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Robotic FDM for free-form fabrication: evaluating adaptive non-planar slicing with different contour methods

Rapid Prototyping Journal 2025年第11期31卷 160-178页

作者： Furlan, Valentina Insero, Federico Giberti, Hermes Department of Electrical Computer and Biomedical Engineering Università di Pavia Pavia Italy

Purpose: This study aims to investigate and compare three nonplanar (NP) slicing algorithms. The algorithms aim to control the layer thickness variation (LTV), which is a common issue in supportless fabrication of free-form parts. The comparison underlines the differences between theoretical and real scenarios, resulting in guidelines for toolpath generation of complex objects. Design/methodology/approach: The algorithm comparison uses a representative complex geometry, i.e. the quarter of torus. It presents an increasing overhang and constant curvature. It is represented using a parametric definition in the first two algorithms and by triangular meshes as the real scenario. The algorithms work on the contouring stage, whereas a B-spline approach is used to build the inner side of layers. Constant layer thickness (LT) is imposed, and an adaptive approach is adopted to avoid over-extrusion. Three algorithms are validated with a robotized fused deposition modeling system. LTs are measured on cross-sectioned samples and compared with the theoretical cases. Findings: The results show that two algorithms can provide an LTV of about 0% on the contour. Nevertheless, the theoretical results on the inner side are divergent from the previous evidence, moving on to higher LTV (approximately 90%). The need for an adaptive approach is demonstrated, resulting in an LTV reduction (approximately 30%). Printed parts present the same trends of theoretical results confirming the algorithms’ capabilities. Originality/value: The work shows, for the first time, a comparison between NP slicing techniques. The LTV problem in hollow and filled components is analyzed through theoretical and experimental evidence. The results are promising for supportless fabrication of free-form parts. © 2025, Valentina Furlan, Federico Insero and Hermes Giberti.

关键词： Fabrication

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A Neural-Reinforcement-Learning-Based Guaranteed Cost Control for Perturbed Tracking Systems

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2024年第6期5卷 3205-3217页

作者： Zhong, Xiangnan Ni, Zhen Florida Atlantic University Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Boca RatonFL33431 United States

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based learning control plays a critical role in the evolution of intelligent control, particularly for complex network systems. Traditional intelligent control methods assume the agent can learn from safe data in the tasks. However, many application scenarios exist perturbations caused by noise and/or malicious attack, which make the received data unreliable and may cause the failure of the learning process. In this article, we focus on developing an intelligent guaranteed cost control method for nonlinear tracking systems subject to unknown matched and mismatched perturbations. By developing appropriate cost functions for the nominal plants, we transform the robust tracking control problem into a stabilization design for both kinds of perturbations. The explicit proofs are provided to show the equivalence of the transformation for these two situations respectively. Then, the neural-reinforcement-learning-based algorithm with guaranteed cost control is developed to learn the cost functions and optimal control laws adaptively. The designed method can also guarantee the boundedness of a given cost function. Three simulation studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and also validate the theoretical analysis. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Cost functions

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Fault-tolerant properties of scale-free linear protocols for synchronization of homogeneous multi-agent systems

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IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 2025年第6期70卷 4194-4201页

作者： Stoorvogel, Anton A. Saberi, Ali Liu, Zhenwei University of Twente Department of Electrical Engineering Mathematics and Computer Science P.O. Box 217 Enschede Netherlands Washington State University School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science PullmanWA99164 United States Northeastern University College of Information Science and Engineering Shenyang110819 China

Originally, protocols were designed for multi-agent systems (MAS) using information about the network which might not be available. Recently, there has been a focus on scale-free synchronization where the protocol is designed without any prior information about the network. As long as the network contains a directed spanning tree, a scale-free protocol guarantees that the network achieves synchronization. If there is no directed spanning tree then synchronization cannot be achieved. But what happens when these scale-free protocols are applied to such a network where the directed spanning tree no longer exists? This paper establishes that the network decomposes into a number of basic bicomponents which achieves synchronization among all nodes in this basic bicomponent. On the other hand, nodes which are not part of any basic bicomponent converge to a weighted average of the synchronized trajectories of the basic bicomponents. The weights are independent of the initial conditions and are independent of the designed protocol. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Synchronization

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TPUXtract: An Exhaustive Hyperparameter Extraction Framework

IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Sys...

