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360-Degree video streaming and its subjective quality

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360-Degree video streaming and its subjective quality

SMPTE 2017 Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SMPTE 2017

作者： Curcio, Igor D.D. Toukomaa, Henri Naik, Deepa Digital Media Laboratory Nokia Technologies Tampere Finland Department of Signal Processing Tampere University of Technology Tampere Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9781614829591

Traditional challenges for deploying end-to-end streaming systems are made harder when considering 360-degree media content. One of these challenges relates to the lack of commonly accepted standardized methodologies for subjective 360-degree video quality assessment, especially oriented towards streaming services. The contribution of this paper falls in the area of subjective assessment of 360-degree video. - From traditional standardized test methodologies originally designed for 2D/3D video, we tailored a methodology more oriented towards Virtual Reality (VR) streaming services. The methodology inherits a lot from existing ITU standards for video subjective quality evaluation. The additions incorporate the special properties of 360-video, namely omnidirectionality, as opposed to traditional video. - With this goal in mind, a new metric called Similarity Ring Metric (SRM) is introduced. It measures the degree of similarity in watching patterns of a single subject or between different subjects for several subjective assessment tests. This metric enables an inclusion or rejection criteria for test results in subjective assessment sessions. We also present visual fatigue results related to a subjective quality experiment of 360-degree video. © 2017 Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Inc.

关键词： Virtual reality

Bandwidth reduction of omnidirectional viewport-dependent video streaming via subjective quality assessment 2

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Bandwidth reduction of omnidirectional viewport-dependent vi...

2nd ACM International Workshop on Multimedia Alternate Realities, AltMM 2017

作者： Curcio, Igor D.D. Toukomaa, Henri Naik, Deepa Digital Media Laboratory Nokia Technologies Tampere Finland Department of Signal Processing Tampere University of Technology Tampere Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9781450355070

Omnidirectional video is more and more widespread in consumer electronics and professional capture devices, as well over Internet via novel streaming services. Omnidirectional video requires a large streaming bandwidth. To date there is little knowledge about the subjective experience of streaming services of omnidirectional video. The aim of this paper is to present subjective assessment results of experiments using a tilebased streaming system for omnidirectional video with the goal of reducing the streaming bandwidth. The results we present show that it is possible to reduce streaming bit rates by an average of 44% for a subjective DMOS value of 4.5 for different content genres. © 2017 Copyright is held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.

关键词： Bandwidth

Understanding metric-related pitfalls in image analysis validation

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arXiv 2023年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Kavur, A. Emre Rädsch, Tim Sudre, Carole H. Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Cheplygina, Veronika Chen, Jianxu Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kofler, Florian Kooi, Thijs Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. van Calster, Ben Varoquaux, Gaël Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul F. Maier-Hein, Lena Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany NCT Heidelberg A Partnership Between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montreal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Leuven Belgium partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany and Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for Statistics in Medicine University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom Center for Biomedical In

Validation metrics are key for tracking scientific progress and bridging the current chasm between artificial intelligence (AI) research and its translation into practice. However, increasing evidence shows that particularly in image analysis, metrics are often chosen inadequately. While taking into account the individual strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of validation metrics is a critical prerequisite to making educated choices, the relevant knowledge is currently scattered and poorly accessible to individual researchers. Based on a multi-stage Delphi process conducted by a multidisciplinary expert consortium as well as extensive community feedback, the present work provides the first reliable and comprehensive common point of access to information on pitfalls related to validation metrics in image analysis. While focused on biomedical image analysis, the addressed pitfalls generalize across application domains and are categorized according to a newly created, domain-agnostic taxonomy. The work serves to enhance global comprehension of a key topic in image analysis validation. © 2023, CC BY.

