: (纸本)9798350352931

Kidney stone illness, one of the most common medical problems worldwide, relieves pain and drives people to the ER. Diagnoses often use imaging, but educated doctors must interpret them. Computer-aided diagnostics (CAD) systems help doctors discover kidney stones more accurately. The suggested technique includes preprocessing, feature extraction, and model training. Ultrasound (US) image preprocessing includes restoration, smoothness, sharpness, and contrast enhancement. The Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) analyze image texture to extract characteristics. Model training uses KELM. The KELM-based model outperforms Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) with an average accuracy of 92.54%. This accuracy demonstrates the method can detect kidney stones in ultrasound images. This proposed shows that computer-aided kidney stone detection can be fast and accurate. The combination of GLCM's texture analysis and KELM's classification skills can help medical professionals diagnose kidney stones using imaging. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Computerized tomography

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Demonstration-based learning for few-shot biomedical named entity recognition under machine reading comprehension

arXiv

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Su, Leilei Chen, Jian Peng, Yifan Sun, Cong Department of Mathematics Hainan University Haikou570228 China Department of Data Science and Big Data Technology Hainan University Haikou570228 China Department of Population Health Sciences Weill Cornell Medicine Cornell University New York10065 United States

Objective: Although deep learning techniques have shown significant achievements, they frequently depend on extensive amounts of hand-labeled data and tend to perform inadequately in few-shot scenarios. The objective of this study is to devise a strategy that can improve the model’s capability to recognize biomedical entities in scenarios of few-shot learning. Methods: By redefining biomedical named entity recognition (BioNER) as a machine reading comprehension (MRC) problem, we propose a demonstration-based learning method to address few-shot BioNER, which involves constructing appropriate task demonstrations. In assessing our proposed method, we compared the proposed method with existing advanced methods using six benchmark datasets, including BC4CHEMD, BC5CDR-Chemical, BC5CDR-Disease, NCBI-Disease, BC2GM, and JNLPBA. Results: We examined the models’ efficacy by reporting F1 scores from both the 25-shot and 50-shot learning experiments. In 25-shot learning, we observed 1.1% improvements in the average F1 scores compared to the baseline method, reaching 61.7%, 84.1%, 69.1%, 70.1%, 50.6%, and 59.9% on six datasets, respectively. In 50-shot learning, we further improved the average F1 scores by 1.0% compared to the baseline method, reaching 73.1%, 86.8%, 76.1%, 75.6%, 61.7%, and 65.4%, respectively. Conclusion: We reported that in the realm of few-shot learning BioNER, MRC-based language models are much more proficient in recognizing biomedical entities compared to the sequence labeling approach. Furthermore, our MRC-language models can compete successfully with fully-supervised learning methodologies that rely heavily on the availability of abundant annotated data. These results highlight possible pathways for future advancements in few-shot BioNER methodologies. Copyright © 2023, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Zero-shot learning

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Deep Reinforcement Learning In Autonomous Cars To Preventing Road Accident 2

Deep Reinforcement Learning In Autonomous Cars To Preventing...

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2nd DMIHER International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare, Education and Industry, IDICAIEI 2024

作者： Thote, Rushikesh Barhate, Aditya Tale, Abhay Verma, Prateek Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Faculty of Engineering and Technology Department of Computer Science and Design Maharashtra Wardha India Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Faculty of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Maharashtra Wardha India Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research Faculty of Engineering and Technology Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science Maharashtra Wardha India

ISBN: (纸本)9798331528713

The integration of autonomous vehicles (AVs) into modern transportation systems presents both unprecedented opportunities and challenges, particularly in ensuring road safety and reducing accidents. This paper explores the application of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) techniques to enhance decision-making processes in AVs, aiming to proactively prevent road accidents. By simulating complex driving environments, DRL algorithms enable AVs to learn optimal driving strategies through continuous interaction and feedback. We introduce a DRL-based framework that incorporates sensor data fusion, real-time environment analysis, and adaptive control mechanisms. Experimental results from simulated urban and highway scenarios demonstrate a significant reduction in collision rates and improved response to unforeseen obstacles compared to traditional rule-based systems. The findings underscore the potential of DRL in fortifying the reliability and safety of autonomous driving technologies. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Deep reinforcement learning

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FLAP: Federated Learning Aggregation Scheme Based on Privileged Secret Sharing

FLAP: Federated Learning Aggregation Scheme Based on Privile...

