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2023 International Conference on the Built Environment in Transition, CISBAT 2023

作者： Piderit-Moreno, María Beatriz Leighton, Javiera Chandia, Valentina Perez-Fargallo, Alexis University of Bío-Bío Department of Architecture Design and Theory Chile University of Bio-Bio Department of Building Sciences Chile

Studies have shown that a series of architectural factors of the physical learning environment affect the educational experiences of students in schools, particularly learning and well-being. This study proposes a method to holistically assess school classrooms considering three design principles: personalization, stimulus, and environmental. An evaluation matrix has been prepared considering 40 architectural factors, which are categorized into three ranges to generate a score and show their level of compliance. This was applied to a sample size of 30 classrooms from 23 Chilean schools. A classification was generated using the compliance levels, determining deciles and quartiles to set ranges appropriate to local realities along with three classroom classifications: insufficient, sufficient, and satisfactory. This classification proposes a starting point that can evolve as factors in the classroom improve or other cases are incorporated into the database. The method can be replicated in other contexts because it allows identifying which design parameters need to be improved or integrated into school classrooms. © 2023 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

关键词： Classification (of information)

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Students’ Perceptions of acoustic comfort in traditional and flexible learning environments: a study in Chile

Students’ Perceptions of acoustic comfort in traditional an...

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2023 International Conference on the Built Environment in Transition, CISBAT 2023

作者： Ipinza-Olatte, Constanza Piderit-Moreno, María Beatriz Bluyssen, Philomena Trebilcock-Kelly, Maureen University of Bío-Bío Department of Architecture Design and Theory Chile University of Santiago de Chile School of Architecture Chile Delft University of Technology Faculty of Architecture Netherlands

The acoustic quality of educational spaces has an important impact on well-being and occupant performance. This study investigates noise perception and hearing ability among primary students in traditional learning environments (TLE) and flexible learning environments (FLE). A survey was conducted in Santiago de Chile, involving 21 teachers and 315 children from 13 schools, to gather responses on acoustic comfort. Additionally, a checklist was used to inspect the physical spaces. The analysis of students' responses revealed that self-reported complaints related to indoor environmental quality (IEQ) predominantly focused on noise discomfort in both types of learning environments. A significant relationship was found between the type of space and children’s perception of noise from their peers. Although students in TLE reported greater annoyance with noise, those in FLE experienced slightly more listening problems. Interestingly, in FLE, students with an occupancy density greater than 2.1 m2 per student did not feel bothered by the noise produced by their classmates speaking. Although further research is needed, these findings highlight the crucial role of acoustic conditions in ensuring the comfort and hearing abilities of young students. Adequate acoustic treatment and enough space per student are important to mitigate potential indoor noise issues. © 2023 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.

关键词： Students

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E-Road Network and Urbanization: A Reinterpretation of the Trans-European Petroleumscape

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Urban, Planning and Transport Research 2021年第1期9卷 407-424页

作者： Charitonidou, Marianna Lecturer and Postdoctoral Fellow Chair of the History and Theory of Urban Design Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture Department of Architecture Zürich CH GR GR AthensAthensAthensAthens Greece

This article examines the role of architecture and urban planning in shaping connections between European land-based mobility, cities and landscapes. It investigates the development of spaces aiming to link automobility to the everyday experience of European citizens. The planning and funding of the E-road network is related to the promotion of trans-European mobility for commodities and individuals. This attempt to link the different European nations and to overcome their separate plans has reshaped the urban landscape and the territory. The article aims to show how urban planning and architecture play a key role in implementing new types of mobilities promoting environmental sustainability. Taking into account that the EU aims to overcome regimes of petroleum-based mobility and associated architectures, it intends to demonstrate how the land-based transportation of both individuals and commodities in the E-Road network functions as an actor of planetary urbanization. It investigates three kinds of nodes within the E-Road network-the nodes encountered on the E-Roads, those to be found at the gates to cities and the new structures aiming to imitate the urban dimension but proposing a novel articulation of pedestrian and automobile circulation-and relates them to overarching approaches in the design of mobility. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： automobile vision E-road network infrastructural Europeanism mobility petroleumscape planetary urbanization sustainability trans-European highway system

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Ugliness in architecture in the Australian, American, British and Italian milieus: Subtopia between the 1950s and the 1970s

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City, Territory and architecture 2022年第1期9卷 1-21页

作者： Charitonidou, Marianna Chair of the History and Theory of Urban Design Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture (GTA) Department of Architecture ETH Zürich Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5 Zurich 8093 Switzerland School of Architecture National Technical University of Athens 42 Patission Street 106 82 Athens Greece Faculty of Art Theory and History Athens School of Fine Arts 42 Patission Street 106 82 Athens Greece