关键词： Computer vision

Metrics Reloaded: Recommendations for image analysis validation

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arXiv 2022年

作者： Maier-Hein, Lena Reinke, Annika Godau, Patrick Tizabi, Minu D. Buettner, Florian Christodoulou, Evangelia Glocker, Ben Isensee, Fabian Kleesiek, Jens Kozubek, Michal Reyes, Mauricio Riegler, Michael A. Wiesenfarth, Manuel Emre Kavur, A. Sudre, Carole H. Baumgartner, Michael Eisenmann, Matthias Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Rädsch, Tim Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew B. Jorge Cardoso, M. Cheplygina, Veronika Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian Ginneken, Bram Van Haase, Robert Hashimoto, Daniel A. Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kenngott, Hannes Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Petersen, Jens Rajpoot, Nasir Rieke, Nicola Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten Van Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben Van Varoquaux, Gaël Jäger, Paul F. Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science and Medical Faculty Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg a partnership between DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Germany partner site Frankfurt/Mainz a partnership between DKFZ and UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt Germany Department of Informatics Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Department of Computing Imperial College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing and HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany Institute for AI in Medicine University Medicine Essen Essen Germany Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis Faculty of Informatics Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research University of Bern Bern Switzerland Department of Radiation Oncology University Hospital Bern University of Bern Bern Switzerland Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering Oslo Norway UiT The Arctic University of Norway Romsø Norway Heidelberg Division of Biostatistics Germany Heidelberg Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Division of Medical Image Computing HI Applied Computer Vision Lab Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Heidelberg Division of Medical Image Computing Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal

Increasing evidence shows that flaws in machine learning (ML) algorithm validation are an underestimated global problem. Particularly in automatic biomedical image analysis, chosen performance metrics often do not reflect the domain interest, thus failing to adequately measure scientific progress and hindering translation of ML techniques into practice. To overcome this, we created Metrics Reloaded, a comprehensive framework guiding researchers in the problem-aware selection of metrics. It was developed by a large international consortium in a multi-stage Delphi process and is based on the novel concept of a problem fingerprint – a structured representation of the given problem that captures all aspects that are relevant for metric selection, from the domain interest to the properties of the target structure(s), data set and algorithm output. Based on the problem fingerprint, users are guided through the process of choosing and applying appropriate validation metrics while being made aware of potential pitfalls. Metrics Reloaded targets image analysis problems that can be interpreted as a classification task at image, object or pixel level, namely image-level classification, object detection, semantic segmentation, and instance segmentation tasks. To improve the user experience, we implemented the framework in the Metrics Reloaded online tool. Following the convergence of ML methodology across application domains, Metrics Reloaded fosters the convergence of validation methodology. Its applicability is demonstrated for various biomedical use cases. © 2022, CC BY.

关键词： Semantic Segmentation

Investigation of effectiveness of simple thresholding for accurate yawn detection

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Investigation of effectiveness of simple thresholding for ac...

International Conference on Computer, Communication and Computational Sciences, ICCCCS 2016

作者： Reddy, Viswanath K. Swathi, K.S. Faculty of Engineering and Technology Department of ECE M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru India Digital Signal and Image Processing M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences Bengaluru India

ISBN: (纸本)9789811037696

Drowsiness of a person is major cause for accidents and to avoid accidents alerting person at right time is very necessary. Yawning is one of the signs, which indicates whether the person is drowsy or not. Most of the algorithms in literature detect yawn state considering the region between the lips. Mouth localization is the fundamental step in yawn detection. Region between the lips is segmented using algorithms of different complexities. In this work, a simple segmentation algorithm like thresholding is investigated for its effectiveness. The segmented region with maximum area within the mouth region is considered to classify the frame as yawn frame or otherwise. Yawn video sequences from YawDD dataset are used to test and validate the algorithm. Yawn detection accuracy using the proposed algorithm is 76% which is bit higher than the accuracy obtained with more complex algorithm. Such simple algorithms might be more useful for real-time applications. The time consumption of the implementation is to be verified. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017.

关键词： Accidents

Multi-factorial evolutionary algorithm based on M2M decomposition 11th

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Multi-factorial evolutionary algorithm based on M2M decompos...

11th International Conference on Simulated Evolution and Learning, SEAL 2017

作者： Mo, Jiajie Fan, Zhun Li, Wenji Fang, Yi You, Yugen Cai, Xinye Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Signal and Image Processing Shantou515063 China Department of Electronic Engineering Shantou University Shantou515063 China College of Computer Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Jiangsu210016 China

ISBN: (纸本)9783319687582

This paper proposes a decomposition-based multi-objective multi-factorial evolutionary algorithm (MFEA/D-M2M). The MFEA/D-M2M adopts the M2M approach to decompose multi-objective optimization problems into multiple constrained sub-problems for enhancing the diversity of population and convergence of sub-regions. An machine learning model augmented version is also been implemented, which utilized discriminative models for pre-selecting solutions. Experimental studies on nine multi-factorial optimization (MFO) problem sets are conducted. The experimental results demonstrated that MFEA/D-M2M outperforms the vanilla MFEA on six MFO benchmark problem sets and achieved comparable results on the other three problem sets with partial intersection of global optimal. © Springer International Publishing AG 2017.

