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Space/Air Covert Communications:Potentials,Scenarios,and Key Technologies

China Communications 2024年第3期21卷 1-18页

作者： Mao Haobin Liu Yanming Zhu Lipeng Mao Tianqi Xiao Zhenyu Zhang Rui Han Zhu Xia Xianggen School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering National University of SingaporeSingapore 117583Singapore School of Science and Engineering Shenzhen Research Institute of Big Datathe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdong 518172China Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of HoustonHoustonTX 77004USA Department of Computer Science and Engineering Kyung Hee UniversitySeoulSouth Korea446-701 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA

Space/air communications have been envisioned as an essential part of the next-generation mobile communication networks for providing highquality global connectivity. However, the inherent broadcasting nature of wireless propagation environment and the broad coverage pose severe threats to the protection of private data. Emerging covert communications provides a promising solution to achieve robust communication security. Aiming at facilitating the practical implementation of covert communications in space/air networks, we present a tutorial overview of its potentials, scenarios, and key technologies. Specifically, first, the commonly used covertness constraint model, covert performance metrics, and potential application scenarios are briefly introduced. Then, several efficient methods that introduce uncertainty into the covert system are thoroughly summarized, followed by several critical enabling technologies, including joint resource allocation and deployment/trajectory design, multi-antenna and beamforming techniques, reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS), and artificial intelligence algorithms. Finally, we highlight some open issues for future investigation.

关键词： artificial intelligence(AI) sixth generation(6G) space-air-ground integrated networks(SAGINs) space/air covert communications

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AI and ML Applications Traffic: Designing Challenges for Performance Optimization of Optical Data Center Networks 32

AI and ML Applications Traffic: Designing Challenges for Per...

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32nd International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and computer Networks, SoftCOM 2024

作者： Baziana, Peristera Drainakis, Georgios Georgantas, David Bogris, Adonis University of Thessaly Department of Informatics and Telecommunications Greece National Technical University of Athens School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Greece University of West Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering Attica Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9789532901382

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are vastly becoming key parts of today's applications, supporting diverse human activities and decision making. New training models are used requiring an explosive traffic exchange among data centers (DCs) servers, putting tremendous pressure on DC network (DCN). Therefore, new DCN design challenges are required to efficiently handle the emerging AI/ML applications traffic. Contrary to existing works that do not account for these challenges, in this paper we introduce an optical intra-rack DCN architecture, as an optical local area network (LAN) paradigm, and an efficient wavelength division multiplexing access (WDMA) algorithm tailored to serve the AI/ML traffic. For the proposed WDMA scheme, we assume diverse AI/ML traffic classes according to the required service time and quality of service (QoS) delivery and we adopt appropriate access rules for each of them to achieve high DCN performance and access fairness. Simulation results show that our proposal reaches high bandwidth utilization (90 % under nominal load 400 Gbps) and low end-to-end latency ( © 2024 University of Split, FESB.

关键词： Quality of service

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High-Performance Flow Classification of Big Data Using Hybrid CPU-GPU Clusters of Cloud Environments

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2024年第4期29卷 1118-1137页

作者： Azam Fazel-Najafabadi Mahdi Abbasi Hani H.Attar Ayman Amer Amir Taherkordi Azad Shokrollahi Mohammad R.Khosravi Ahmed A.Solyman Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of EngineeringBu-Ali Sina UniversityHamedan ***Iran Department of Energy Engineering Zarqa UniversityZarqa 13132Jordan Department of Informatics University of OsloOslo 0316Norway Department of Computer Science MalmöUniversityMalmö20506Sweden Shandong Provincial University Laboratory for Protected Horticulture Weifang University of Science and TechnologyWeifang 261100China Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering NişantaşıUniversityIstanbul 34481742Türkiye

The network switches in the data plane of Software Defined Networking (SDN) are empowered by an elementary process, in which enormous number of packets which resemble big volumes of data are classified into specific flows by matching them against a set of dynamic rules. This basic process accelerates the processing of data, so that instead of processing singular packets repeatedly, corresponding actions are performed on corresponding flows of packets. In this paper, first, we address limitations on a typical packet classification algorithm like Tuple Space Search (TSS). Then, we present a set of different scenarios to parallelize it on different parallel processing platforms, including Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), clusters of Central Processing Units (CPUs), and hybrid clusters. Experimental results show that the hybrid cluster provides the best platform for parallelizing packet classification algorithms, which promises the average throughput rate of 4.2 Million packets per second (Mpps). That is, the hybrid cluster produced by the integration of Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA), Message Passing Interface (MPI), and OpenMP programming model could classify 0.24 million packets per second more than the GPU cluster scheme. Such a packet classifier satisfies the required processing speed in the programmable network systems that would be used to communicate big medical data.