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IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems 2025年第1期2025卷 78-103页

作者： Kurian, Ashley Dubey, Anuj Yaman, Ferhat Aysu, Aydin Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University United States

Model stealing attacks on AI/ML devices undermine intellectual property rights, compromise the competitive advantage of the original model developers, and potentially expose sensitive data embedded in the model’s behavior to unauthorized parties. While previous research works have demonstrated successful side-channelbased model recovery in embedded microcontrollers and FPGA-based accelerators, the exploration of attacks on commercial ML accelerators remains largely unexplored. Moreover, prior side-channel attacks fail when they encounter previously unknown models. This paper demonstrates the first successful model extraction attack on the Google Edge Tensor Processing Unit (TPU), an off-the-shelf ML accelerator. Specifically, we show a hyperparameter stealing attack that can extract al l layer configurations including the layer type, number of nodes, kernel/filter sizes, number of filters, strides, padding, and activation function. Most notably, our attack is the first comprehensive attack that can extract previously unseen models. This is achieved through an online template-building approach instead of a pre-trained ML-based approach used in prior works. Our results on a black-box Google Edge TPU evaluation show that, through obtained electromagnetic traces, our proposed framework can achieve 99.91% accuracy, making it the most accurate one to date. Our findings indicate that attackers can successfully extract various types of models on a black-box commercial TPU with utmost detail and call for countermeasures. © 2025, Ruhr-University of Bochum. All rights reserved.

关键词： Network security

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AI-Driven Agronomy: Enhancing Crop Yield and Market Profits 4

AI-Driven Agronomy: Enhancing Crop Yield and Market Profits

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4th International Conference on Innovative Practices in Technology and Management, ICIPTM 2024

作者： Mourya, Kona Chandra, Sai Reddy, N Abhinay Kumar, Aiswarya S Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering

ISBN: (纸本)9798350307757

The agriculture sector plays an important role to the nation's economy, contributing significantly to GDP and employing a sizable section of the labour force. Nonetheless, precisely projecting food production and demand remains a difficult task. Traditional prediction approaches are time-consuming and prone to errors, resulting in inefficient resource allocation and financial losses. To solve these issues, we offer an innovative platform that uses machine learning algorithms to predict the best crops for production based on environmental conditions, as well as forecast market demand and pricing patterns for those *** comparing the effectiveness of various crop forecast classification models, the Voting Classifier, which incorporates numerous models, scored an amazing accuracy rate of 0.986. This predictive power can help farmers and stakeholders make more informed decisions, resulting to better profitability and resource efficiency. Furthermore, for price estimate, we used a Stacking Regressor model, which combines the top two models, the Random Forest Regressor and the XGBoosting Regressor. The Stacking Regressor performed better than the individual regression models, earning an optimised MSE of 277.58. This ensemble approach greatly improved price estimation accuracy, allowing stakeholders to make more informed decisions and increase profitability in the agriculture industry. Finally, the suggested intelligent platform offers a promising option for precise crop forecast and price estimation, benefiting farmers and stakeholders by optimising resource allocation, increasing profitability, and contributing to the agriculture sector's longterm growth. © 2024 IEEE.

关键词： Forecasting

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Security, Latency, and Throughput of Proof-of-Work Nakamoto Consensus

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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 2025年第6期71卷 4708-4731页

作者： Cao, Shu-Jie Guo, Dongning Northwestern University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering EvanstonIL United States

This paper investigates the fundamental trade-offs between block safety, confirmation latency, and transaction throughput of proof-of-work (PoW) longest-chain fork-choice protocols, also known as PoW Nakamoto consensus. New upper and lower bounds are derived for the probability of block safety violations as a function of honest and adversarial mining rates, a block propagation delay limit, and confirmation latency measured in both time and block depth. The results include the first non-trivial closed-form finite-latency bound applicable across all delays and mining rates up to the ultimate fault tolerance. Notably, the gap between these upper and lower bounds is narrower than previously established bounds for a wide range of parameters relevant to Bitcoin and its derivatives, including Litecoin and Dogecoin, as well as Ethereum Classic. Additionally, the study uncovers a fundamental trade-off between transaction throughput and confirmation latency, ultimately determined by the desired fault tolerance and the rate at which block propagation delay increases with block size. © 1963-2012 IEEE.

