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检索条件"机构=Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceReal-Time Computing Laboratory"

共 191 条记录，以下是31-40 订阅

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Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded software with real-time constraints

Transforming structural model to runtime model of embedded s...

引用

Design, Automation and Test in Europe Conference and Exhibition

作者： S. Kodase Shige Wang K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

The model-based methodology has proven to be effective for fast and low-cost development of embedded software. In the model-based development process, transforming a software structural model that describes the underlying application, to an implementable runtime model is a critical issue. Since the designed software will finally run on the target platform, non-functional issues like schedulability timing constraints and resource requirements have to be considered during the transformation. In this paper we propose a generic runtime model architecture that can best satisfy the non-functional requirements of the system, and a generic transformation method to convert a structural model to a runtime model in such an architecture. The transformation approach is based on the notion of end-to-end computations performed by the system in response to external stimuli. We demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method by constructing a software runtime model for a combined electronic throttle and air-fuel ratio control system.

关键词： Runtime Embedded software Timing computer architecture Scheduling Embedded computing Laboratories Application software Software design Control system synthesis

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An end-to-end tool chain for multi-view modeling and analysis of avionics mission computing software

An end-to-end tool chain for multi-view modeling and analysi...

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Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： Zonghua Gu Shige Wang S. Kodase K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

We present an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software, with avionics mission computing as an application domain. The tool-chain covers the entire system development lifecycle including modeling, analysis, code generation, and run-time instrumentation. Emphasis is placed on integration of tools developed by multiple institutions via standardized interface format definitions in XML. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in models at the design level, and performing analysis that provides insight into non-functional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping.

关键词： Aerospace electronics Software tools Embedded software computer applications Embedded computing Application software Runtime Instruments XML Information analysis

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A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-time analysis of embedded software

A model-based approach to system-level dependency and real-t...

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IEEE Symposium on Real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： Zonghua Gu S. Kodase Shige Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

We describe an end-to-end tool-chain for model-based design and analysis of component-based embedded real-time software. All aspects of an embedded real-time system are captured in domain-specific models, including software components and architecture, timing and resource constraints, processes and threads, execution platforms, etc. We focus on the AIRES tool, which performs various static analysis tasks based on the models, including system-level dependency analysis, execution rate assignment to component ports, real-time and schedulability analysis, and automated allocation of components to processors. By capturing all relevant information explicitly in the models at the design-level, and performing analysis that provide insight into nonfunctional aspects of the system, we can raise the level of abstraction for the designer, and facilitate rapid system prototyping.

关键词： Real time systems Embedded software Performance analysis Software tools computer architecture Timing Yarn Processor scheduling Information analysis Prototypes

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Improving scalability of task allocation and scheduling in large distributed real-time systems using shared buffers

Improving scalability of task allocation and scheduling in l...

引用

IEEE Symposium on Real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Kodase Shige Wang Zonghua Gu K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Scheduling precedence-constrained tasks in a distributed real-time system is an NP-hard problem. As a result, the task allocation and scheduling algorithms that use these heuristics do not scale when applied to large distributed systems. In this paper we propose a novel approach that eliminates inter-task dependencies using shared buffers between dependent tasks. The system correctness, with respect to data-dependency, is ensured by having each dependent task poll the shared buffers at a fixed rate. Tasks can, therefore, be allocated and scheduled independently of their predecessors. To meet the timing constraints of the original dependent-task system, we have developed a method to iteratively derive the polling rates based on end-to-end deadline constraints. The overheads associated with the shared buffers and the polling mechanism are minimized by clustering tasks according to their communication and timing constraints. Our simulation results with the task allocation based on a simple first-fit bin packing algorithm showed that the proposed approach scales almost linearly with the system size, and clustering tasks greatly reduces the polling overhead.

关键词： Scalability Real time systems Processor scheduling Timing Iterative algorithms Distributed computing Computational modeling Laboratories NP-hard problem Scheduling algorithm

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Improving wait-free algorithms for interprocess communication in embedded real-time systems

Improving wait-free algorithms for interprocess communicatio...

引用

2002 USENIX Annual Technical Conference

作者： Huang, Hai Pillai, Padmanabhan Shin, Kang G. Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann ArborMI48109-2122 United States

ISBN: (纸本)1880446006

Concurrency management is a basic requirement for interprocess communication in any multitasking system. This usually takes the form of lock-based or other blocking algorithms. In real-time and/or time-sensitive systems, the less-predictable timing behavior of lock-based mechanisms and the additional task-execution dependency make synchronization undesirable. Recent research has provided non-blocking and wait-free algorithms for interprocess communication, particularly in the domain of single-writer, multiple-reader semantics, but these algorithms typically incur high costs in terms of computation or space complexity, or both. In this paper, we propose a general transformation mechanism that takes advantage of temporal characteristics of the system to reduce both time and space overheads of current single-writer, multiple-reader algorithms. We show a 17–66% execution time reduction along with a 14–70% memory space reduction when three wait-free algorithms are improved by applying our transformation. We present three new algorithms for wait-free, single-writer, multiple-reader communication along with detailed performance evaluation of nine algorithms under various experimental conditions. © 2002 USENIX Association. All rights reserved.

