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International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural engineering, CNE

作者： Julie Dethier Vikash Gilja Paul Nuyujukian Shauki A. Elassaad Krishna V. Shenoy Kwabena Boahen Department of Bioengineering University of Stanford Stanford CA USA Department of Computer Science and Stanford Institute of Neuro-Innovation and Translational Neuroscience University of Stanford Stanford CA USA Department of Bioengineering and MSTP University of Stanford Stanford CA USA Departments of Electrical Engineering and Bioengineering Neurosciences Program University of Stanford Stanford CA USA

We used a spiking neural network (SNN) to decode neural data recorded from a 96-electrode array in premotor/motor cortex while a rhesus monkey performed a point-to-point reaching arm movement task. We mapped a Kalman-filter neural prosthetic decode algorithm developed to predict the arm's velocity on to the SNN using the Neural engineering Framework and simulated it using Nengo, a freely available software package. A 20,000-neuron network matched the standard decoder's prediction to within 0.03% (normalized by maximum arm velocity). A 1,600-neuron version of this network was within 0.27%, and run in real-time on a 3GHz PC. These results demonstrate that a SNN can implement a statistical signal processing algorithm widely used as the decoder in high-performance neural prostheses (Kalman filter), and achieve similar results with just a few thousand neurons. Hardware SNN implementations - neuromorphic chips - may offer power savings, essential for realizing fully-implantable cortically controlled prostheses.

关键词： Neurons Kalman filters Decoding Prosthetics Neuroscience Real time systems Neuromorphics

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Dean flow fractionation (DFF) isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood

Dean flow fractionation (DFF) isolation of circulating tumor...

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15th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life sciences 2011, MicroTAS 2011

作者： Bhagat, Ali Asgar S. Hou, Han Wei Li, Leon D. Lim, Chwee Teck Han, Jongyoon Centre Singapore Division of Bioengineering National University of Singapore Singapore Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Mechanobiology Institute Singapore Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States Department of Biological Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781618395955

Isolation and enumeration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as cancer biomarkers have been challenging due to their extremely low abundance in blood. This paper reports an ultra high-throughput technique for CTCs isolation from blood using the inherent Dean vortex flows present in curvilinear channels, aptly termed Dean Flow Fractionation (DFF). Using a 2-inlet 2-outlet spiral microchannel, the separation principle exploits the difference in cell size between CTCs (~16-20 μm diameter) and other blood cells (RBCs ~8 μm;leukocytes ~8-14 μm). Experimental results confirm >99% RBCs and leukocytes removal from blood sample (20% hematocrit) spiked with MCF-7 cells with >90% tumor cell recovery after separation. The developed technique offers large sample processing capability due to its ability to process very high hematocrit samples (20%), a key requirement for isolating rare-cells. A single device can process 1 mL whole blood in a single step, under 15 min. Copyright © (2011) by the Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society.

关键词： Tumors

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Synthesis and Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of New Coumaromethacrylate-Methylmethacrylate Copolymers

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 2011年第1期173卷 601-606页

作者： R. A. Henry J. M. Hoover A. Knoesen S. T. Kowel G. A. Lindsay M. A. Mortazavi Research Department Chemistry Division China Lake USA Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Organized Research Program on Polymeric Ultrathin Film Systems University of California Davis USA

The synthesis and second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of a new family of optically nonlinear coumarin dye-containing polymers is reported. Polymerizable coumaromethacrylate (CMA) monomers having various alkyl spacers (C2 to C5) between the polymerizable group and the chromophore were prepared and copolymerized with methylmethacrylate (MMA) and other vinyl monomers. The CMA copolymers had high chromophoric content (up to 18 × 1020) and glass transitions as high as 132°C. Spin cast films were prepared on BK7 substrates and oriented by corona-onset poling at elevated temperatures (COPET). The poled CMA copolymer films were characterized for spectroscopic absorption and second harmonic properties. A comparison of the nonlinear optical properties of poled CMA-MMA copolymers to poled guest-host systems is made. Relative to guest/host systems, CMA-MMA copolymer films exhibit larger and much more stable second-order nonlinear optical properties.