The article examines the reorientations of the appreciation of ugliness within different national contexts in a comparative and relational frame, juxtaposing the Australian, American, British and Italian milieus. It also explores the ways in which the transformation of the urban fabric and the effect of suburbanization were perceived in the aforementioned national contexts. Special attention is paid to the production and dissemination of how the city’s uglification was conceptualized between the 1950s and 1970s. Pivotal for the issues that this article addresses are Ian Nairn’s Outrage: On the Disfigurement of Town and Countryside, Robin Boyd’s The Australian Ugliness, Donald Gazzard’s Australian Outrage: The Decay of a Visual Environment, and the way the phenomenon of urban expansion is treated in these books in comparison with other books from the four national contexts under study, such as Ludovico Quaroni’s La torre di Babele and Reyner Banham’s The New Brutalism: Ethic or Aesthetic?. Particular emphasis is placed on Boyd’s articles in The Architectural Review between 1951 and 1970. At the core of the article is the analysis of the debates around ugliness between the 1950s and 1970s within the British, Italian, American and Australian contexts. © 2022, The Author(s).

关键词： Aldo Rossi Arboraphobia Austerica Australia Denise Scott Brown Ernesto Nathan Rogers Featurism Gordon Cullen Ian Nairn Italy Ludovico Quaroni Neorealism New Brutalism Outrage Reyner Banham Robert Venturi Robin Boyd Subtopia Tendenza The Architectural Review Townscape movement ugliness UK United States of America

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Evaluation of Energy and Lighting in Schools Considering Solar Protection

SSRN

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SSRN 2024年

作者： Muñoz-Viveros, Cristián Pérez-Fargallo, Alexis Rubio Bellido, Carlos Department of Theory and Design Faculty of Architecture Construction and Design University of Bío-Bío Concepción Chile Department of Construction Science Faculty of Architecture Construction and Design University of Bío-Bío Concepción Chile Department of Building Construction II University of Seville Seville41012 Spain

The implementation of the solar protections laid out in the regulations and certification systems decreases cooling demands, although it has an uncontrolled and even unforeseen effect on daylighting. Achieving a balance between both requirements is a challenge for facade design, energy behavior, and lighting performance since restricting solar radiation contributions decreases daylight's contribution. This research aims to define a methodology that allows, in the early design stage, the evaluation of solar protection solutions that consider the optimal performance of daylight using annual dynamic indicators while maintaining adequate energy-saving levels. For this purpose, cooling energy consumption and dynamic indicators have been considered as the primary indicators, namely Spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), Annual solar access (ASE), and useful daylight illuminance (UDI) with variations of the Modified Solar Factor (MSF). Thermal and light performance assessments were made using energy modeling for two types of solar protection. The case study is a school classroom located in the city of Talca, in central Chile, considering window-to-wall ratios (WWR) of 40%, 50%, and 60%. The premise's thermal and light behavior were obtained with both types of solar protection. The sDA and UDI results allowed making an approximation of optimal solutions, however, the ASE values in all cases, were classified as unsuitable for classroom use. The analysis suggests that better limit values for both requirements are obtained by organizing the results by WWR instead of by the MSF that each solution identifies. This methodology compared solar protection options at an early design stage, reaching recommended light performance levels and energy savings of 70% or more, for the two types of solar protection. It is concluded that to achieve minimum acceptable daylighting levels, in balance with cooling energy consumption, it is necessary to consider annual dynamic assessments with sDA and UD

关键词： Daylighting

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The 1968 effects and civic responsibility in architecture and urban planning in the USA and Italy: Challenging ‘nuova dimensione’ and ‘urban renewal’

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Urban, Planning and Transport Research 2021年第1期9卷 549-578页

作者： Charitonidou, Marianna Lecturer and Postdoctoral Researcher Chair of the History and Theory of Urban Design Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture Department of Architecture ETH Zürich Switzerland Postdoctoral Research Associate School of Architecture National Technical University of Athens GR Athens Greece Postdoctoral Research Associate Faculty of Art History and Theory Athens School of Fine Arts GR Athens Greece

The article scrutinizes the impact of the 1968 student protests on architectural education and epistemology within the Italian and American context, the advocacy planning movement and the relationship of architecture and urban planning with the socio-political climate around 1968. It aims to demonstrate how the concepts of urban renewal and ‘nuova dimensione’ were progressively abandoned in the USA and Italy respectively. It presents how the critique of these concepts was related to the conviction that they were incompatible with socially effective architecture and urban design approaches. The article sheds light on the complexity of the reorientations that took place in both contexts, taking into consideration the impact of student protests, and the 1968 Civil Rights Action the architects and urban planners’s task on the curricula of schools of architecture. It also investigates certain counter-events and counter-publications in the USA and Italy, shedding light on how they reinvented the relationship between architecture and democracy. It reveals the tensions between enhancing equality in planning process and local bureaucracy in the case of advocacy planning strategies. © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

关键词： 1968 effects città territorio civic responsibility Italy Nuova dimensione Paul Davidoff Manfredo Tafuri student protests urban conditions urban renewal USA advocacy planning

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Autopia as new perceptual regime: mobilized gaze and architectural design

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City, Territory and architecture 2021年第1期8卷 1-25页