关键词： OpenMP Compute Unified Device Architecture(CUDA) Message Passing Interface(MPI) packet classification medical data tuple space algorithm Graphics Processing Unit(GPU)cluster

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Quantum-Based Prediction Model for Carbon Neutrality 11

Quantum-Based Prediction Model for Carbon Neutrality

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11th International Conference on Advanced informatics: Concept, Theory and Application, ICAICTA 2024

作者： Munawar, Ghifari Surendro, Kridanto School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung Indonesia Politeknik Negeri Bandung Department of Computer Engineering and Informatics Bandung Indonesia

ISBN: (纸本)9798331520311

Carbon neutrality is a global target pursued by cities worldwide to achieve a balance between carbon emissions and removals, reaching a net-zero carbon state. Mitigation measures are being implemented to reduce emissions and enhance carbon sequestration, aiming to meet the targets set for 2050 or 2060. However, challenges posed by urban sprawl and increasing urbanization raise concerns about the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality. Various studies have been conducted to project the attainment of this goal by developing prediction models. Machine learning (ML) prediction models use socio-economic, energy, and technological data to forecast carbon neutrality. These models consider factors like GDP per capita, urbanization rate, total energy consumption, and forest stock volume, formulating scenarios based on policy documents and historical data. Some models have incorporated optimization methods like the sparrow search algorithm, genetic neural network, and aquila optimizer to improve prediction accuracy. However, classical optimization methods have limitations, such as susceptibility to getting trapped in local optima, which can affect model performance. Quantum-based optimization methods, particularly quantum annealing (QA), are emerging as potential solutions to address these challenges by leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to optimize complex problem spaces. QA enhances ML processes like feature selection, hyperparameter optimization, and regression model optimization. This study provides a review of pipeline processes from state-of-the-art methods, as well as their potential quantum-based enhancements, to achieve more precise predictive models. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Carbon sequestration

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Wide-band high performance optical modulator based on a stack of graphene and h-BN layers with plasmonic edge mode

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Optical and Quantum Electronics 2025年第2期57卷 1-23页

作者： Karimkhani, Hossein Karim, Mohammad Ataul Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Massachusetts DartmouthMA02747 United States

Modulation depth and its associated loss pose a significant challenge in electro-optical telecommunication systems. Optimal modulators strive to enhance modulation depth while minimizing loss rates. We propose a high-performance electro-optical hybrid plasmonic modulator based on graphene, hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN), and Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2) layers. The substrate of the proposed modulator is SiO2 on a Silicon wafer, where Ag layers are embedded in the SiO2 layer and on top of the structure. Graphene layers at the edge of the upper and lower Ag layers and h-BN in between them create a waveguide capable of transmitting input light through the structure. Graphene and MoS2 layers increase the amount of light interaction increasing, in turn, modulation depth. The edge mode in the graphene layers confines light properly and increases the electrical field intensity in a narrow gap. The modulator’s performance is examined using a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The structure’s modulation depth, for a range of temperature, ranges between 40.54 dB/μm and 42.05 dB/μm. The maximum loss is estimated to be 5.723 dB/μm at 1.3 μm for 0.65 eV chemical potential, which yields a figure of merit (FoM) of 12.5 and extinction ratio (ER) of 99.51 dB. The equivalent circuit for the modulator is investigated in terms of parameters such as energy consumption and modulation bandwidth. The modulator demonstrates an impressively low energy consumption per bit, underscoring its efficiency and practicality. The modulator’s characteristics primarily arise from utilizing a thin layer of h-BN instead of thick dielectric layers. Unlike the previously examined configurations, applying voltage through the graphene layers substantially diminishes the insertion loss. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2025.

