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Statistical analysis of feedback-synchronization signaling delay for multicast flow control

Statistical analysis of feedback-synchronization signaling d...

引用

IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780370163

Feedback signaling plays a crucial role in flow control because the traffic source relies on the signaling information to make correct and timely flow-control decisions. Multicast flow-control signaling imposes two additional challenges: scalability and feedback synchronization. We developed a binary-tree deterministic model (Zhang and Shin 1999) and an independent-marking statistical model (Zhang and Shin 2000) to study the delay performance of various multicast feedback-synchronization signaling algorithms. In this paper, we consider the general case in which the congestion markings at different links are dependent. We develop a Markov chain model defined by the link-marking state on each path in a multicast tree. The Markov chain can not only characterize link-marking dependencies, but also yield a tractable analytical model. We also develop a Markov-chain dependency-degree model which can he used to quantify/evaluate all possible Markov-chain dependency degrees without knowing a priori the dependency degree information. Using the Markov-chain and dependency-degree models, we derive the general expressions for the probability distribution of each path bring the multicast-tree bottleneck. Also derived are the closed-form expressions for the first and second moments of multicast signaling delays. The proposed Markov chain is also shown to asymptotically reach an equilibrium, and its limiting state distributions converge to the link-marking marginal probabilities when the Markov chain is irreducible. By applying these two models, we analyze and contrast the feedback-delay scalability of two representative multicast signaling protocols: soft-synchronization protocol and hop-by-hop (HBH) signaling algorithms.

关键词： Statistical analysis Delay Multicast protocols Feedback Scalability Multicast algorithms Traffic control Analytical models Genetic expression Probability distribution

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Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

Second-order rate-control based transport protocols

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International Conference on Network Protocols

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769514294

We propose an efficient flow and error control scheme for high-throughput transport protocols by using a second-order rate control, called the /spl alpha/-control, and a new sliding-window scheme for error control. The /spl alpha/-control minimizes the packet retransmissions by adjusting the rate-gain parameter to the variations in the number and round-trip times (RTTs) of cross-traffic flows that share the bottleneck. Using selective retransmission, the sliding-window scheme guarantees lossless transmission. By applying the /spl alpha/-control, the proposed scheme can drive the flow-controlled system to a retransmission-less equilibrium state. Using the fluid analysis, we establish the flow-control system model, obtain the greatest lower bound for the target buffer occupancy, and derive closed-form expressions for packet losses, loss rate, and link-transmission efficiency. We prove that the /spl alpha/-control is feasible and optimal linear control in terms of efficiency and fairness. Also presented are the extensive simulation results that confirm the analytical results, and demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme to others in dealing with the variations of cross-traffic flows sharing the same bottleneck and their RTTs, controlling packet losses/retransmissions, and achieving buffer-usage fairness as well as high throughput.

关键词： Transport protocols Throughput Error correction Propagation losses Transmitters Laboratories Closed-form solution Optimal control Fluid flow control Internet

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Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

Reconfigurable software for open architecture controllers

引用

IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA)

作者： Shige Wang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

ISBN: (纸本)0780365763

We present an architecture that supports reconfigurable software construction. In this architecture, the controller software consists of a set of well-defined components and a set of behavior specifications. Each component is modeled with event-based external interfaces, a control logic driver and service protocols. Behaviors of components and their integration are modeled as finite state machines and nested finite state machines. The behaviors of software can be specified in Control Plan programs and executed by control logic drivers at run-time. Such software supports executable code-level reconfiguration as well as remote behavioral reconfiguration. Reconfiguration with heterogeneous implementations and vendor-neutral products is also supported. Our evaluation of the motion control software for a milling machine controller demonstrated that the software constructed with this architecture has high reconfigurability and low development and maintenance costs.

关键词： computer architecture Software maintenance Reconfigurable logic Protocols Control systems Application software Communication system control Machine control Automata Motion control

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A two-step adaptive error recovery scheme for video transmission over wireless networks

A two-step adaptive error recovery scheme for video transmis...

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IEEE Annual Joint Conference: INFOCOM, IEEE computer and Communications Societies

作者： Daji Qiao K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In this paper, we investigate the transmission of H.263 video sequences over wireless networks with error recovery provided by a two-step adaptive hybrid ARQ scheme using RS codes. Each video frame is divided into data packets for transmission. For each packet transmission, by using a simple table-driven approach, the best RS code is selected from a given set of codes to minimize the transmission overhead. Further, an additional adaptation step is used to guarantee certain QoS requirement. Simulation results show that the proposed error recovery scheme outperforms the traditional single-code schemes and the single-step error recovery schemes thanks to its adaptability to both the wireless channel conditions and the actual frame loss events.

关键词： Wireless networks Automatic repeat request Forward error correction Delay Throughput Video sequences Quality of service Error correction Error correction codes Redundancy

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A user-customizable energy-adaptive combined static/dynamic scheduler for mobile applications

A user-customizable energy-adaptive combined static/dynamic ...