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Stabilization of hydroxyl-terminated silanes in porous silicon for in-situ DNA synthesis

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Physica Status Solidi (C) Current Topics in Solid State Physics 2011年第6期8卷 1851-1855页

作者： Lawrie, Jenifer L. Weiss, Sharon M. Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Materials Science Vanderbilt University Nashville TN United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vanderbilt University Nashville TN United States

Passivation of porous silicon sensors is a critical issue for achieving high sensitivity and selectivity toward biomolecule targets that may be detected in complex physiologic solution. Without appropriate passivation, degradation of the porous silicon matrix inhibits the repeatability of optical measurements and limits applications in complex media. In this work, we present a method for stabilizing TEOS-HBA monolayers in porous silicon. Annealing of the silane at 200°C for 16 hours, followed by a deionized water wash for a minimum of one hour, results in a porous silicon surface that is highly stable in a number of solvents. Annealing improves cross-linking of surface-attached silane molecules for added stability, and hydrolyzing facilitates removal of weakly bound multilayers. This surface treatment procedure is of considerable interest in applications such as DNA synthesis where hydroxyl functionality is critical and a thick silane surface coating is not desired. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

关键词： Passivation

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A virtual eye for use in an Optometry clinic

A virtual eye for use in an Optometry clinic

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International Conference on User science and engineering (i-USEr)

作者： Jason Turuwhenua Husnain Naqvi Muhammad Sulayman Mehwish Riaz Auckland Bioengineering Institute Department of Optometry and Vision Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand Department of Computer Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand

It is important that eye care professionals have access to tools that accurately and efficiently convey the results of an eye exam to students and patients. This paper describes work-in-progress on a software system that displays a patient specific 3-dimensional model of the eye, as well as the effects of refractive errors (errors of focus) to the patient. We have used a focus group as a means for gathering preliminary feedback on our software, some of the themes that emerged from our discussions are presented. Future directions for the software are mentioned.

关键词： Software Education Visualization Retina Optical imaging Rendering (computer graphics) Adaptive optics

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Squaraine donors for high efficiency small molecule solar cells

Squaraine donors for high efficiency small molecule solar ce...

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37th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, PVSC 2011

作者： Wei, Guodan Wang, Siyi Xiao, Xin Renshaw, C. Kyle Hall, Lincoln Diev, Vyacheslav V. Thompson, Mark E. Forrest, Stephen R. Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA United States Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Applied Physics Program University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States Department of Physics University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781424499656

It has been a challenge to achieve high efficiency organic photovoltaics (OPV) that absorb long wavelength solar radiation without incurring unacceptable reductions in open circuit voltage (Voc) or charge separation efficiency. Based on the parent structure of the 2, 4-bis[4-(N, N-diisobutylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine (SQ), we have increased V oc using a family of highly near-infrared absorbing SQs, achieving values as high as 0.94 V. These SQ donors are: 2, 4-bis[4-(N-Phenyl-1- naphthylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine (1-NPSQ),2,4-bis[4-(N, N-diphenylamino)-2,6 dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine (DPSQ), 2,4-bis[4-(N, N-diphenylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] asymmetric squaraine (DPASQ). The spin-cast SQ, 1-NPSQ, DPSQ and DPASQ donors are then coated with the acceptor C60 to form bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells that take advantage of their exceptionally high absorption coefficient and nanocrystalline morphology to overcome the short diffusion length characteristic of these materials. Combined with a high short-circuit current density (J sc=10.6 mA/cm2) and high fill factor (FF=0.64), the optimized 1-NPSQ/C60 photovoltaic cells with 1-NPSQ annealed at elevated temperature have a power conversion efficiency of ηp as high as 6.0% (correcting for solar mismatch) at 1 sun (AM 1.5G) simulated solar illumination, which to our knowledge is the highest efficiency reported to date for small molecule OPVs. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Solar cells

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Detectability index describes the information conveyed by sonographic images

Detectability index describes the information conveyed by so...

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IEEE Symposium (IUS) Ultrasonics

作者： Nghia Q. Nguyen Craig K. Abbey Michael F. Insana Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign USA Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences University of California Santa-Barbara USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of Bioengineering Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign USA

We have been developing the ideal observer formalism for sonography, which is based on the best-possible diagnostic performance. The ideal performance was compared to that of trained human observers to estimate the visual efficiency for discriminating lesion features. We find that humans are generally less than 10% efficient at accessing visual information essential for breast cancer diagnosis. In seeking ways to improve this process, we must first establish a connection between standard ROC observer metrics and instrument properties used in system design. In radiography, that relationship is made through the lesion signal-to-noise ratio SNR I . SNR I 2 , which describes task information, is simply related to contrast and spatial resolutions and noise power. Those relations break down for sonography due to the quadratic form of the ideal observer. Our goal in this paper is to establish a rigorous connection between ideal performance and engineering design metrics, which has directly applications for sonographic system design and optimization.