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2023 International Conference on Networking and Network Applications, NaNA 2023

作者： Mu, Xianyu Tian, Youliang Xiong, Jinbo Wang, Shuai Gong, Boxiang College of Computer Science and Technology Guizhou University State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data Guiyang550025 China College of Computer and Cyber Security Fujian Normal University Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Network Security and Cryptology Fuzhou350117 China Guizhou Xishan Technology Co. Ltd China

ISBN: (纸本)9798350327380

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning technique that trains models on client devices and only uploads new model gradients to servers for aggregation. However, transmitting the true gradients introduces the risk of reverse inference attack, which can compromise client privacy. To address this issue, we present the federated learning aggregation scheme based on privileged secret sharing (FLAP). Firstly, we present privileged secret sharing by combining the one-time pad with shamir secret sharing. Secondly, we introduce game theory to generate games between servers to resist collusion attacks. Finally, the analysis demonstrates that FLAP enables the server to successfully update the global gradient while ensuring the utmost protection of client privacy and FLAP achiev the effect of resisting collusion attack and reverse inference attack. We have proved through experiments that FLAP is 26.42% more efficient than the current scheme, and has strong robustness to drop out. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Game theory

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PAIR: protein-aptamer interaction prediction based on language models and contrastive learning framework

PAIR: protein-aptamer interaction prediction based on langua...

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IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM)

作者： Jun Zhang Zhiqiang Yan Hao Zeng Zexuan Zhu National Engineering Laboratory for Big Data System Computing Technology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China College of Computer Science and Software Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen China

ISBN: (数字)9798350386226

ISBN: (纸本)9798350386233

Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides that selectively bind to specific targets, making them valuable for drug design and diagnostic applications. Identifying the interactions between aptamers and target proteins is crucial for these applications. The systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment process, traditionally used for this purpose, is challenging and time-consuming. The resulting aptamers often suffer from limitations in stability and diversity. Computational approaches have shown promise in aiding the discovery of high-performance aptamers, but existing methods are usually constrained by insufficient training data and limited generalizability. Recently, advancements in pre-training large language models have offered a new avenue to mitigate the dependency on large datasets. In this study, we propose a novel method to predict aptamer-protein interactions using large language models within a contrastive learning framework. Experimental results demonstrate that our method exhibits superior generalization and outperforms existing approaches. This method holds promise as a powerful tool for predicting aptamer-protein interactions.

关键词： Proteins Drugs Protein engineering Biological system modeling Large language models Computational modeling Training data Contrastive learning Predictive models Few shot learning

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Spatio-Temporal Structure Consistency for Semi-Supervised Medical Image Classification

Spatio-Temporal Structure Consistency for Semi-Supervised Me...

引用

International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP)

作者： Wentao Lei Lei Liu Li Liu Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Data The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen China The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Guangzhou

Intelligent medical diagnosis has shown remarkable progress on the large-scale datasets with full annotations. However, very few labeled images are available due to significantly expensive annotations by experts. To efficiently leverage abundant unlabeled data, we propose a novel Spatio-Temporal Structure Consistent (STSC) learning framework to combine both spatial and temporal structure consistency. Specifically, a gram matrix is derived to capture the structural similarity among different training samples in the representation space. At the spatial level, our framework explicitly enforces the consistency of structural similarity among different samples under perturbations. At the temporal level, we desire to maintain the consistency of the structural similarity in different training iterations by digging out the stable sub-structures in a relation graph. Experiments on two medical image datasets (i.e., ISIC 2018 and ChestX-ray14) show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) methods. Furthermore, extensive qualitative analysis on the Gram matrices and heatmaps by Grad-CAM are presented to validate the effectiveness of our method.

关键词： Training Annotations Perturbation methods Signal processing Semisupervised learning Stability analysis Task analysis

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Optimizing Clustering Approaches in Cloud Environments

International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies

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International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies 2023年第19期17卷 70-94页

作者： Al-Ghuwairi, Abdel-Rahman Al-Fraihat, Dimah Sharrab, Yousef Kreishan, Yazeed Alsarhan, Ayoub Idhaim, Hasan Qahmash, Ayman Department of Software Engineering Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II for Information Technology The Hashemite University Zarqa Jordan Department of Software Engineering Faculty of Information Technology Isra University Amman Jordan Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence Faculty of Information Technology Isra University Amman Jordan Department of Information Technology Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II for Information Technology The Hashemite University Zarqa Jordan Department of Information Systems Faculty of Prince Al-Hussein Bin Abdallah II for Information Technology The Hashemite University Zarqa Jordan Department of Information Systems Computer Science College King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia

This study focuses on the challenge of developing abstract models to differentiate various cloud resources. It explores the advancements in cloud products that offer specialized services to meet specific external needs. The study proposes a new approach to request processing in clusters, improving downtime, load distribution, and overall performance. A comparison of three clustering approaches is conducted: local single cluster, local multiple clusters, and multiple cloud clusters. Performance, scalability, fault tolerance, resource allocation, availability, and cost-effectiveness are evaluated through experiments with 50 requests. All three approaches achieve a 100% success rate, but processing times vary. The local single cluster has the longest duration, while the local multiple clusters and multiple cloud clusters perform better and offer faster processing, scalability, fault tolerance, and availability. From a cost perspective, the local single cluster and local multiple clusters incur capital and operational expenses, while the multiple cloud clusters follow a pay-as-you-go model. Overall, the local multiple clusters and multiple cloud clusters outperform the local single cluster in terms of performance, scalability, fault tolerance, resource allocation, availability, and cost-effectiveness. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate clustering strategies in cloud environments. © 2023 by the authors of this article. Published under CC-BY.

关键词： Fault tolerance

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