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IMAGE SEQUENCE CODING BY SPLIT AND MERGE

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 1991年第12期39卷 1845-1855页

作者： WILLEMIN, P REED, TR KUNT, M Signal and Image Processing Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne Switzerland Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California Davis CA USA

This paper describes a method for reducing the information contained in an image sequence, while retaining the information necessary for the interpretation of the sequence by a human observer. The method consists of first locating the redundant information, reducing the degree of redundancy, and coding the result. The sequence is treated as a single 3-D data volume, the voxels of which are grouped into several regions, obtained by a 3-D split and merge algorithm. To find these regions, we first obtain an initial region space by splitting the image sequence until the gray-level variation over each region can be approximated by a 3-D polynomial, to a specified accuracy. This results in a set of parallelepipedic regions of various sizes. To represent the gray-level variation over these regions, the coefficients of the approximating polynomial are used as features. The most similar regions are then merged, using a region adjacency graph. The information is coded by representing the borders of the regions using a pyramidal structure in the x, y, t space. The coefficients of the approximating polynomials are coded in a straightforward manner. For 256 x 256 pixel, 25 frames/s image sequences, compressions allowing transmission rates near 64 kbit/s are obtained.

关键词： Image sequences Image coding Pixel Bandwidth Layout Polynomials Image segmentation Humans Helium ISDN

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DEGREES OF CYCLOSTATIONARITY AND THEIR APPLICATION TO SIGNAL-DETECTION AND ESTIMATION

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SIGNAL processing 1991年第3期22卷 287-297页

作者： ZIVANOVIC, GD GARDNER, WA Computer Systems Design Laboratory “Boris Kidrič” Institute Vinča P.O. Box 522 11001 Belgrade Yugoslavia Signal Processing Group Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

The problem of defining an appropriate measure of the degree of nonstationarity for stochastic processes that exhibit cyclostationarity is addressed. After discussing several candidate measures of degree of nonstationarity, one particularly promising measure is adopted. By decomposing this measure, several component measures are arrived at. Bounds on these measures are derived and their utility in applications involving signal detection and estimation is established. Examples are presented to illustrate the calculation of degrees of nonstationarity for several types of cyclostationary signals.

关键词： CYCLOSTATIONARY PROCESS DEGREE OF CYCLOSTATIONARITY INSTANTANEOUS SPECTRUM SPECTRAL CORRELATION

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Automatic custom layout of analog ICs using constraint-based module generation

Automatic custom layout of analog ICs using constraint-based...

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Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)

作者： D.J. Chen B.J. Sheu Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Signal and Image Processing Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

A systematic method for automatic custom layout of analog integrated circuits is presented. This method uses analog circuit recognition and critical net analysis techniques to derive proper layout constraints for analog circuit performance optimization. Constraint-driven analog floorplanning and routing techniques are developed to generate custom layouts which incorporate the layout constraints. This method can be applied to handle a wide variety of analog circuit modules as well as analog subsystems. Experimental results on CMOS operational amplifiers and a comparator are presented.< >

关键词： Analog circuits Circuit synthesis Routing Automation Degradation Circuit noise Coupling circuits Circuit analysis Signal generators Signal processing

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Patterning tungsten films with an electron beam lithography system at 50 keV for x‐ray mask applications

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics a...

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Journal of Vacuum science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 1991年第6期9卷 3292-3296页

作者： K. W. Rhee A. C. Ting L. M. Shirey K. W. Foster J. M. Andrews M. C. Peckerar Y.‐C. Ku Nanoelectronics Processing Facility Electronics Science and Technology Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington DC 20375 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts 02139

The application of electron beam lithography for the fabrication of x‐ray masks is essential in the development of x‐ray lithography technology. In this paper we present experimental results on the patterning of submicron (2–0.25 μm) features into a single‐layer negative e‐beam resist and then subsequent transfer of these patterns onto a 0.4 μm‐thick tungsten film by reactive ion etching. To study the dependence of the proximity effect on the substrate material, a comparison of linewidths and sidewall profiles of electron beam resist images on silicon, silicon dioxide on silicon, and tungsten on silicon wafers has been established.