关键词： Evolutionary algorithms

360-Degree Video Streaming and its Subjective Quality

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360-Degree Video Streaming and its Subjective Quality

SMPTE Technical Conference

作者： Igor D.D. Curcio Henri Toukomaa Deepa Naik Digital Media Laboratory Nokia Technologies Tampere Finland Department of Signal Processing Tampere University of Technology Tampere Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9781510851771

Traditional challenges for deploying end-to-end streaming systems are made harder when considering 360-degree media content. One of these challenges relates to the lack of commonly accepted standardized methodologies for subjective 360-degree video quality assessment, especially oriented towards streaming services. The contribution of this paper falls in the area of subjective assessment of 360-degree video. — From traditional standardized test methodologies originally designed for 2D/3D video, we tailored a methodology more oriented towards Virtual Reality (VR) streaming services. The methodology inherits a lot from existing ITU standards for video subjective quality evaluation. The additions incorporate the special properties of 360-video, namely omnidirectionality, as opposed to traditional video. — With this goal in mind, a new metric called Similarity Ring Metric (SRM) is introduced. It measures the degree of similarity in watching patterns of a single subject or between different subjects for several subjective assessment tests. This metric enables an inclusion or rejection criteria for test results in subjective assessment sessions. We also present visual fatigue results related to a subjective quality experiment of 360-degree video.

关键词： Omnidirectional video Virtual reality streaming Subjective quality evaluation Subjective assessment 360 degrees video Test methodology Videotapes Streaming rejection criteria Metric Metronidazole Video streaming quality evaluation

Common Limitations of Image processing Metrics: A Picture Story

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arXiv 2021年

作者： Reinke, Annika Tizabi, Minu D. Sudre, Carole H. Eisenmann, Matthias Rädsch, Tim Baumgartner, Michael Acion, Laura Antonelli, Michela Arbel, Tal Bakas, Spyridon Bankhead, Peter Benis, Arriel Blaschko, Matthew Buettner, Florian Cardoso, M. Jorge Chen, Jianxu Cheplygina, Veronika Christodoulou, Evangelia Cimini, Beth A. Collins, Gary S. Engelhardt, Sandy Farahani, Keyvan Ferrer, Luciana Galdran, Adrian van Ginneken, Bram Glocker, Ben Godau, Patrick Haase, Robert Hamprecht, Fred Hashimoto, Daniel A. Heckmann-Nötzel, Doreen Hirsch, Peter Hoffman, Michael M. Huisman, Merel Isensee, Fabian Jannin, Pierre Kahn, Charles E. Kainmueller, Dagmar Kainz, Bernhard Karargyris, Alexandros Karthikesalingam, Alan Kavur, A. Emre Kenngott, Hannes Kleesiek, Jens Kleppe, Andreas Koehler, Sven Kofler, Florian Kopp-Schneider, Annette Kooi, Thijs Kozubek, Michal Kreshuk, Anna Kurc, Tahsin Landman, Bennett A. Litjens, Geert Madani, Amin Maier-Hein, Klaus Martel, Anne L. Mattson, Peter Meijering, Erik Menze, Bjoern Moher, David Moons, Karel G.M. Müller, Henning Nichyporuk, Brennan Nickel, Felix Noyan, M. Alican Petersen, Jens Polat, Gorkem Rafelski, Susanne M. Rajpoot, Nasir Reyes, Mauricio Rieke, Nicola Riegler, Michael A. Rivaz, Hassan Saez-Rodriguez, Julio Sánchez, Clara I. Schroeter, Julien Saha, Anindo Selver, M. Alper Sharan, Lalith Shetty, Shravya Smeden, Maarten V.A.N. Stieltjes, Bram Summers, Ronald M. Taha, Abdel A. Tiulpin, Aleksei Tsaftaris, Sotirios A. Calster, Ben V.A.N. Varoquaux, Gaël Wiesenfarth, Manuel Yaniv, Ziv R. Jäger, Paul Maier-Hein, Lena Division of Intelligent Medical Systems and HI Helmholtz Imaging Heidelberg Germany Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany Division of Intelligent Medical Systems Heidelberg Germany NCT Heidelberg DKFZ University Medical Center Heidelberg Germany MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing UCL Centre for Medical Image Computing Department of Computer Science University College London London United Kingdom School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Science King’s College London London United Kingdom Division of Medical Image Computing Heidelberg Germany Instituto de Cálculo CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Centre for Medical Image Computing University College London London United Kingdom McGill University Montréal Canada Division of Computational Pathology Dept of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Indiana University School of Medicine IU Health Information and Translational Sciences Building Indianapolis United States University of Pennsylvania Richards Medical Research Laboratories FL7 PhiladelphiaPA United States Institute of Genetics and Cancer University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom Department of Digital Medical Technologies Holon Institute of Technology Holon Israel European Federation for Medical Informatics Le Mont-sur-Lausanne Switzerland Center for Processing Speech and Images Department of Electrical Engineering KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10 - box 2441 Leuven3001 Belgium Frankfurt/Mainz DKFZ UCT Frankfurt-Marburg Germany Heidelberg Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Medicine Germany Goethe University Frankfurt Department of Informatics Germany Frankfurt Cancer Insititute Germany Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V. Dortmund Germany Department of Computer Science IT University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark Imaging Platform Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard CambridgeMA United States Centre for St