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Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： T.C.-L. Ma K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

In mobile applications, the energy consumed by operating system (OS) and application tasks primarily comes from a limited DC battery source, which imposes an upper bound to the amount of time available for execution of tasks. To achieve the best energy-aware quality of service (EQoS), it is important to prioritize the scheduling of critical tasks over non-critical tasks to improve overall performance while extending the battery life. Using the CSD (Combined Static/Dynamic) scheduler in the EMERALDS operating system as a basis, we developed EA-CSD (Energy-Adaptive CSD) with an energy-aware scheduling algorithm that executes tasks to achieve the effective use of limited energy by favoring low-energy and critical tasks. Our simulation of the EA-CSD shows that battery life can be extended up to about 100% with varying degrees of performance degradation of up to about 40%, and the actual values of both are fully customizable by the user through parametric adjustment.

关键词： Dynamic scheduling Batteries Application software Operating systems Scheduling algorithm Processor scheduling Laboratories Mobile computing Upper bound Degradation

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Emeralds: a small-memory real-time microkernel

Emeralds: a small-memory real-time microkernel

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IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-time computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA)

作者： K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

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Bandwidth reservation in mobile cellular networks using ITS navigation systems

Bandwidth reservation in mobile cellular networks using ITS ...

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International Conference on Intelligent Transportation

作者： Sunghyun Choi K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

We demonstrate how to utilize the path information available from ITS navigation systems for bandwidth reservation for hand-off and admission control of new connections in mobile cellular networks. By utilizing the path information, we modify the recently proposed bandwidth reservation and admission control scheme with a design goal to keep the hand-off dropping probability below a pre-specified target. While the original scheme utilized a history-based mobility estimation, the modified scheme eases only part of it. Since both the original and modified schemes meet the design goal, the problem is to determine which of the two can admit more new connections for a given traffic condition. Using simulations, the modified scheme aided by the-navigation system is shown to outperform the original scheme even with much less computational requirement.

关键词： Bandwidth Intelligent networks Land mobile radio cellular systems Navigation Admission control computer networks Mobile computing Real time systems Laboratories Electronic mail

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Transport of MPEG video with statistical loss and delay guarantees in ATM networks using a histogram-based source model

Transport of MPEG video with statistical loss and delay guar...

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Real-time Systems Symposium (RTSS)

作者： S.-K. Kweon K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Unlike deterministic real time communication in which excessive resources may be required for absolute performance guarantees, statistical real time communication seeks to achieve both probabilistic performance guarantees and efficient resource sharing. We propose a framework for statistical real time communication in ATM networks that provides delay guaranteed transport of MPEG coded video traffic with a statistically guaranteed cell loss ratio. In order to provide delay guaranteed communication service, we employ a modified version of Traffic-Controlled Rate-Monotonic Priority Scheduling (TCRM). We multiplex a set of statistical real time channels that share: (i) similar traffic characteristics into a common channel called a macro channel, and (ii) the resources of the macro channel. Individual statistical real time channels are given timeliness and probabilistic cell loss guarantees. A macro channel is serviced by the modified TCRM which improves link utilization and makes channel management simpler. Using the analysis of an M/D/1/N queueing system, we propose a procedure for determining the transmission capacity of a macro channel needed to statistically guarantee a cell loss ratio bound. Simulation results have shown our framework to work well as compared to the other approaches. The overall cell loss ratios for multi hop statistical real time channels are shown to be smaller than the pre-determined bounds.

关键词： Intelligent networks Histograms Telecommunication traffic Quality of service Delay Traffic control Laboratories computer science Argon Queueing analysis

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Applicability of cyclic-memory networks and IEEE 1394 for fine motion control and arcade games

Applicability of cyclic-memory networks and IEEE 1394 for fi...

引用

IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-time computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA)

作者： K. Matsuda K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

Motion control and arcade games require a high bandwidth and periodic transfers to meet the needs of more precise control of motors, and more players and more complex graphics in arcade games. There is a common-memory architecture called "Cyclic Memory" because the data is refreshed periodically which is well known in the field of real-time systems. IEEE 1394 has been drawing considerable attention as the need for connecting audio/visual electronics with a unified fast interface increases. We discuss the feasibility of Cyclic Memory on the IEEE 1394 with its isochronous mode. By analyzing the requirements of two prototypical applications, we evaluate the performance and other capabilities of IEEE 1394 and the other networks that have the functionality of Cyclic Memory and discuss their applicability. We also discuss the network reliability based on IEEE 1394 when it is applied to an actual motion control system.

关键词： Motion control Bandwidth FDDI Media Access Protocol Access protocols Memory architecture Joining processes Hardware Ethernet networks computer networks

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Performance analysis of feedback synchronization for multicast ABR flow control

Performance analysis of feedback synchronization for multica...

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IEEE Conference and Exhibition on Global Telecommunications (GLOBECOM)

作者： Xi Zhang K.G. Shin Real-Time Computing Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA

We present a balanced and unbalanced binary-tree model to explore the delay performance of feedback synchronization algorithms for multicast ABR flow control. Using this model, we analyze the feedback-delay performance scalability of the soft-synchronization protocol (SSP), which derives a single "consolidated" RM (resource management) cell at each multicast branch-point from feedback RM cells of different downstream branches that are not necessarily responses to the same forward RM cell. In contrast with the other existing schemes, SSP is shown to be able to effectively support synchronization of feedback RM cell and make the effective RM cell roundtrip time (RTT) virtually independent of the multicast tree's topology. Also derived is the optimal RM-cell update interval for SSP to minimize RM-cell RTTs for a given multicast tree.

关键词： Performance analysis Feedback Delay Multicast algorithms Scalability Topology Transient response Telecommunication congestion control Laboratories Resource management

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