关键词： Bitcoin

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COLT: Cyclic Overlapping Lottery Tickets for Faster Pruning of Convolutional Neural Networks

IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence

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IEEE Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 2025年第6期6卷 1664-1678页

作者： Hossain, Md. Ismail Rakib, Mohammed Elahi, M. M. Lutfe Mohammed, Nabeel Rahman, Shafin North South University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dhaka1229 Bangladesh

Pruning refers to the elimination of trivial weights from neural networks. The sub-networks within an overparameterized model produced after pruning are often called Lottery tickets. This research aims to generate winning lottery tickets from a set of lottery tickets that can achieve accuracy similar to that of the original unpruned network. We introduce a novel winning ticket called Cyclic Overlapping Lottery Ticket (COLT) by data splitting and cyclic retraining of the pruned network from scratch. We apply a cyclic pruning algorithm that keeps only the overlapping weights of different pruned models trained on different data segments. Our results demonstrate that COLT can achieve similar accuracies (obtained by the unpruned model) while maintaining high sparsities. Based on object recognition and detection tasks, we show that the accuracy of COLT is on par with the winning tickets of the Lottery Ticket Hypothesis (LTH) and, at times, is better. Moreover, COLTs can be generated using fewer iterations than tickets generated by the popular Iterative Magnitude Pruning (IMP) method. In addition, we also notice that COLTs generated on large datasets can be transferred to small ones without compromising performance, demonstrating its generalizing capability. We conduct all our experiments on Cifar-10, Cifar-100, TinyImageNet, and ImageNet datasets and report superior performance than the state-of-the-art methods. The codes are available at: https://***/ismail31416/COLT. © 2020 IEEE.

关键词： Object detection

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Design of a Level-3 electric vehicle charging station using a 1-MW solar system via the distributed maximum power point tracking technique

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Clean Energy 2024年第1期8卷 23-35页

作者： Afshin Balal Michael Giesselmann Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTX 79409USA

Solar power is mostly influenced by solar irradiation,weather conditions,solar array mismatches and partial shading ***,before installing solar arrays,it is necessary to simulate and determine the possible power *** power point tracking is needed in order to make sure that,at any time,the maximum power will be extracted from the photovoltaic ***,maximum power point tracking is not a suitable solution for mismatches and partial shading *** overcome the drawbacks of maximum power point tracking due to mismatches and shadows,distributed maximum power point tracking is util-ized in this *** solar farm can be distributed in different ways,including one DC-DC converter per group of modules or per *** this paper,distributed maximum power point tracking per module is implemented,which has the highest *** technology is applied to electric vehicles(EVs)that can be charged with a Level 3 charging station in<1 ***,the problem is that charging an EV in<1 hour puts a lot of stress on the power grid,and there is not always enough peak power reserve in the existing power grid to charge EVs at that ***,a Level 3(fast DC)EV charging station using a solar farm by implementing distributed maximum power point tracking is utilized to address this ***,the simulation result is reported using MATLAB®,LTSPICE and the System Advisor *** results show that the proposed 1-MW solar system will provide 5 MWh of power each day,which is enough to fully charge~120 EVs each ***,the use of the proposed photovoltaic system benefits the environment by removing a huge amount of greenhouse gases and hazardous *** example,instead of supplying EVs with power from coal-fired power plants,1989 pounds of CO_(2) will be eliminated from the air per hour.

关键词： electric vehicles(EVs) distributed maximum power point tracking solar farm DC fast-charging station step-up DC-DC converter System Advisor Model economic analysis

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Innovative Design for Mutual Coupling Reduction in Dual-Element Array Antennas for ISM Applications Using Whale Optimization Algorithm

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Progress in Electromagnetics Research C 2025年 152卷 121-129页

作者： Atashpanjeh, Elham Rezaei, Pejman Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Semnan University Semnan35131-19111 Iran

This paper introduces a decoupled dual-element array antenna designed to address the challenges of mutual coupling between elements. To tackle this issue, a neutralization line is strategically incorporated to suppress leaky surface currents, while ensuring that the antenna’s central frequency and radiation pattern remain intact. The dimensions of the neutralization line are carefully optimized using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) to achieve the best possible performance, focusing on minimizing mutual coupling and enhancing gain. By placing the neutralization line nearby between the two elements, surface currents are efficiently redirected back to the radiating element, preventing leakage to neighboring elements. This approach also results in a more compact structure. The proposed antenna, with overall dimensions of 50 mm × 30 mm × 1.6 mm, is simulated using analytic software. It achieves an impressive 27 dB reduction in mutual coupling and delivers an ultra-wide bandwidth of 1.2 GHz within the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) band at an operating frequency of 2.4 GHz, with a measured maximum gain of −5.19 dB. The structure was fabricated, and experimental results closely matched the simulations, confirming the design’s effectiveness. By leveraging the WOA optimization method, the geometry of the neutralization line was fine-tuned to maximize performance, significantly improving inter-element decoupling. This design approach is simple yet effective and can be readily extended to other antenna array configurations, demonstrating strong potential for compact and efficient ISM band applications. © 2025, Electromagnetics Academy. All rights reserved.

关键词： Directional patterns (antenna)

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Learning and Optimization over Robust Networked Systems

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Performance Evaluation Review 2025年第3期52卷 23-26页

作者： Lin, I-Cheng Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University United States

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