关键词： Observers Lesions Image quality Noise Covariance matrix Measurement Visualization

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Green Microfluidics Made of Corn Proteins

Green Microfluidics Made of Corn Proteins

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Annual International Conference of the IEEE engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

作者： Austin Hsiao Jarupat Luecha Jozef Kokini Logan Liu Department of Bioengineering University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

ISBN: (纸本)9781424441211

Petroleum-based polymer such as Poly(dimethylsiloxane) has been widely used to make mesoscale and microscale fluidic devices. The main drawback of such devices in disposable applications is the potential environmental pollution since they are not biodegradable. Biodegradable microfluidic devices have been fabricated out of zein, a prolamin protein found in corn, that can be utilized as disposable health and environmental-friendly micro-chips. Using stereo lithography and soft lithography, micro-chambers and micro-channels features have been replicated on zein films and enclosed zein microfluidic devices are created by bonding to glass substrate using a simple vapor-deposition method. The bonding strength of the zein microfluidic devices has been found to exceed the tensile strength of the zein film and hydraulic pressure, and fluid flow through large-area complex microfluidic designs shows no leakage or distortion. High optical clarity and fluorescent imaging in the zein microfluidic devices are demonstrated by visualizing micro-particles and Rhodamine B. Zein microfluidic devices enable truly disposable microfluidics with intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability that can be fabricated using existing techniques.

关键词： Zeins Microfluidic Devices Stereolithography biodegradability Microfluidics Fluid pressure Environmental pollution Zea mays Dimethylpolysiloxanes mesoscale Glass substrates fluid flow

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Handling failures of static sensor nodes in wireless sensor network by use of mobile sensors

Handling failures of static sensor nodes in wireless sensor ...

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25th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, WAINA 2011

作者： Pignaton De Freitas, Edison Heimfarth, Tales Netto, Ivayr Farah Pereira, Carlos Eduardo Ferreira, Armando Morado Wagner, Flávio Rech Larsson, Tony IDE Halmstad University Halmstad Sweden Institute of Informatics Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil Computer Science Department Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil Electrical Engineering Department Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil Defense Engineering Graduate Program Military Institute of Engineering Rio de Janeiro Brazil

ISBN: (纸本)9780769543383

Node failures in Wireless Sensor Networks composed by static sensor nodes are common due to the nature of the sensor devices and the usually harsh environments in which they are deployed. Node failures can diminish the performance of the network as a whole, thus affecting its functionality in delivering the desired services. For instance, significant regions can become uncovered due to failure of several nearby nodes. This paper reports a study about the use of mobile sensor nodes acting in cooperation with static ones in order to fill gaps created by faulty static nodes. The proposed fault handling mechanism presents alternative policies with pros and cons, depending on the user priorities imposed to the system and the occurrence of failures. A discussion about this topic is presented based on results obtained by simulation of the proposed mechanisms. © 2011 IEEE.

关键词： Sensor nodes

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Integration of Multilayers in Er-Doped Porous Silicon Structures and Advances in 1.5 μm Optoelectronic Devices

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MRS Online Proceedings Library 2011年第1期536卷 135-140页

作者： H. A. Lopez S. Chan L. Tsybeskov H. Koyama V. P. Bondarenko P. M. Fauchet Materials Science Program University of Rochester Rochester USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Rochester Rochester USA Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics Minsk Belarus

Infrared photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) from erbium-doped porous silicon (PSi) structures are studied. The PL and EL from the Er-doped PSi structures and the absence of silicon band edge recombination, point defect, and dislocation luminescence bands suggest that the Er-complex centers are the most efficient recombination sites. PSi multilayers with very high reflectivity (R ≥ 90%) in the 1.5 gim range have been incorporated in the structures resulting in a PL enhancement of over 100%. Stable and intense EL is obtained from the Er-doped structures. The EL spectrum is similar to that of the PL, but shifted towards higher energy. The unexpected shift in emission opens up the possibility for erbium related luminescence to encompass a larger part of the optimal wavelength window for fiber optic communications.

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