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Different architectures of thin film bilayers based on TiO2 and CuO for green hydrogen generation

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2025年 136卷 1073-1085页

作者： Banaś-Gac, Joanna Radecka, Marta Llobet, Eduard Partyka-Jankowska, Ewa Zakrzewska, Katarzyna Faculty of Computer Science Electronics and Telecommunications AGH University of Krakow Krakow Poland Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics AGH University of Krakow Krakow Poland Department of Electronic Electrical and Automatic Engineering Rovira i Virgili University Tarragona Spain SOLARIS National Synchrotron Radiation Centre Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland

Green hydrogen becomes one of the most important of all other forms due to ecological issues, described in directives requiring the transformation to energy sources with the lowest possible carbon footprint. The application of the PhotoElectrochemical Cell where hydrogen is produced with the direct use of solar energy is the best solution. Bilayer and multilayered systems based on CuO, especially in combination with TiO2 seem to be the most frequently studied of all heterostructured nanomaterials when considering green hydrogen generation. The interface created between rough surface of CuO and smooth TiO2 surface ensures the highest photocurrent when the top layer is of about 150 nm. For CuO(top)/TiO2 heterojunction characterized by rough/rough interface, photoeletrochemical performance also improves with increasing thickness of the top layer up to 100 nm. The cathodic character of the photocurrent is observed for both TiO2(top)/CuO and CuO(top)/TiO2 bilayers. © 2025 The Authors

关键词： Solar energy

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Split Cost Function based Single-Horizon Finite-Set Model Predictive control for Boost Converter with Loading Current Estimation

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IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 2025年

作者： Tatari, Fatemeh Rezayof Bizhani, Hamed Iwanski, Grzegorz Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering Warsaw Poland Kielce University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering Automatic Control and Computer Science Kielce Poland

This paper presents a robust single-horizon finite-set model predictive control (FS-MPC) method for controlling the output voltage of boost converters. Unlike the long-horizon FS-MPC approach, which addresses the non-minimum phase (NMP) behavior of the converter by extending the prediction horizon (thereby increasing computational effort), the proposed method ensures stable voltage regulation by incorporating inductor current regulation into the cost function. To achieve this, the desired inductor current is calculated based on input-output power balance theory. Unlike recent studies that require an additional sensor to measure the loading current, this paper develops a loading current estimation approach to eliminate the need for extra current sensors, thereby enhancing the robustness of the proposed FS-MPC method. Additionally, over-current protection, which is typically absent in conventional FS-MPC used for direct voltage regulation, is also incorporated into the proposed method. The conventional cost function is also modified to tackle the NMP behavior more effectively. The performance of the proposed method in regulating the output voltage is evaluated through simulation results. Finally, its effectiveness across a wide range of output power and various load characteristics, including resistive, constant power, and constant current loads, is validated via experimental results. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is not only able to eliminate the overshoot and undershoot, but can also improve the settling time by 41% compared to a well-tuned conventional cascaded PI controller. In addition, the proposed method can reduce the computational burden by 84% compared to the conventional long-horizon FS-MPC approach. © 2013 IEEE.

关键词： Cost functions

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Quality-Relevant Modeling and Monitoring of Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems: The Semi-Supervised Dynamic Latent Variable Models

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 2025年 3卷 39-47页

作者： Zhou, Le Wang, Yaoxin Wu, Yuanqing He, Shenghuang Song, Zhihuan Zhejiang University of Science and Technology Department of Automation and Electrical Engineering Hangzhou310023 China Guangdong University of Technology Department of Automation Guangzhou510006 China Dongguan University of Technology Department of Computer Science and Technology Dongguan523808 China Ningbo Industrial Internet Institute Ningbo315012 China Zhejiang University Department of Control Science and Engineering Hangzhou310027 China

In modern industrial cyber-physical systems, a mass of process variables has been obtained by the high-sampling online sensors. Meanwhile, the key quality indexes are usually obtained infrequently from the laboratory. Hence, these quality variables are with low sampling rate. To avail of the complete process and quality variables with various sampling rates in the dynamic processes, a set of semi-supervised dynamic latent variable models are proposed for dynamic modeling and quality-relevant monitoring. The proposed models have built a unified structure to consider both the auto-correlations and cross-correlations between the process and quality variables with unbalanced sampling sizes. Hence, the feature extraction of the time series data is dynamically adjusted under the guidance of the quality variables. Then, the quality-relevant monitoring schemes are proposed, which is validated by a numerical case and an actual wastewater treatment process. © 2024 IEEE. All rights reserved.

