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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年第4期6卷 955-967页

作者： Hirani, Gaurav R. Wang, Kevin I-Kai Abdulla, Waleed H. The University of Auckland Department of Electrical Computer and Software Engineering Auckland1010 New Zealand

The field of computer vision is predominantly driven by supervised models, which, despite their efficacy, are computationally expensive and often intractable for many applications. Recently, research has expedited alternative avenues such as self-organizing maps (SOM)-based architectures, which offer significant advantages such as tractability, the absence of back-propagation, and feed-forward unsupervised learning. However, these SOM-based approaches frequently suffer from lower accuracy and limited generalization capabilities. To address these shortcomings, we propose a novel model called split and concur SOM (SACSOM). SACSOM overcomes the limitations of closely related SOM-based algorithms by utilizing multiple parallel branches, each equipped with its own SOM modules that process data independently with varying patch sizes. Furthermore, by creating groups of classes and using respective training samples to train independent subbranches in each branch, our approach accommodates datasets with a large number of classes. SACSOM employs a simple yet effective labeling technique requiring minimal labeled samples. The outputs from each branch, filtered by a threshold, contribute to the final prediction. Experimental validation on MNIST-digit, Fashion-MNIST, CIFAR-10, and CIFAR-100 demonstrates that SACSOM achieves competitive accuracy with significantly reduced computation time. Furthermore, it exhibits superior performance and generalization capabilities, even in high-noise scenarios. The weights of the single-layered SACSOM provide meaningful insights into the patch-based learning pattern, enhancing its tractability and making it ideal from the perspective of explainable AI. This study addresses the limitations of current clustering techniques, such as K-means and traditional SOMs, by proposing a lightweight, manageable, and fast architecture that does not require a GPU, making it suitable for low-powered devices. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Unsupervised learning

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Infrared Fault Detection Method for Dense Electrolytic Bath Polar Plate Based on YOLOv5s

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第9期80卷 4859-4874页

作者： Huiling Yu Yanqiu Hang Shen Shi Kangning Wu Yizhuo Zhang Software Engineering Department of Computer ScienceChangzhou UniversityChangzhou213146China Electrical Engineering Department of Computer ScienceChangzhou UniversityChangzhou213146China

Electrolysis tanks are used to smeltmetals based on electrochemical principles,and the short-circuiting of the pole plates in the tanks in the production process will lead to high temperatures,thus affecting normal *** at the problems of time-consuming and poor accuracy of existing infrared methods for high-temperature detection of dense pole plates in electrolysis tanks,an infrared dense pole plate anomalous target detection network YOLOv5-RMF based on You Only Look Once version 5(YOLOv5)is ***,we modified the Real-Time Enhanced Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network(Real-ESRGAN)by changing the U-shaped network(U-Net)to Attention U-Net,to preprocess the images;secondly,we propose a new Focus module that introduces the Marr operator,which can provide more boundary information for the network;again,because Complete Intersection over Union(CIOU)cannot accommodate target borders that are increasing and decreasing,replace CIOU with Extended Intersection over Union(EIOU),while the loss function is changed to Focal and Efficient IOU(Focal-EIOU)due to the different difficulty of sample *** the homemade dataset,the precision of our method is 94%,the recall is 70.8%,and the map@.5 is 83.6%,which is an improvement of 1.3%in precision,9.7%in recall,and 7%in map@.5 over the original *** algorithm can meet the needs of electrolysis tank pole plate abnormal temperature detection,which can lay a technical foundation for improving production efficiency and reducing production waste.

