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Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： S. Dawson F. Jahanian T. Mitton Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Ensuring that a distributed real-time system with strict dependability constraints meets its prescribed specification is a growing challenge that confronts software developers and system engineers. This paper reports on a software fault injection tool, called SockPFI, for testing the fault tolerance and timing behavior of distributed real-time applications. SockPFI, developed on Real-time Mach, can be used to test socket-based distributed real-time applications on this platform without modifying the source code of the target protocol. The SockPFI tool is based on the concept of script-driven probing and fault injection. It is explicitly designed to address some of the intrusiveness associated with fault injection of distributed systems, and in particular, with real-time protocols. The paper describes the design and implementation of SockPFI on Real time Mach, and a demonstration of the tool on a real-time primary-backup replication protocol.

关键词： Software tools Protocols Real time systems Probes Trademarks Software systems Systems engineering and theory Software testing Fault tolerance Timing

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A polynomial-time optimal synchronous bandwidth allocation scheme for the timed-token MAC protocol

A polynomial-time optimal synchronous bandwidth allocation s...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Ching-Chih Han K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Numerous methods have been proposed to integrate real-time and non-real-time services of the timed-token medium access control (MAC) protocol. One of the key issues in tailoring the timed-token MAC protocol for real-time applications is the synchronous bandwidth allocation (SEA) problem whose objective is to meet both the protocol and deadline constraints. Several non-optimal local SEA schemes and an optimal global scheme have been proposed previously. Local SEA schemes use only information available locally to each node, and are thus preferred to global schemes because of their lower network-management overhead. Unfortunately it has been formally proved in Han et al. (1995) that there does not exist any optimal local SEA scheme. Chen et al. [1992] proposed the only-known optimal global SEA scheme which is based on an iterative approach. However, their algorithm may not terminate theoretically. The present authors give an optimal global SEA scheme of polynomial-time worst-case complexity.

关键词： Polynomials Channel allocation Media Access Protocol Access protocols Bandwidth Timing Laboratories Iterative methods Iterative algorithms Real time systems

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Design and evaluation of a window-consistent replication service

Design and evaluation of a window-consistent replication ser...

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Real-time Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： A. Mehra J. Rexford Hock-Siong Ang F. Jahanian Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Real-time applications typically operate under strict timing and dependability constraints. Although traditional data replication protocols provide fault tolerance, real-time guarantees require bounded overhead for managing this redundancy. This paper presents the design and evaluation of a window-consistent primary-backup replication service that provides timely availability of the repository by relaxing the consistency of the replicated data. The service guarantees controlled inconsistency by scheduling update transmissions from the primary to the backup(s); this ensures that client applications interact with a window-consistent repository when a backup must supplant a failed primary. Experiments on our prototype implementation show that the service handles a range of client loads while maintaining bounds on temporal inconsistency.

关键词： Control systems Protocols Redundancy Real time systems Timing Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems Digital control Communication system control Switches

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Non-preemptive scheduling of messages on controller area network for real-time control applications

Non-preemptive scheduling of messages on controller area net...

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Real-time Technology and Applications Symposium

作者： K.M. Zuberi K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Scheduling messages on the controller area network (CAN) corresponds to assigning identifiers (IDs) to messages according to their priorities. If fixed priority scheduling such as deadline monotonic (DM) is used to calculate these priorities, then in general, it will result in low schedulability. Dynamic scheduling schemes such as earliest deadline (ED) can give greater schedulability, but they are not practical for CAN because if the ID is to reflect message deadlines then a long ID must be used. This increases the length of each message to the point that ED is no better than DM. Our solution to this problem is the mixed traffic scheduler (MTS), which is a cross between ED and DM, and provides high schedulability without needing long IDs. Through simulations, we compare the performance of MTS with that of DM and ED* (an imaginary scheduler which works like ED, except it needs only short IDs). We use a realistic workload in our simulations based on messages typically found in computer integrated manufacturing. Our simulations show that MTS performs much better than DM and at the same level as ED*, except under high loads and tight deadlines, when ED* is superior.

关键词： Job shop scheduling Access protocols Processor scheduling Intelligent sensors Delta modulation Application software Intrusion detection Computational modeling Automatic control Event detection

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QoS-Sensitive Protocol Processing In Shared-Memory Multiprocessor Multimedia Servers

QoS-Sensitive Protocol Processing In Shared-Memory Multiproc...