关键词： Indexes Probabilistic logic Kalman filters Noise Cyber-physical systems Analytical models Parameter estimation Time series analysis Process monitoring Numerical models

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Small Signal Stability-Guaranteed Moving Target Defense Against Load Redistribution Attack On IoT-based Smart Grid

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IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2025年第11期12卷 17413-17429页

作者： Wang, Bingdong Zhang, Zhenyong Wang, Mufeng Liu, Mengxiang Ye, Rui Deng, Ruilong Zhang, Xin Guizhou University State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data College of Computer Science and Technology Guiyang550025 China China Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team Beijing100040 China University of Sheffield Department of Automatic Control and System Engineering Sheffield United Kingdom Guizhou Power Grid Co. Ltd. Intelligent Operation Center China Zhejiang University State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology College of Control Science and Engineering Hangzhou310027 China Huzhou Institute of Industrial Control Technology Huzhou313000 China

Moving target defense (MTD) is a promising approach to defend against load redistribution attacks on the internet-of-things (IoT)-based smart grid networks by probing the distorted state estimates with the distributed flexible AC transmission system. However, existing studies mainly focus on optimizing the performance of MTD and ignore the safety effect of it on the system’s operation. In this paper, we fill this gap by deeply analyzing the effect of MTD on the small signal stability and aim to alleviate the negative impact and guarantee its defending performance simultaneously. Firstly, the stability is formally described using the eigenvalue sensitivity. The relationship between the MTD-induced perturbation (MTDper) and the stability criteria is derived. Secondly, a new indicator is proposed to measure the effectiveness of MTDper. Thirdly, a constrained optimization problem is formulated to compute the bound of MTDper for guaranteeing the small signal stability. In addition, a surprising finding is that the stability margin can be improved and enhanced by optimizing the value of MTDper without losing the MTD’s effectiveness. Finally, we evaluate the performance of MTDper and its impact on the small signal stability with extensive simulations on the IEEE 30-bus, 39-bus, and 68-bus test power systems. © 2014 IEEE.

关键词： Constrained optimization

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Designing Quantum-Resilient Blockchain Frameworks: Enhancing Transactional Security with Quantum Algorithms in Decentralized Ledgers

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International Journal of Advanced computer science and Applications 2025年第4期16卷 618-628页

作者： Kale, Meenal R. Baker El-Ebiary, Yousef A. Sathiya, L. Burugari, Vijay Kumar Yulduz, Erkiniy Muniyandy, Elangovan Alanazi, Rakan Department of Humanities Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering Hingna Nagpur India Faculty of Informatics and Computing UniSZA University Malaysia Department of CSE Panimalar Engineering College Chennai India Dept of Computer Science and Engineering Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Vaddeswaram Andhra Pradesh Guntur India Automatic Control and Computer Engineering Department Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent Tashkent Uzbekistan Department of Biosciences-Saveetha School of Engineering Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences Chennai India Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private University Amman Jordan Department of Information Technology Faculty of Computing and Information Technology Northern Border University Rafha Saudi Arabia