关键词： Infrared polar plate fault detection YOLOv5 Real-ESRGAN Marr boundary detection operator Focal-EIoU loss

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Obstacle Avoidance Capability for Multi-Target Path Planning in Different Styles of Search

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computers, Materials & Continua 2024年第10期81卷 749-771页

作者： Mustafa Mohammed Alhassow Oguz Ata Dogu Cagdas Atilla Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Altinbas UniversityIstanbul34217Turkey Department of Software Engineering Altinbas UniversityIstanbul34217Turkey

This study investigates robot path planning for multiple agents,focusing on the critical requirement that agents can pursue concurrent pathways without *** agent is assigned a task within the environment to reach a designated *** the map or goal changes unexpectedly,particularly in dynamic and unknown environments,it can lead to potential failures or performance degradation in various ***,priority inheritance plays a significant role in path planning and can impact *** study proposes a ConflictBased Search(CBS)approach,introducing a unique hierarchical search mechanism for planning paths for multiple *** study aims to enhance flexibility in adapting to different *** scenarios were tested,and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm was *** the first scenario,path planning was applied in unknown environments,both stationary and mobile,yielding excellent results in terms of time to arrival and path length,with a time of 2.3 *** the second scenario,the algorithm was applied to complex environments containing sharp corners and unknown obstacles,resulting in a time of 2.6 s,with the algorithm also performing well in terms of path *** the final scenario,the multi-objective algorithm was tested in a warehouse environment containing fixed,mobile,and multi-targeted obstacles,achieving a result of up to 100.4 *** on the results and comparisons with previous work,the proposed method was found to be highly effective,efficient,and suitable for various environments.

关键词： Conflict algorithm dynamic environment mobile robot omnidirectional mobile robot unknown environment warehouse

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A multi-mode real-time system verification model using efficient event-driven dataset

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Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 2024年第2期15卷 1187-1200页

作者： Islam, Nayreet Azim, Akramul Department of Electrical Computer and Software Engineering University of Ontario Institute of Technology Oshawa Canada

Real-time systems experience many safety and performance issues at run time due to different uncertainties in the environment. Systems are now becoming highly interactive and must be able to execute in a changing environment without experiencing any failure. A real-time system can have multiple modes of operation such as safety and performance. The system can satisfy its safety and performance requirements by switching between the modes at run time. It is essential for the designers to ensure that a multi-mode real-time system operates in the expected mode at run time. In this paper, we present a verification model that identifies the expected mode at run time and checks whether the multi-mode real-time system is operating in the correct mode or not. To determine the expected mode, we present a monitoring module that checks the environment of the system, identifies different real-world occurrences as events, determines their properties and creates an event-driven dataset for failure analysis. The dataset consumes less memory in comparison to the raw input data obtained from the monitored environment. The event-driven dataset also facilitates onboard decision-making because the dataset allows the system to perform a safety analysis by determining the probability of failure in each environmental situations. We use the probability of failure of the system to determine the safety mode in different environmental situations. To demonstrate the applicability of our proposed scheme, we design and implement a real-time traffic monitoring system that has two modes: safety, and performance. The experimental analysis of our work shows that the verification model can identify the expected operating mode at run time based on the safety (probability of failure) and performance (usage) requirements of the system as well as allows the system to operate in performance mode (in 3295 out of 3421 time intervals) and safety mode (in 126 out of 3421 time intervals). The experimental resul

关键词： Real time systems

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Critical Thermal Characterization of Next-Generation Solid-State Batteries for Automotive Battery Management Systems 14

Critical Thermal Characterization of Next-Generation Solid-S...

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14th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, APEC 2025

作者： Chetri, Chandan Williamson, Sheldon Group Department of Electrical Computer and Software Engineering Oshawa Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9798331516116

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are at the forefront of next-generation energy storage technologies, promising enhanced safety, energy density, and longevity compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. However, managing the thermal behavior of SSBs during charging is critical to ensuring their safe and reliable operation. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the thermal characteristics of SSBs under various charging conditions, based on laboratory experiments conducted in controlled environments. The study specifically evaluates the thermal performance of SSBs in comparison to traditional lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) batteries, with an emphasis on their potential application in e-mobility. The insights gained from this research are expected to inform the development of advanced thermal management strategies, contributing to the design of safer and more efficient solid-state battery technologies for e-mobility applications. © 2025 IEEE.