关键词： Locks (fasteners)

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Layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation

Layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation

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IEEE Symposium on Real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： Haining Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

While the differentiated services (DiftServ) infrastructure is scalable and robust in providing network quality of service (QoS), there are serious drawbacks with the services provided by DiffServ: (1) the services are coarse-grained and one-way only; (2) no service differentiation and resource isolation are provided to meta-data packets such as TCP SYN and ACK packets. Moreover the coarse-grained service differentiation and the lack of resource isolation at IP routers exposes its vulnerability to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Based on the concept of layer-4 service differentiation and resource isolation, where the transport-layer information is inferred from the IP headers and used for packet classification and resource management, we present a scalable fine-grained DiffServ (sf-DiffServ) architecture that provides fine-grained service differentiation and resource isolation among thinner behavior aggregates (BAs). The sf-DiffServ architecture consists of a fine-grained QoS classifier and an adaptive weight-based resource manager at IP routers. A two-stage packet classification mechanism is devised to decouple the fine-grained QoS lookup from the routing lookup at core routers. Due to its scalable QoS support for TCP control segments, sf-DiffServ supports bi-directional differentiated services for TCP sessions. Most importantly, the fine-grained resource isolation provided inside the sf-DiffServ is a powerful built-in protection mechanism to counter DDoS attacks, reducing the vulnerability of the Internet to DDoS attacks.

关键词： Quality of service TCPIP computer crime Diffserv networks Resource management Robustness Aggregates Routing Bidirectional control Protection

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Analysis of combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and admission control in wireless networks

Analysis of combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and admis...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Chun-Ting Chou K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Real-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

An analytical model is developed for cellular networks with a combined adaptive bandwidth allocation and traffic-restriction mechanism. Instead of focusing only on the bandwidth utilization and forced-termination probability, we derive two important quality-of-service (QoS) metrics, degradation ratio and upgrade/degrade frequency. We show numerically that these two metrics must be taken into account in order to support the QoS specified by each client. The effects of system loads and clients' mobility on system performance are also investigated. Even under the various distributions of mobility, the simulation results are shown to match our analytical results, implying the applicability of our analytical model to more general cases.

关键词： Programmable control Adaptive control Channel allocation Admission control Wireless networks Analytical models Degradation Land mobile radio cellular systems Communication system traffic control Traffic control

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Measurement of OS services and its application to performance modeling and analysis of integrated embedded software

Measurement of OS services and its application to performanc...

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IEEE Symposium on Real-time and Embedded Technology and Applications

作者： S. Wang S. Kodase K.G. Shin D.L. Kiskis Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Performance analyses for embedded software construction with existing components require knowledge of performance characteristics of both application software and operating system (OS) services, especially those services that are critical for real-time applications. Since end users normally do not control the structure and implementation of OS services, but have to use them to meet the system-level performance constraints, it is essential and critical to characterize the performance of OS services with measurements. As such measurements are taken for performance analysis, not for comparison, the measurement methods should be different from those traditionally, used for comparison. In this paper we present an end-to-end method for measuring the performance of timing and scheduling services in selected real-time OSs for the performance modeling and analysis. The proposed method takes the factors of both OS implementations and application configurations into account to obtain the measured performance close to what applications will experience at runtime. The results have shown that the performance characteristics of OS services can be measured without instrumenting the kernel source code, and hence, can be reused for the analysis of a family of applications.

关键词： Software measurement Application software Performance analysis Embedded software Operating systems Real time systems Control systems Timing Runtime Instruments

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Robust TCP congestion recovery

Robust TCP congestion recovery

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International Conference on Distributed computing Systems

作者： Haining Wang K.G. Shin Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceReal-Time Computing Laboratory University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769510779

Presents a new robust TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) congestion recovery scheme to (1) handle bursty packet losses while preserving the self-clocking capability; (2) detect a TCP connection's new equilibrium during congestion recovery, thus improving both link utilization and effective throughput; and (3) make the TCP behavior during congestion recovery very close to that during congestion avoidance, thus "extending" the performance model for congestion avoidance to that for TCP loss recovery. Furthermore, the new recovery scheme requires only a slight modification to the sender side of TCP implementation, thus making it widely deployable. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated for scenarios with many TCP flows under the drop-tail and RED (random early detection) gateways in the presence of bursty packet losses. The evaluation results show that the new scheme achieves at least as great a performance improvement as TCP SACK (Selective ACKnowledgments) and consistently outperforms TCP New-Reno. Moreover, its steady-state TCP behavior is close to the ideal TCP congestion behavior. Since the proposed scheme does not require selective acknowledgments nor receiver modifications, its implementation is much simpler than TCP SACK.

关键词： Robustness Performance loss IP networks Internet Protocols Large-scale systems Laboratories Throughput Electronic mail World Wide Web

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Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real-time connections

Design and evaluation of routing schemes for dependable real...

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International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN)

作者： S. Kim D. Qiao S. Kodase K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Dependability of service (DoS) has become an important requirement for real-time applications, such as remote medical services, business-critical network meetings and command-and-control applications. The Dependable Real-time Protocol (DRTP), in which each dependable real-time connection is realized with one primary and one or more backup channels, has been shown to be an effective way of providing DoS. How to route both primary and backup channels for each dependable real-time connection is of vital importance to the success of failure recovery and to overhead reduction in providing DoS. In this paper, we propose and evaluate three different schemes for routing the primary and backup channels of each dependable real-time connection. Specifically, we present methods based on link-state information and bounded flooding to discover routes for the primary and backup channels while satisfying the required quality of service (QoS). The costs of the link-state and flooding algorithms are reduced significantly by using the fact that the probability of success in failure recovery can be estimated with simple link-state information, and by bounding the flooded region within an ellipse with the two communication end-points as loci. Our in-depth simulations have shown that the proposed routing schemes are highly effective, providing a fault tolerance of 87% or higher with a network capacity overhead of less than 85%.

关键词： Routing Floods Streaming media Delay Medical services Quality of service Fault tolerance Throughput Laboratories Electronic mail

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