Quantum computing is progressing at a fast rate and there is a real threat that classical cryptographic methods can be compromised and therefore impact the security of blockchain networks. All of the ways used to secure blockchain like Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA), Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit (SHA256) are the characteristic of the traditional cryptographic techniques vulnerable to attack by quantum algorithms: Shor’s and Grover’s algorithms: can efficiently break asymmetric encryption and speed up brute force attacks. Because of this vulnerability, there exists a need to develop an advance quantum resilient blockchain framework to protect the decentralized ledgers from the future threats of the quantum. This research proposes Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC), Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) and Quantum Random Number Generation (QRNG) as a formidable architectural integration, to fortify security of blockchain. Classical encryption is replaced with PQC, QKD with secure key exchange by detecting eavesdropping, and QRNG with improving cryptographic randomness to remove the predictable key vulnerability. Only with a small loss of transaction efficiency, we increase transaction encryption accuracy, key exchange security, and resistance to quantum attacks. In this quantum enhanced blockchain design, the idea is to preserve the decentralization, transparency and security and at the same time overcome the future quantum threat. By going through rigorous analysis and comparative evaluation, we demonstrate that the approach saves blockchain networks from the emerging quantum risks to make sure that the decentralized finance, smart contracts and cross chain transactions. © (2025), (science and Information Organization). All rights reserved.

关键词： Quantum cryptography

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Scalable Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Residential Load Scheduling Under Data Governance

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems

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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems 2025年 3卷 351-361页

作者： Qin, Zhaoming Dong, Nanqing Liu, Di Wang, Zhefan Cao, Junwei EPFL Automatic Control Laboratory Lausanne1015 Switzerland Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Shanghai200232 China Tsinghua University Department of Electrical Engineering Beijing100084 China Tsinghua University Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology Beijing100084 China

As a data-driven approach, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made remarkable advances in solving cooperative residential load scheduling problems. However, centralized training, the most common paradigm for MARL, limits large-scale deployment in communication-constrained cloud-edge environments. As a remedy, distributed training shows unparalleled advantages in real-world applications but still faces challenge with system scalability, e.g., the high cost of communication overhead during coordinating individual agents, and needs to comply with data governance in terms of privacy. In this work, we propose a novel MARL solution to address these two practical issues. Our proposed approach is based on actor-critic methods, where the global critic is a learned function of individual critics computed solely based on local observations of households. This scheme preserves household privacy completely and significantly reduces communication cost. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves comparable performance to the state-of-the-art actor-critic framework without data governance and communication constraints. © 2023 IEEE.

关键词： Reinforcement learning

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Detection of Perfect Stealthy Attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems Subject to Measurement Quantizations: A Watermark-Based Strategy

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IEEE/CAA Journal of automatica Sinica 2025年第1期12卷 114-125页

作者： Yu-Ang Wang Zidong Wang Lei Zou Bo Shen Hongli Dong the College of Information Science and Technology Donghua University the Engineering Research Center of Digitalized Textile and Fashion Technology Ministry of Education IEEE the College of Electrical Engineering and Automation Shandong University of Science and Technology the Department of Computer Science Brunel University London Uxbridge the Sanya Offshore Oil and Gas Research Institute Northeast Petroleum University the Artificial Intelligence Energy Research Institute Northeast Petroleum University Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Networking and Intelligent Control Northeast Petroleum University

In this paper, the attack detection problem is investigated for a class of closed-loop systems subjected to unknownbutbounded noises in the presence of stealthy attacks. The measurement outputs from the sensors are quantized before transmission.A specific type of perfect stealthy attack, which meets certain rather stringent conditions, is taken into account. Such attacks could be injected by adversaries into both the sensor-toestimator and controller-to-actuator channels, with the aim of disrupting the normal data flow. For the purpose of defending against these perfect stealthy attacks, a novel scheme based on watermarks is developed. This scheme includes the injection of watermarks(applied to data prior to quantization) and the recovery of data(implemented before the data reaches the estimator).The watermark-based scheme is designed to be both timevarying and hidden from adversaries through incorporating a time-varying and bounded watermark signal. Subsequently, a watermark-based attack detection strategy is proposed which thoroughly considers the characteristics of perfect stealthy attacks,thereby ensuring that an alarm is activated upon the occurrence of such attacks. An example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed mechanism for detecting attacks.