关键词： Solid-State Batteries

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Clustered Reinforcement Learning

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Frontiers of computer Science 2025年第4期19卷 43-57页

作者： Xiao MA Shen-Yi ZHAO Zhao-Heng YIN Wu-Jun LI National Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology Department of Computer Science and TechnologyNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA 94720-1770USA

Exploration strategy design is a challenging problem in reinforcement learning(RL),especially when the environment contains a large state space or sparse *** exploration,the agent tries to discover unexplored(novel)areas or high reward(quality)*** existing methods perform exploration by only utilizing the novelty of *** novelty and quality in the neighboring area of the current state have not been well utilized to simultaneously guide the agent’s *** address this problem,this paper proposes a novel RL framework,called clustered reinforcement learning(CRL),for efficient exploration in *** adopts clustering to divide the collected states into several clusters,based on which a bonus reward reflecting both novelty and quality in the neighboring area(cluster)of the current state is given to the *** leverages these bonus rewards to guide the agent to perform efficient ***,CRL can be combined with existing exploration strategies to improve their performance,as the bonus rewards employed by these existing exploration strategies solely capture the novelty of *** on four continuous control tasks and six hard-exploration Atari-2600 games show that our method can outperform other state-of-the-art methods to achieve the best performance.

关键词： deep reinforcement learning exploration count-based method clustering K-means

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Optimized COVID-19 detection using sparse deep learning models from multimodal imaging data

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Multimedia Tools and Applications 2025年第13期84卷 11451-11474页

作者： Moradi, MohammadMahdi Hassanzadeh, Alireza Haghanifar, Arman Ko, Seok Bum Faculty of Computer Science and Software Engineering Concordia University MontrealQC Canada Faculty of Electrical Engineering Shahid Beheshti University Tehran Tehran Iran Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering University of Saskatchewan SaskatoonSK Canada

This paper explores the global spread of the COVID-19 virus since 2019, impacting 219 countries worldwide. Despite the absence of a definitive cure, the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) methods for disease diagnosis has demonstrated commendable effectiveness in promptly diagnosing patients and curbing infection transmission. The study introduces a deep learning-based model tailored for COVID-19 detection, leveraging three prevalent medical imaging modalities: computed tomography (CT), chest X-ray (CXR), and Ultrasound. Various deep Transfer Learning Convolutional Neural Network-based (CNN) models have undergone assessment for each imaging modality. For each imaging modality, this study has selected the two most accurate models based on evaluation metrics such as accuracy and loss. Additionally, efforts have been made to prune unnecessary weights from these models to obtain more efficient and sparse models. By fusing these pruned models, enhanced performance has been achieved. The models have undergone rigorous training and testing using publicly available real-world medical datasets, focusing on classifying these datasets into three distinct categories: Normal, COVID-19 Pneumonia, and non-COVID-19 Pneumonia. The primary objective is to develop an optimized and swift model through strategies like Transfer Learning, Ensemble Learning, and reducing network complexity, making it easier for storage and transfer. The results of the trained network on test data exhibit promising outcomes. The accuracy of these models on the CT scan, X-ray, and ultrasound datasets stands at 99.4%, 98.9%, and 99.3%, respectively. Moreover, these models’ sizes have been substantially reduced and optimized by 51.93%, 38.00%, and 69.07%, respectively. This study proposes a computer-aided-coronavirus-detection system based on three standard medical imaging techniques. The intention is to assist radiologists in accurately and swiftly diagnosing the disease, especially during the screen

关键词： COVID-19

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Effects of Fast Charging of EV Batteries at Low Temperatures Based on Temporary Lithium Plating and Temperature Gradients

Effects of Fast Charging of EV Batteries at Low Temperatures...