While the importance of automatic image analysis is continuously increasing, recent meta-research revealed major flaws with respect to algorithm validation. Performance metrics are particularly key for meaningful, objective, and transparent performance assessment and validation of the used automatic algorithms, but relatively little attention has been given to the practical pitfalls when using specific metrics for a given image analysis task. These are typically related to (1) the disregard of inherent metric properties, such as the behaviour in the presence of class imbalance or small target structures, (2) the disregard of inherent data set properties, such as the non-independence of the test cases, and (3) the disregard of the actual biomedical domain interest that the metrics should reflect. This living dynamically document has the purpose to illustrate important limitations of performance metrics commonly applied in the field of image analysis. In this context, it focuses on biomedical image analysis problems that can be phrased as image-level classification, semantic segmentation, instance segmentation, or object detection task. The current version is based on a Delphi process on metrics conducted by an international consortium of image analysis experts from more than 60 institutions worldwide. © 2021, CC BY.

关键词： Medical imaging

R3-Net: A deep network for multi-oriented vehicle detection in aerial images and videos

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arXiv 2018年

作者： Li, Qingpeng Mou, Lichao Xu, Qizhi Zhang, Yun Zhu, Xiao Xiang State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Media School of Computer Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing100191 China Remote Sensing Technology Institute German Aerospace Center Wessling82234 Germany Signal Processing in Earth Observation Technical University of Munich Munich80333 Germany Canada Research Chair Laboratory in Advanced Geomatics Image Processing Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering University of New Brunswick FrederictonNBE3B 5A3 Canada

Vehicle detection is a significant and challenging task in aerial remote sensing applications. Most existing methods detect vehicles with regular rectangle boxes and fail to offer the orientation of vehicles. However, the orientation information is crucial for several practical applications, such as the trajectory and motion estimation of vehicles. In this paper, we propose a novel deep network, called rotatable region-based residual network (R3-Net), to detect multi-oriented vehicles in aerial images and videos. More specially, R3-Net is utilized to generate rotatable rectangular target boxes in a half coordinate system. First, we use a rotatable region proposal network (R-RPN) to generate rotatable region of interests (R-RoIs) from feature maps produced by a deep convolutional neural network. Here, a proposed batch averaging rotatable anchor (BAR anchor) strategy is applied to initialize the shape of vehicle candidates. Next, we propose a rotatable detection network (R-DN) for the final classification and regression of the R-RoIs. In RDN, a novel rotatable position sensitive pooling (R-PS pooling) is designed to keep the position and orientation information simultaneously while downsampling the feature maps of RRoIs. In our model, R-RPN and R-DN can be trained jointly. We test our network on two open vehicle detection image datasets, namely DLR 3K Munich Dataset and VEDAI Dataset, demonstrating the high precision and robustness of our method. In addition, further experiments on aerial videos show the good generalization capability of the proposed method and its potential for vehicle tracking in aerial videos. The demo video is available at https://***/xCYD-tYudN0. Copyright © 2018, The Authors. All rights reserved.

关键词： Remote sensing