关键词： Silicon wafers

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Physical-layer security for primary users in 5G underlay cognitive radio system via artificial-noise-aided by secondary users

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International Journal of computers and Applications 2024年第9期46卷 702-714页

作者： Al-Rjoob, Ayat M. Ababnah, Ahmad A. Al-Mistarihi, Mamoun F. Darabkh, Khalid A. Electrical and Communication Engineering Department German-Jordanian University and Technology Amman Jordan Electrical Engineering Department Faculty of Engineering Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan Computer Engineering Department School of Engineering The University of Jordan Amman Jordan

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized connectivity by interconnecting a vast array of devices, underscoring the critical need for robust data security, particularly at the Physical Layer Security (PLS). Ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during wireless communications poses a primary challenge in IoT environments. Additionally, within the constrained frequency bands available, Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) has emerged as an urgent necessity to optimize spectrum utilization. This technology enables intelligent management of radio frequencies, enhancing network efficiency and adaptability to dynamic environmental changes. In this research, we focus on examining the PLS for the primary channel within the underlying CRNs. Our proposed model involves a primary source-destination pair and a secondary transmitter-receiver pair sharing the same frequency band simultaneously. In the presence of a common eavesdropper, the primary concern lies in securing the primary link communication. The secondary user (SU) acts as cooperative jamming, strategically allocating a portion of its transmission power to transmit artificial interference, thus confusing the eavesdropper and protecting the primary user's (PU) communication. The transmit power of the SU is regulated by the maximum interference power tolerated by the primary network's receiver. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed protocol, we develop closed-form mathematical expressions for intercept probability ((Formula presented.)) and outage probability (OP) along the primary communication link. Additionally, we derive mathematical expressions for OP along the secondary communications network. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of transmit power allocation on intercept and outage probabilities across various links. Through both simulation and theoretical analysis, our protocol aims to enhance protection and outage efficiency for the primary link while ensuring appropriate secondary

关键词： Cognitive radio

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Addressing Imbalance in Health Datasets: A New Method NR-Clustering SMOTE and Distance Metric Modification

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computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第2期82卷 2931-2949页

作者： Hairani Hairani Triyanna Widiyaningtyas Didik Dwi Prasetya Afrig Aminuddin Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Faculty of EngineeringUniversitas Negeri MalangMalang65145Indonesia Department of Computer Science Universitas BumigoraMataram83127Indonesia Department of Computer Graphic and Multimedia Faculty of ComputingCollege of Computing and Applied SciencesUniversiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan AbdullahPekan26600Malaysia

An imbalanced dataset often challenges machine learning, particularly classification methods. Underrepresented minority classes can result in biased and inaccurate models. The Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique (SMOTE) was developed to address the problem of imbalanced data. Over time, several weaknesses of the SMOTE method have been identified in generating synthetic minority class data, such as overlapping, noise, and small disjuncts. However, these studies generally focus on only one of SMOTE’s weaknesses: noise or overlapping. Therefore, this study addresses both issues simultaneously by tackling noise and overlapping in SMOTE-generated data. This study proposes a combined approach of filtering, clustering, and distance modification to reduce noise and overlapping produced by SMOTE. Filtering removes minority class data (noise) located in majority class regions, with the k-nn method applied for filtering. The use of Noise Reduction (NR), which removes data that is considered noise before applying SMOTE, has a positive impact in overcoming data imbalance. Clustering establishes decision boundaries by partitioning data into clusters, allowing SMOTE with modified distance metrics to generate minority class data within each cluster. This SMOTE clustering and distance modification approach aims to minimize overlap in synthetic minority data that could introduce noise. The proposed method is called “NR-Clustering SMOTE,” which has several stages in balancing data: (1) filtering by removing minority classes close to majority classes (data noise) using the k-nn method;(2) clustering data using K-means aims to establish decision boundaries by partitioning data into several clusters;(3) applying SMOTE oversampling with Manhattan distance within each cluster. Test results indicate that the proposed NR-Clustering SMOTE method achieves the best performance across all evaluation metrics for classification methods such as Random Forest, SVM, and Naїve Bayes, compared t

关键词： SMOTE modification Clustering-SMOTE manhattan distance

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Full-model-free Adaptive Graph Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Model for Multi-terminal Soft Open Point Voltage Control in Distribution Systems