关键词： Attack detection cyber-physical systems (CPSs) perfect stealthy attacks watermark-based strategy

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DISTANCE BETWEEN SPECIES BY CONFUSION OPERATORS OF MULTI-CLASS CLASSIFIERS

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UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series A: Applied Mathematics and Physics 2025年第1期2025卷 171-182页

作者： Tarbă, Nicolae Irimescu, Ionela N. Pleavă, Ana M. Scarlat, Eugen N. Mihăilescu, Mona Doctoral School Computer Science and Engineering Department Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest Romania Applied Sciences Doctoral School National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest Romania CAMPUS Research Center National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest Romania Physics Dept National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest Romania Physics Dept Research Center for Applied Sciences in Engineering National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest Romania

We introduce a method to evaluate the similarities between classes of objects based on the confusion matrices coming from the multi-class machine learning (ML) predictors that operate in the vector space generated by the classes. Operation in the confusion domain allows us to use the distance as evaluation metric of the closeness of the relevant properties carried by the classes. We applied the method to semiquantitatively evaluate the effects of X-ray and carbon ion radiation on cultured SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells with respect to the non-irradiated reference. We prove that it is possible to draw useful information on the strength of cells nuclei changes. © 2025, Politechnica University of Bucharest. All rights reserved.

关键词： Radiation effects

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Lyapunov-Inspired Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robot Navigation in Obstacle Environments

Lyapunov-Inspired Deep Reinforcement Learning for Robot Navi...

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Computational Intelligence on engineering/Cyber Physical Systems (CIES), IEEE Symposium on

作者： Halil Ibrahim Ugurlu Adrian Redder Erdal Kayacan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark Department of Automatic Control Paderborn University Paderborn Germany

ISBN: (数字)9798331508272

ISBN: (纸本)9798331508289

The inherent black-box nature of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) poses challenges in ensuring safety constraints. This paper, therefore, introduces a DRL reward design inspired by Lyapunov stability theory for safe robot navigation in the presence of obstacles. The navigation problem is formulated as a state-space control problem with close obstacle locations integrated into the state representation. To ensure safe obstacle avoidance, we introduce a novel reward-shaping strategy utilizing a Lyapunov function that discourages fast movement toward obstacles. Our numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the reward design strategy compared to baselines in achieving consistent superior learning with higher mission completion rates while maintaining speeds closer to a desired target speed. In addition, we show that our reward design enables a generally smaller choice for the discount factor for value-function-based DRL algorithms, which can lead to faster convergence. This is possible since the reward design merely penalizes the one-step decay of the Lyapunov function. Furthermore, policy training simulations employ an early episode termination method to constrain exploration and add more valuable samples to the DRL training replay memory. Finally, real-world experiments with a quadrotor validate the ability of our method to safely navigate around varying densities of obstacles. The proposed method consistently takes cautious maneuvers near obstacles by slowing down, achieving greater obstacle clearance compared to baseline, although with an increase in mission completion time.

关键词： Training Navigation Deep reinforcement learning Safety Planning Collision avoidance Robots Lyapunov methods Quadrotors Convergence

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Architecture of AC-DC Energy Nodes in Supergrids: A Technical Foundation for Future Renewable Integration

Architecture of AC-DC Energy Nodes in Supergrids: A Technica...

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Applied Research in electrical engineering (AREE), National and International Conference on

作者： Mohammad Hossein Mousavi Hassan Moradi Kumars Rouzbehi Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering Razi University Kermanshah Iran Department of System Engineering and Automatic Control University of Seville Seville Spain

ISBN: (数字)9798350377170

ISBN: (纸本)9798350377187

The AC-DC Energy Nodes (ADENs) concept offers a transformative approach to modernizing power grids, particularly in the context of supergrids. By centralizing power flows from diverse renewable energy sources, such as offshore wind farms, ADENs enable efficient long-distance power transmission through HVDC technology. This design enhances the balance of supply and demand across regions and countries, significantly improving grid stability and resilience. However, the implementation of ADENs presents substantial technical, regulatory, and cybersecurity challenges. This study delves into these challenges while also addressing the geopolitical complexities of transnational connections, underscoring the critical importance of policy alignment for successful deployment.

关键词： Renewable energy sources Supply and demand Protocols HVDC transmission Wind farms Power system stability Stability analysis computer security Protection Resilience

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