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Adaptive noise reduction using discrimination functions

Adaptive noise reduction using discrimination functions

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International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal processing (ICASSP)

作者： W. Etter G.S. Moschytz D. Graupe Institute of Signal and Information Processing ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Illinois Chicago IL USA

A method of noise reduction based on discrimination function minimization (DFM) is presented. This method requires the definition of a function that discriminates between clean and noisy speech. A particular discrimination function is derived for a certain type of noise, such that the minimization of this function reduces the noise in the noisy speech signal. The DFM noise reduction method does not assume stationarity of the noise over an entire speech period. It is shown how an abrupt change in piecewise-stationary noise can be tracked. The method has been successfully applied to the reduction of automobile noise.< >

关键词： Noise reduction Speech enhancement Design for manufacture Noise cancellation Hearing aids Adaptive filters Signal processing Information processing computer science Minimization methods

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NC algorithms for finding depth-first-search trees in interval graphs and circular-arc graphs

NC algorithms for finding depth-first-search trees in interv...

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IEEE Southeastcon

作者： Y. Liang C. Rhee S.K. Dhall S. Lakshmivarahan School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Parallel Processing Institute University of Oklahama Norman OK USA Department of Mathematics Statistics and Computer Science Eastern Kentucky University Richmond KY USA

Finding depth-first-search (DFS) trees of graphs is one of the fundamental problems in graph theory which has many practical applications. However, there exists no NC parallel algorithm for this problem in general graphs. NC parallel algorithms for finding DFS trees for the interval graphs and circular-arcs graphs are presented. These algorithms take O(log n) time using kappa n processors on the EREW model, where kappa is the number of cliques in a graph of n nodes.< >

关键词： Tree graphs Parallel algorithms computer science Read-write memory Parallel processing Mathematics Statistics Graph theory Application software Spine

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Exact noise analysis of 'ideal' SC networks

Exact noise analysis of 'ideal' SC networks

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IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

作者： L. Toth K. Suyama Department of Signal Processing and Computer Science Research Institute of Telecommunication (TKI) Budapest Hungary Department of Electrical Engineering and Center of Telecommunications Research Columbia University New York NY USA

An exact analytical method is presented for computing noise generated in switched capacitor networks (SCNs) including the effects due to frequency-dependent low-frequency (i.e. 1/f noise) as well as broadband noise sources. The low-frequency noise source is modeled by the square of the magnitude of a rational function. A lossy SCN containing finite ON-resistances associated with MOS switches exhibits a well-defined output noise even when a limit-value computation is used to force the resistances to zero. The limit-value computation technique to determine this remaining average power spectral density takes advantage of the complete-charge-transfer assumption fully, and thus leads to an efficient noise analysis. The technique avoids the computation of eigenvalues or matrix exponentials even though the ON-resistors must be formulated.< >

关键词： Low-frequency noise 1f noise Circuit noise Noise shaping Noise generators Frequency Switches Signal processing Switched capacitor networks Active noise reduction

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FULL-WAVE SOLUTION OF DIELECTRIC LOADED WAVE-GUIDES AND SHIELDED MICROSTRIPS UTILIZING FINITE-DIFFERENCE AND THE CONJUGATE-GRADIENT METHOD

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER-WAVE computer-AIDED engineering 1991年第4期1卷 346-357页