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2024 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, ECCE 2024

作者： Chetri, Chandan Williamson, Sheldon Group Department of Electrical Computer and Software Engineering Oshawa Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9798350376067

The study investigates battery degradation under high C-rates and subzero temperatures, analyzing temperature gradients (ΔT/Δt) and differential temperature rises (ΔT) on 21700 lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) battery. The research findings identifies maximum ΔT at charging rates of 2.5C and 3C, reaching 24.6°C and 29.96°C, respectively, at an ambient temperature of -10°C. At -15°C, charging rate of 2C resulted in ΔT of 20.9°C. Moreover, the voltage dip during fast charging at subzero temperatures increases with lower ambient temperatures and higher C-rates. Comparative analysis underscores anode as the most heated part, exhibiting steeper ΔT/Δt curves. Although the battery management system (BMS) may regulate the total temperature rise within safe operating limits, however, often ΔT/Δt may cause accelerated battery degradation and thermal runaway condition, especially during dynamic charging/discharging conditions. Therefore, it is imperative to monitor battery ΔT/Δt, rather than only ΔT to ensure reduced accelerated degradation and thermal safety. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： State of charge

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Scaling Attacks on Large Logic-Locked Designs

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IEEE Transactions on computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 2023年第6期44卷 1-1页

作者： Moosa, Abdul Khader Thalakkattu Tan, Benjamin Karri, Ramesh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering New York University New York USA Department of Electrical and Software Engineering University of Calgary Alberta Canada

Researchers have developed numerous strategies to alleviate the threat of malicious third-party foundries, including logic locking and its numerous sophisticated variants for hardware intellectual property (IP) protection. Recent work at the register-transfer level has opened the door to “large-scale” locking of large IPs (comprising thousands of gates) with hundreds to thousands of key bits. Recent security evaluation of such techniques treats the locked design as a monolith and has suggested that large logic-locked designs are practically secure, even from powerful SAT-based attacks. In this work, we challenge such findings by proposing and evaluating a novel algorithmic method to de-obfuscate large logic-locked circuits by attacking a set of small sub-circuit cones. The algorithm chooses a sub-optimal set of sub-circuit cones and proposes an attack sequence on these cones by leveraging the observation that each locking key-bit is distributed across multiple sub-circuit cones of varying sizes. This Divide And Conquer SAT (DACSAT) attack framework can de-obfuscate large designs, like an AES IP comprising 300,000 gates, logic-locked with up to 50,000 keys in around 3600 seconds, while an out-of-the-box, state-of-the-art SAT attack tool fails. IEEE

关键词： Flip flop circuits

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Classification of Fetal Cardiac Arrhythmia Using Heart Rate Variability and Machine Learning 5

Classification of Fetal Cardiac Arrhythmia Using Heart Rate ...

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5th International Conference on Advancements in Computational Sciences, ICACS 2024

作者： Shahid, Muhammad Arslan Shaukat, Arslan Akram, Muhammad Usman Butt, Wasi Haider College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Department of Computer and Software Engineering Islamabad Pakistan

ISBN: (纸本)9798350394764

Fetal arrhythmias can lead to cardiac failure or death;thus, early detection is crucial but challenged by noise and artifacts. This paper investigates fetal arrhythmia detection using time, frequency, and non-linear Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features extracted from fetal ECG signals in the NIFEEG dataset. Machine learning classifiers including Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree, XGBoost, Naive Bayes, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) are evaluated. The HRV features provide insights into fetal heart rate patterns. While SVM, KNN, Decision Tree, and XGBoost show promise, CNN demonstrates the highest performance with 98.16% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, 96.15% specificity, and 98.11% F1-score. This highlights CNN's potential for early and reliable fetal arrhythmia detection. Statistical analysis supports the significance of HRV features, paving the way for improved prenatal monitoring. To further improve model generalizability, future work should focus on expanding the dataset size, exploring advanced deep neural network architectures such as LSTMs, and integrating supplementary physiological inputs like uterine contractions. Overall, this study demonstrates the capabilities of HRV-based machine learning approaches, especially CNNs, for robust fetal arrhythmia detection, offering valuable clinical implications for early diagnosis and management. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Feature extraction

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