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Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 2024年第6期12卷 1893-1904页

作者： Huayi Wu Zhao Xu Minghao Wang Youwei Jia Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong KongChina Shenzhen Research Institute The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhenChina Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of MacaoMacaoChina Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenChina

High penetration of renewable energy sources(RESs)induces sharply-fluctuating feeder power,leading to volt-age deviation in active distribution *** prevent voltage violations,multi-terminal soft open points(M-sOPs)have been integrated into the distribution systems to enhance voltage con-trol ***,the M-SOP voltage control recalculated in real time cannot adapt to the rapid fluctuations of photovol-taic(PV)power,fundamentally limiting the voltage controllabili-ty of *** address this issue,a full-model-free adaptive graph deep deterministic policy gradient(FAG-DDPG)model is proposed for M-SOP voltage ***,the attention-based adaptive graph convolutional network(AGCN)is lever-aged to extract the complex correlation features of nodal infor-mation to improve the policy learning ***,the AGCN-based surrogate model is trained to replace the power flow cal-culation to achieve model-free ***,the deep deterministic policy gradient(DDPG)algorithm allows FAG-DDPG model to learn an optimal control strategy of M-SOP by continuous interactions with the AGCN-based surrogate *** tests have been performed on modified IEEE 33-node,123-node,and a real 76-node distribution systems,which demonstrate the effectiveness and generalization ability of the proposed FAG-DDPGmodel.

关键词： Soft open point graph attention graph convolutional network reinforcement learning voltage control distribution system deep deterministic policy gradient

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Flexible Real-Time Emulation of Fading Channels on SoC-FPGA Devices

Flexible Real-Time Emulation of Fading Channels on SoC-FPGA ...

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2024 Panhellenic Conference on Electronics and Telecommunications, PACET 2024

作者： Papalamprou, Ilias Armeniakos, Giorgos Stratakos, Ioannis Lentaris, George Soudris, Dimitrios National Technical University of Athens School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Greece University of West Attica Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering Greece

ISBN: (纸本)9798350318845

Modeling and replicating the channel effects between a transmitter and receiver, is crucial in any telecommunication system, in order to evaluate the impact on the transmitted data. Therefore the necessity of having access to a real time channel emulator is vital. In order to meet these constraints, in this work we present a flexible, high performance and resource efficient FPGA-based channel emulator, focusing on fading models. Additionally, we perform a trade-off analysis between bit accuracy, resources utilization and system's accuracy in terms of Mean Relative Error and the Probability Density Function. Our study shows that by using a circuit with reduced bit-widths, we can achieve 24%-46% reduction in various resources, while preserving the algorithmic accuracy of the channel emulator and operating at a throughput of 500Msps. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Fading channels

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A framework for locating multiple RFID tags using RF hologram tensors

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Digital Communications and Networks 2025年第2期11卷 337-348页

作者： Xiangyu Wang Jian Zhang Shiwen Mao Senthilkumar CG Periaswamy Justin Patton Dept.of Electrical and Computer Engineering Auburn UniversityAuburnAL 36849-5201USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Kennesaw State UniversityKennesawGA 30144USA RFID Lab Auburn UniversityAuburnAL 36849USA

In this paper,we present a Deep Neural Network(DNN)based framework that employs Radio Frequency(RF)hologram tensors to locate multiple Ultra-High Frequency(UHF)passive Radio-Frequency Identification(RFID)*** RF hologram tensor exhibits a strong relationship between observation and spatial location,helping to improve the robustness to dynamic environments and *** RFID data is often marred by noise,we implement two types of deep neural network architectures to clean up the RF hologram *** the spatial relationship between tags,the deep networks effectively mitigate fake peaks in the hologram tensors resulting from multipath propagation and phase *** contrast to fingerprinting-based localization systems that use deep networks as classifiers,our deep networks in the proposed framework treat the localization task as a regression problem preserving the ambiguity between *** also present an intuitive peak finding algorithm to obtain estimated locations using the sanitized hologram *** proposed framework is implemented using commodity RFID devices,and its superior performance is validated through extensive experiments.

关键词： Radio-frequency identification(RFID) Ultra-high frequency(UHF)passive RFID tag RF hologram tensor Indoor localization Deep learning(DL) Swin Transformer Self-supervised learning

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