作者： NARAYANAN, V MANELA, M LADE, RK SARKAR, TK Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Syracuse University Syracuse New York 13244-1240 Viswanathan Narayanan was born in Bangalore India on December 14 1965. He received the BE degree in Electronics and Communications from B.M.S. College of Engineering Bangalore in 1988. He joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at Syracuse University for his graduate studies in 1989 where he is currently a research assistant. His research interests are in microwave measurements numerical electromagnetics and signal processing. Biographies and photos are not available for M. Manela and R. K. Lade. Tapan K. Sarkar (Sf69-M'76-SM'X1) was born in Calcutta. India on August 2 1948. He received the BTech degree from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur India in 1969 the MScE degree from the University of New Brunswick Fredericton Canada in 1971. and the MS and PhD degrees from Syracuse University. Syracuse NY in 1975. From 1975-1976 he was with the TACO Division of the General Instruments Corporation. He was with the Rochester Institute of Technology (Rochester NY) from 1976-1985. He was a Research Fellow at the Gordon Mckay Laboratory Harvard University Cambridge MA from 1977 to 1978. He is now a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Syracuse University. His current research interests deal with numerical solutions of operator equations arising in electromagnetics and signal processing with application to system design. He obtained one of the “ best solution” awards in May 1977 at the Rome Air Development Center (RADC) Spectral Estimation Workshop. He has authored or coauthored more than 154 journal articles and conference papers and has written chapters in eight books. Dr. Sarkar is a registered professional engineer in the state of New York. He received the Best Paper Award of the IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility in 1979. He was an Associate Editor for feature articles of the lEEE Antennas arid Propagation Sociefy Newsletter and was

Dynamic analysis of waveguide structures containing dielectric and metal strips is presented. The analysis utilizes a finite difference frequency domain procedure to reduce the problem to a symmetric matrix eigenvalue problem. Since the matrix is also sparse, the eigenvalue problem can be solved quickly and efficiently using the conjugate gradient method resulting in considerable savings in computer storage and time. Comparison is made with the analytical solution for the loaded dielectric waveguide case. For the microstrip case, we get both waveguide modes and quasi-TEM modes. The quasi-TEM modes in the limit of zero frequency are checked with the static analysis which also uses finite difference. Some of the quasi-TEM modes are spurious. This article describes their origin and discusses how to eliminate them. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the principles.

关键词： Waveguides

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A parallel implementation of collective learning systems theory: Adaptive Learning Image Analysis System (ALIAS) 90

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Proceedings of the 1990 ACM annual conference on Cooperation

作者： Peter Bock The University of Ulm Research Institute for Applied Knowledge processing (FAW) Ulm West Germany and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The George Washington University Washington DC

ISBN: (纸本)9780897913485

An alternative to preprogrammed rule-based Artificial Intelligence is a hierarchical network of cellular automata which acquire their knowledge through learning based on a series of trial-and-error interactions with an evaluating Environment, much as humans do. The input to the hierarchical network is provided by a set of sensors which perceive the external world. Based upon this perceived information and past experience (memory), the learning automata synthesize collections of trial responses. Periodically the automata estimate the effectiveness of these collections using either internal evaluations (unsupervised learning) or external evaluations from the Environment (supervised learning), modifying their memories accordingly. Known as Collective Learning Systems Theory, this paradigm has been applied to many sophisticated gaming problems, demonstrating robust learning and dynamic *** on a versatile architecture for massively parallel networks of processors for Collective Learning Systems, a Transputer-based parallel-processing image processing engine comprising 32 learning cells and 32 non-learning cells has been applied to a sophisticated image processing task: the scale-invariant and translation-invariant detection of anomalous features in otherwise “normal” images. In cooperation with Robert Bosch GmbH, this engine is currently being constructed and tested under the direction of the author at the Research institute for Applied Knowledge processing (FAW-Ulm) as Project ALIAS: Adaptive Learning Image Analysis System. Initial results indicate excellent detection, discrimination, and localization of anomalies.

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Norway's ERS-1 SAR Processor

Norway's ERS-1 SAR Processor

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IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS)

作者： S. Holm A. Maoy E.-A. Herland Department Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Norwegian Institute of Technology Trondheim Norway Norsk Data A. S Oslo Norway Instrument Laboratory Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) Espoo Finland

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