作者： Charitonidou, Marianna Chair of the History and Theory of Urban Design Institute for the History and Theory of Architecture (gta) Department of Architecture ETH Zürich Stefano-Franscini-Platz 5 Zurich 8093 Switzerland School of Architecture National Technical University of Athens 42 Patission Street Athens 106 82 Greece Faculty of Art History and Theory Athens School of Fine Arts 42 Patission Street Athens 106 82 Greece

The automobile has reshaped our conceptions of space and our modes of accessing and penetrating the urban and non-urban territory in multiple ways, revolutionizing how architects perceive the city and contributing significantly to the transformation of the relationship between architecture and the city. Despite the fact that many architects and architectural critics and theorists have been attracted to automobile vision, in the field of history and theory of architecture and urban design, many questions concerning the impact of the automobile on our perception of the city and its territory have not yet been explored in depth. This is surprising when one considers that no other single factor changed the city so drastically during the twentieth century as the pervasive presence of the automobile. The article examines three different cases of architects—John Lautner, Alison and Peter Smithson, and Aldo Rossi—who tried to construct new visual regimes in photography from the car. The main objective is to present how new visual regimes in photography from the car informed in various ways the visual attitudes in their designs of buildings. The interexchange between the ways of capturing the views from the car and the formation of new design methods can explain the necessity to establish a new theoretical framework offering the possibility to historians of architecture and urban design to address in a sharp and concrete way the reciprocal relation between automobile vision and design approaches. © 2021, The Author(s).

关键词： Aldo Rossi Alison and Peter Smithson Automobile vision John Lautner Photography Semi-directedness Sequentiality Snapshot aesthetics

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Evaluation of Energy and Lighting in Schools Considering Solar Protections

SSRN

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SSRN 2023年

作者： Muñoz-Viveros, Cristián Pérez-Fargallo, Alexis Rubio-Bellido, Carlos University of Bio-Bio Concepción Chile Department of Theory and Design Faculty of Architecture Construction and Design University of Bío-Bío Concepción Chile Department of Construction Science Faculty of Architecture Construction and Design University of Bío-Bío Concepción Chile Department of Building Construction II University of Seville Seville41012 Spain

关键词： Daylighting

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Efficient Prompt Compression with Evaluator Heads for Long-Context Transformer Inference

arXiv

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arXiv 2025年

作者： Fei, Weizhi Niu, Xueyan Xie, Guoqing Liu, Yingqing Bai, Bo Han, Wei Department of Mathematical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing China Theory Lab 2012 Labs Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. China Architecture & Design ICT Products & Solutions Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. China

Although applications involving long-context inputs are crucial for the effective utilization of large language models (LLMs), they also result in increased computational costs and reduced performance. To address this challenge, we propose an efficient, training-free prompt compression method that retains key information within compressed prompts. We identify specific attention heads in transformer-based LLMs, which we designate as evaluator heads, that are capable of selecting tokens in long inputs that are most significant for inference. Building on this discovery, we develop EHPC, an Evaluator Head-based Prompt Compression method, which enables LLMs to rapidly "skim through" input prompts by leveraging only the first few layers with evaluator heads during the pre-filling stage, subsequently passing only the important tokens to the model for inference. EHPC achieves state-of-the-art results across two mainstream benchmarks: prompt compression and long-context inference acceleration. Consequently, it effectively reduces the complexity and costs associated with commercial API calls. We further demonstrate that EHPC attains competitive results compared to key-value cache-based acceleration methods, thereby highlighting its potential to enhance the efficiency of LLMs for long-context tasks. © 2025, CC BY-NC-SA.

关键词： Benchmarking

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Retrieval Meets Reasoning: Dynamic In-Context Editing for Long-Text Understanding

arXiv

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arXiv 2024年

作者： Fei, Weizhi Niu, Xueyan Xie, Guoqing Zhang, Yanhua Bai, Bo Deng, Lei Han, Wei Department of Mathematical Sciences Tsinghua University Beijing China Theory Lab 2012 Labs Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. China Architecture & Design ICT Products & Solutions Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. China

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) face inherent limitations due to their pre-defined context lengths, which impede their capacity for multi-hop reasoning within extensive textual contexts. While existing techniques like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) have attempted to bridge this gap by sourcing external information, they fall short when direct answers are not readily available. We introduce a novel approach that re-imagines information retrieval through dynamic in-context editing, inspired by recent breakthroughs in knowledge editing. By treating lengthy contexts as malleable external knowledge, our method interactively gathers and integrates relevant information, thereby enabling LLMs to perform sophisticated reasoning steps. Experimental results demonstrate that our method effectively empowers context-limited LLMs, such as Llama2, to engage in multi-hop reasoning with improved performance, which outperforms state-of-the-art context window extrapolation methods and even compares favorably to more advanced commercial long-context models. Our interactive method not only enhances reasoning capabilities but also mitigates the associated training and computational costs, making it a pragmatic solution for enhancing LLMs' reasoning within expansive contexts. Copyright © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.

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