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IEEE Workshop on the Architecture and Implementation of High Performance Communication Subsystems

作者： A. Mehra Kang G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

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DOCTOR: an integrated software fault injection environment for distributed real-time systems

DOCTOR: an integrated software fault injection environment f...

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International computer Performance and Dependability Symposium

作者： Seungjae Han K.G. Shin H.A. Rosenberg Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The paper presents an integrated software fault injection environment (DOCTOR) which is capable of (1) generating synthetic workloads under which system dependability is evaluated, (2) injecting various types of faults with different options, and (3) collecting performance and dependability data. A comprehensive graphical user interface is also provided. The software implemented fault-injection tools supports three types of faults: memory faults, CPU faults, and communication faults. Each injected fault may be permanent, transient or intermittent. A fault-injection plan can be formulated probabilistically, or based on the past event history. The modular organization of tools is particularly designed for distributed architectures. DOCTOR is implemented on a distributed real-time system called HARTS, and it capability has been tested through numerous experiments.< >

关键词： Real time systems Hardware System testing Timing Analytical models Character generation Distributed computing computer science Graphical user interfaces History

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Optimal combined task and message scheduling in distributed real-time systems

Optimal combined task and message scheduling in distributed ...

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Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： T.F. Abdelzaher K.G. Shin Real-time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In this paper we present a branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithm for combined task and message scheduling in distributed hard real-time systems. The algorithm finds an optimal schedule for a set of communicating tasks with known arrival times, precedence constraints, and resource requirements in conjunction with the assignment and scheduling of intertask messages over communication links. The schedule is "optimal" in the sense of minimizing maximum task lateness under a heuristic message priority assignment found during the search. A robotics application is used to illustrate the utility and potential of the algorithm. Results of an extensive simulation study analyzing its performance are also presented.

关键词： Real time systems Optimal scheduling Processor scheduling Scheduling algorithm Delay Distributed computing Laboratories time factors Robot sensing systems Analytical models

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Software engineering of machine control systems: an approach to lifecycle economics

Software engineering of machine control systems: an approach...

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IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： S. Birla Kang Shin Real-time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Describes a domain modeling process and framework for use in lifecycle engineering of software to monitor and control agile machining equipment. The authors focus on an approach of defining initial requirements in a w... 详细信息

关键词： Software engineering Manufacturing automation Automatic control Costs Object oriented modeling Environmental economics computerized monitoring Organizing computer aided manufacturing Virtual manufacturing

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Evaluation of Communication Latency in VMEbus-Based Real-time Control Systems

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IFAC Proceedings Volumes 1995年第5期28卷 421-425页

作者： Jaehyun Park Kang G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science The University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109-2122 U.S.A

Although the VMEbus has been widely used for real-time control systems, its real-time performance has not been evaluated thoroughly. This paper evaluates the latency of interprocessor communication in a VMEbus-based real-time control system. To minimize communication latency, mixed priority/round-robin (MPR) bus arbitration is proposed and its performance is evaluated along with standard PRI and RRS arbitration. The latency is evaluated via computer simulations and experimental measurements using a high-resolution timing-measuring instrument that can be directly plugged into the VMEbus.

关键词： Real-time systems performance evaluation multiprocessor systems

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Probing and fault injection of protocol implementations

Probing and fault injection of protocol implementations

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International Conference on Distributed computing Systems

作者： S. Dawson F. Jahanian Real-Time Computing Laboratory Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Ensuring that a distributed system with strict dependability constraints meets its prescribed specification is a growing challenge that confronts software developers and system engineers. This paper presents a technique for probing and fault injection of fault-tolerant distributed protocols. The proposed technique, called script-driven probing and fault injection, can be used for studying the behavior of distributed systems and for detecting design and implementation errors of fault-tolerant protocols. The focus of this work is on fault injection techniques that can be used to demonstrate three aspects of a target protocol: i) detection of design or implementation errors, ii) identification of violations of protocol specifications, and iii) insight into design decisions made by the implementers. The emphasis of our approach is on experimental techniques intended to identify specific "problems" in a protocol or its implementation rather than the evaluation of system dependability through statistical metrics such as fault coverage. To demonstrate the capabilities of this technique, the paper describes a probing and fault injection tool, called the PFI tool (Probe/Fault Injection Tool), and a summary of several extensive experiments that studied the behavior of two protocols: the transmission control protocol (TCP) and a group membership protocol (GMP).

关键词： Protocols Fault detection Fault diagnosis Software systems Systems engineering and theory Fault tolerance Fault tolerant systems Probes

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